Thymidine
Based on 24 publication(s) in Google Scholar
Thymidine, a specific precursor of deoxyribonucleic acid, is used as a cell synchronizing agent. Thymidine is a DNA synthesis inhibitor that can arrest cell at G1/S boundary, prior to DNA replication.
For research use only. We do not sell to patients.
- Purity: 99.94%
- CAS No.: 50-89-5
- Formula: C10H14N2O5
- Molecular Weight:242.23
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Storage:Powder -20°C, 3 years , 4°C, 2 years ; In solvent -80°C, 6 months , -20°C, 1 month
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Biological Activity
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Chemical Information
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Solvent & Solubility
- Purity & Documentation
- References
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Help & FAQs
Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) Thymidine
More- Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2025 Dec 15;10(1):406. [Abstract]
- Cell. 2025 Jun 26;188(13):3405-3421.e27. [Abstract]
- Drug Resist Updat. 2026 Jan:84:101319. [Abstract]
- Nat Commun. 2026 Feb 25;17(1):3142. [Abstract]
- Nat Commun. 2025 Jul 1;16(1):5591. [Abstract]
- Nat Commun. 2024 Nov 12;15(1):9529. [Abstract]
- Adv Sci (Weinh). 2024 Dec;11(45):e2405441. [Abstract]
- Adv Sci (Weinh). 2022 Aug;9(22):e2104823. [Abstract]
- J Hazard Mater. 2022 Jan 5:421:126815. [Abstract]
- Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2024 May 20. [Abstract]
- Cancer Lett. 2022 Jul 10;538:215692. [Abstract]
- Cell Death Dis. 2025 Sep 29;16(1):673. [Abstract]
- Sci China Life Sci. 2025 Aug;68(8):2348-2362. [Abstract]
- Free Radic Biol Med. 2023 Feb 20:196:53-64. [Abstract]
- Cell Rep. 2025 Aug 12;44(8):116152. [Abstract]
- Cell Rep. 2024 Dec 30;44(1):115116. [Abstract]
- Cell Rep. 2024 Jul 3;43(7):114431. [Abstract]
- Cell Prolif. 2025 Jan 27:e13811. [Abstract]
- PLoS Pathog. 2026 Jan 26;22(1):e1013903. [Abstract]
- PLoS Genet. 2026 Jan 23;22(1):e1012013. [Abstract]
- Cell Cycle. 2019 May;18(9):1019-1032. [Abstract]
- J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2025 Jun 17:265:117026. [Abstract]
- bioRxiv. 2025 Nov 20.
- bioRxiv. 2025 Feb 24:2025.02.19.638911. [Abstract]
Customer Validation & Images
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WB
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WB
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Cell Proliferation/Viability Assay
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Flow Cytometry
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Cell Imaging/Staining
All DNA/RNA Synthesis Isoforms
MoreAll Endogenous Metabolite Isoforms
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Biological Activity
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Microbial Metabolite |
DNA Synthesis |
Human Endogenous Metabolite |
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Cell Line
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Type | Value | Description | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 143B | CC50 |
0.0006 M
Compound: Thymidine
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In vitro cell cytotoxicity was determined against 143B cell line
In vitro cell cytotoxicity was determined against 143B cell line
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[PMID: 15027876] |
| 143B | CC50 |
0.0007 M
Compound: Thymidine
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In vitro cell cytotoxicity was determined against 143B-LTK cell line
In vitro cell cytotoxicity was determined against 143B-LTK cell line
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[PMID: 15027876] |
| 143B | CC50 |
0.6 mM
Compound: Thymidine
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In vitro cell cytotoxicity was determined against 143B cell line
In vitro cell cytotoxicity was determined against 143B cell line
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[PMID: 15027876] |
| 143B | CC50 |
0.7 mM
Compound: Thymidine
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In vitro cell cytotoxicity was determined against 143B-LTK cell line
In vitro cell cytotoxicity was determined against 143B-LTK cell line
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[PMID: 15027876] |
| ATH-8 cell line | ED50 |
>100 μM
Compound: 4a
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Protection of ATH8 cells against the cytopathic effect of HIV.
Protection of ATH8 cells against the cytopathic effect of HIV.
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[PMID: 3497272] |
| CCRF-CEM | CC50 |
10.6 μM
Compound: 1i
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Cytotoxicity in human CEM/0 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 4 to 5 days
Cytotoxicity in human CEM/0 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 4 to 5 days
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[PMID: 32515595] |
| CCRF-CEM | EC50 |
>40 μM
Compound: 3 (d Thd)
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Inhibitory effect against HIV-1 replication in CEM cells.
Inhibitory effect against HIV-1 replication in CEM cells.
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[PMID: 7538589] |
| CCRF-CEM | EC50 |
>40 μM
Compound: 3 (d Thd)
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Inhibitory effect against HIV-2 replication in CEM /TK-(thymidine kinase deficient) cells.
Inhibitory effect against HIV-2 replication in CEM /TK-(thymidine kinase deficient) cells.
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[PMID: 7538589] |
| CCRF-CEM | EC50 |
>40 μM
Compound: 3 (d Thd)
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Inhibitory effect against HIV-2 replication in CEM cells.
Inhibitory effect against HIV-2 replication in CEM cells.
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[PMID: 7538589] |
| HeLa | IC50 |
4 mM
Compound: 1
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Inhibitory concentration against HeLa cell proliferation after 72 hours of incubation
Inhibitory concentration against HeLa cell proliferation after 72 hours of incubation
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[PMID: 15582414] |
| HepG2 | CC50 |
2100 μM
Compound: beta-L-dT
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Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells after 3 days by MTT assay
Cytotoxicity against human HepG2 cells after 3 days by MTT assay
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[PMID: 17404006] |
| HepG2 2.2.15 | EC50 |
0.3 μM
Compound: beta-L-dT
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Antiviral activity against HBV in HepG2.2.15 cells assessed as decrease in extracellular viral DNA level by RT-PCR
Antiviral activity against HBV in HepG2.2.15 cells assessed as decrease in extracellular viral DNA level by RT-PCR
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[PMID: 17404006] |
| HL-60 | CC50 |
1760 μM
Compound: beta-L-dT
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Cytotoxicity against human HL60 cells after 3 days by MTT assay
Cytotoxicity against human HL60 cells after 3 days by MTT assay
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[PMID: 17404006] |
| Huh-7 | CC50 |
>200 μg/mL
Compound: 6
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Cytotoxicity against human HuH7 cells
Cytotoxicity against human HuH7 cells
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[PMID: 20863701] |
| KBALB cell line | CC50 |
0.97 mM
Compound: Thymidine
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In vitro cell cytotoxicity was determined against KBALB cell line
In vitro cell cytotoxicity was determined against KBALB cell line
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[PMID: 15027876] |
| KBALB-STK | CC50 |
0.0001 M
Compound: Thymidine
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In vitro cell cytotoxicity against KBALB-STK cell lines expressed in HSV-1 TK
In vitro cell cytotoxicity against KBALB-STK cell lines expressed in HSV-1 TK
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[PMID: 12620076] |
| KBALB-STK | CC50 |
0.1 mM
Compound: Thymidine
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In vitro cell cytotoxicity against KBALB-STK cell lines expressed in HSV-1 TK
In vitro cell cytotoxicity against KBALB-STK cell lines expressed in HSV-1 TK
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[PMID: 12620076] |
| KBALB-STK | CC50 |
0.00065 M
Compound: Thymidine
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In vitro cell cytotoxicity was determined against KBALB-STK cell line
In vitro cell cytotoxicity was determined against KBALB-STK cell line
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[PMID: 15027876] |
| KBALB-STK | CC50 |
0.65 mM
Compound: Thymidine
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In vitro cell cytotoxicity was determined against KBALB-STK cell line
In vitro cell cytotoxicity was determined against KBALB-STK cell line
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[PMID: 15027876] |
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
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Animal Model:8-12 weeks BALB/c mice[3]
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Dosage:500 mg/kg
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Administration:i.p.; twice a day
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Result:Completely abrogates Methotrexate- and Tomudex-induced deletion of Vβ8+ T cells after SEB injection.
| NCT Number | Sponsor | Condition | Start Date |
Phase
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| NCT01329991 | Plexxikon| | 2011-05 | PHASE1 |
Chemical Information
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CAS No. 50-89-5
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Appearance Solid
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Molecular Weight 242.23
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Formula C10H14N2O5
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Color White to off-white
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SMILES
O[C@H]1C[C@H](N2C(NC(C(C)=C2)=O)=O)O[C@@H]1CO
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Synonyms
DThyd; NSC 21548
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Structure Classification
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Initial Source
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Shipping
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
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Storage
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month
Publications (24)
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Journal Impact Factor
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Most Recent
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Signal Transduct Target Ther
Selective depletion of tumor-associated SAMHD1 enhances chemotherapeutic efficacy and antitumor immune responses. [Abstract]2025 Dec 15;10(1):406. PMID: 41392286 -
Cell
Extrachromosomal DNA replication and maintenance couple with DNA damage pathway in tumors. [Abstract]2025 Jun 26;188(13):3405-3421.e27. PMID: 40300601 -
Drug Resist Updat
ZBP1 antagonizes MRE11-mediated DNA end resection and confers synthetic lethality to PARP inhibition in ovarian cancer. [Abstract]2026 Jan:84:101319. PMID: 41192279 -
Nat Commun
Targeting de novo pyrimidine synthesis confers vulnerability to copper-mediated ATR inactivation in PARP inhibitor-resistant ovarian cancer. [Abstract]2026 Feb 25;17(1):3142. PMID: 41735312 -
Nat Commun
CFAP100 couples microtubule glutamylation to spindle pole integrity in keratinocytes to promote epidermal development. [Abstract]2025 Jul 1;16(1):5591. PMID: 40593606 -
Nat Commun
2024 Nov 12;15(1):9529. PMID: 39532843 -
Adv Sci (Weinh)
The Tumor Suppressor TPD52-Governed Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress is Modulated by APCCdc20. [Abstract]2024 Dec;11(45):e2405441. PMID: 39401430
Thymidine purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Adv Sci (Weinh). 2024 Dec;11(45):e2405441. [Abstract]
IB analysis of WCL derived from T24 cells synchronized at the late G1/S boundary by double-thymidine block, following by releasing back into the cell cycle for the indicated times.
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Adv Sci (Weinh)
A Temporal PROTAC Cocktail-Mediated Sequential Degradation of AURKA Abrogates Acute Myeloid Leukemia Stem Cells. [Abstract]2022 Aug;9(22):e2104823. PMID: 35652200
Thymidine purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Adv Sci (Weinh). 2022 Aug;9(22):e2104823. [Abstract]
Thymidine (2 mM, 16 h). KG1A cells were synchronized at the G1/S boundary, released into fresh media, and harvested at the indicated times (T/T release).
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J Hazard Mater
2022 Jan 5:421:126815. PMID: 34396966
Thymidine purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: J Hazard Mater. 2022 Jan 5:421:126815. [Abstract]
Chromosome segregation image in live HTR-8 cells in control or Thymidine (2 nM, 16 h) treatment and progesterone treatment (after Thymidine treatment).
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Nat Struct Mol Biol
RNAi screens identify HES4 as a regulator of redox balance supporting pyrimidine synthesis and tumor growth. [Abstract]2024 May 20. PMID: 38769389
Thymidine purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2024 May 20. [Abstract]
Cell viability in day 2 and UMP and dTMP levels were examined in shCtrl and shHES4 A549 cells supplemented with or without 200 μM choline chloride, 50 μM betaine, 2 mM serine, 3 mM sodium pyruvate and 100 μM each of uridine (U) and thymidine (T) for 24 has indicated.
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Cancer Lett
GSTM3 deficiency impedes DNA mismatch repair to promote gastric tumorigenesis via CAND1/NRF2-KEAP1 signaling. [Abstract]2022 Jul 10;538:215692. PMID: 35487311 -
Cell Death Dis
TUFT1 regulates cancer progression by suppressing centrosome amplification and mitotic spindle multipolarity. [Abstract]2025 Sep 29;16(1):673. PMID: 41022752
Thymidine purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Cell Death Dis. 2025 Sep 29;16(1):673. [Abstract]
Thymidine (2.5 mM, 16 h). Immunoblots of TUFT1 in synchronous HeLa cells. Cyclin B1 served as a marker for M phase. GAPDH served as a loading control.
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Sci China Life Sci
2025 Aug;68(8):2348-2362. PMID: 40410652 -
Free Radic Biol Med
2023 Feb 20:196:53-64. PMID: 36640852 -
Cell Rep
53BP1 regulates p53-E2F7-dependent transcriptional gene repression and participates in the Fanconi anemia pathway. [Abstract]2025 Aug 12;44(8):116152. PMID: 40811062 -
Cell Rep
IMPDH2 dephosphorylation under FGFR signaling promotes S-phase progression and tumor growth. [Abstract]2024 Dec 30;44(1):115116. PMID: 39739531 -
Cell Rep
Elevating PLK1 overcomes BETi resistance in prostate cancer via triggering BRD4 phosphorylation-dependent degradation in mitosis. [Abstract]2024 Jul 3;43(7):114431. PMID: 38968071 -
Cell Prolif
The S-Phase Arrest of Host Cells Caused by an Alpha-Herpesvirus Genome Replication Facilitates Viral Recruitment of RNA Polymerase II to Transcribe Viral Genes. [Abstract]2025 Jan 27:e13811. PMID: 39870514 -
PLoS Pathog
Anti-orthopoxvirus drugs inhibit lumpy skin disease virus replication by targeting viral DNA polymerase. [Abstract]2026 Jan 26;22(1):e1013903. PMID: 41587213 -
PLoS Genet
A C. elegans model of copper deficiency: Dietary interventions rescue CTR1/CHCA-1 copper transporter mutant phenotype. [Abstract]2026 Jan 23;22(1):e1012013. PMID: 41575937 -
Cell Cycle
A novel function of anaphase promoting complex subunit 10 in tumor progression in non-small cell lung cancer. [Abstract]2019 May;18(9):1019-1032. PMID: 31023143 -
J Pharm Biomed Anal
A novel UHPLC-MS/MS approach for simultaneous quantification of pyrimidine metabolites in human biofluids. [Abstract]2025 Jun 17:265:117026. PMID: 40544701 -
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bioRxiv
2025 Feb 24:2025.02.19.638911. PMID: 40060568
Solvent & Solubility
DMSO : 50 mg/mL (206.42 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)
H2O : 33.33 mg/mL (137.60 mM; Need ultrasonic)
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.
Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)
For the following dissolution methods, please prepare the working solution directly:
It is recommended to prepare fresh solutions and use them promptly within a short period of time.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.
Add each solvent one by one: PBS
Solubility: 20 mg/mL (82.57 mM); Clear solution; Need ultrasonic and warming and heat to 60°C
Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:
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Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
Working solution concentration: 0.22 mg/mL
This product has good water solubility, please refer to the measured solubility data in water/PBS/Saline for details.
Purity & Documentation
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Data Sheet (278 KB)
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SDS (396 KB)
- English - EN (396 KB)
- Français - FR (396 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (396 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (396 KB)
- Español - ES (396 KB)
- Swedish - SV (396 KB)
- Italian - IT (396 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (396 KB)
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Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
References
[1]. Chen G, et al. Cell Synchronization by Double Thymidine Block. Bio Protoc. 2018 Sep 5;8(17). [Content Brief]
[2]. FIRKET H, et al. Autoradiographic visualization of synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid in tissue culture with tritium-labelled thymidine. Nature. 1958 Jan 24;181(4604):274-5.FIRKET H, et al. Autoradiographic visualization of synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid in tissue culture with tritium-labelled thymidine. Nature. 1958 Jan 24;181(4604):274-5. [Content Brief]
[3]. Izeradjene K, et al. Inhibition of thymidine synthesis by folate analogues induces a Fas-Fas ligand-independentdeletion of superantigen-reactive peripheral T cells. Int Immunol. 2001 Jan;13(1):85-93. [Content Brief]
Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
| Optional Solvent | Concentration Solvent Mass | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | 25 mg |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H2O / DMSO | 1 mM | 4.1283 mL | 20.6415 mL | 41.2831 mL | 103.2077 mL |
| 5 mM | 0.8257 mL | 4.1283 mL | 8.2566 mL | 20.6415 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.4128 mL | 2.0642 mL | 4.1283 mL | 10.3208 mL | |
| 15 mM | 0.2752 mL | 1.3761 mL | 2.7522 mL | 6.8805 mL | |
| 20 mM | 0.2064 mL | 1.0321 mL | 2.0642 mL | 5.1604 mL | |
| 25 mM | 0.1651 mL | 0.8257 mL | 1.6513 mL | 4.1283 mL | |
| 30 mM | 0.1376 mL | 0.6881 mL | 1.3761 mL | 3.4403 mL | |
| 40 mM | 0.1032 mL | 0.5160 mL | 1.0321 mL | 2.5802 mL | |
| 50 mM | 0.0826 mL | 0.4128 mL | 0.8257 mL | 2.0642 mL | |
| 60 mM | 0.0688 mL | 0.3440 mL | 0.6881 mL | 1.7201 mL | |
| 80 mM | 0.0516 mL | 0.2580 mL | 0.5160 mL | 1.2901 mL | |
| 100 mM | 0.0413 mL | 0.2064 mL | 0.4128 mL | 1.0321 mL |
* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.
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