Cat. No.: HY-D1056

Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O55:B5

(Synonyms: LPS, from Escherichia coli (O55:B5))

510 Cited Publications

Customer Review

Based on 510 publication(s) in Google Scholar

Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O55:B5 (LPS, from Escherichia coli (O55:B5)) are endotoxins and TLR4 activators extracted from Escherichia coli (E. coli O55:B5) and are classified as S (smooth) type LPS. Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O55:B5 possess the typical three-part structure: O-antigen, core oligosaccharide, and lipid A. Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O55:B5 activate TLR-4 in immune cells, exhibit high pyrogenicity, and demonstrate dose and serotype specificity. Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O55:B5 can be widely used to induce cellular inflammation and establish animal models related to inflammation.
It is recommended to prepare a solution with concentration ≥2 mg/mL. Vortex thoroughly for more than 10 minutes. Due to the adsorption characteristics of LPS, silanized container or low adsorption centrifuge tubes should be used for aliquoting and storage, and mix thoroughly before use.

For research use only. We do not sell to patients.

Storage:

Powder -20°C, 3 years , 4°C, 2 years ; In solvent -80°C, 6 months , -20°C, 1 month

Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O55:B5 Chemical Structure

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Biological Activity
- Description
- IC₅₀ & Target
- In Vitro
- In Vivo
- Induced Disease Models
- Clinical Trial
Chemical Information
Publications (510)
Solvent & Solubility
- In Vitro
- In Vivo
Purity & Documentation
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Biological Activity

Description

Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O55:B5 (LPS, from Escherichia coli (O55:B5)) are endotoxins and TLR4 activators extracted from Escherichia coli (E. coli O55:B5) and are classified as S (smooth) type LPS. Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O55:B5 possess the typical three-part structure: O-antigen, core oligosaccharide, and lipid A. Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O55:B5 activate TLR-4 in immune cells, exhibit high pyrogenicity, and demonstrate dose and serotype specificity. Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O55:B5 can be widely used to induce cellular inflammation and establish animal models related to inflammation^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7].
It is recommended to prepare a solution with concentration ≥2 mg/mL. Vortex thoroughly for more than 10 minutes. Due to the adsorption characteristics of LPS, silanized container or low adsorption centrifuge tubes should be used for aliquoting and storage, and mix thoroughly before use.

IC₅₀ & Target

TLR4

All Toll-like Receptor (TLR) Isoforms :

In Vitro

Note:
1. Concentration and Time: Please do not rely solely on a single article to determine experimental conditions. It is recommended to review relevant literature based on the cell line and type of LPS before formal experiments, as the required induction time or optimal concentration for different inflammatory factors to reach their peak may vary. It is advisable to set concentration and time gradients to identify the optimal experimental scheme.
2. Detection Indicators: LPS does not necessarily induce cell death; therefore, it is not appropriate to determine the LPS modeling concentration and time solely by assessing cell viability. It is recommended to measure the expression or secretion of inflammatory factors.
3. Solvent Selection: Literature indicates that certain concentrations of DMSO can significantly inhibit LPS-induced inflammatory responses. In cellular experiments, it is recommended to prepare stock solutions using sterile water, followed by dilution with culture medium.
4. Container Selection: Due to the adsorption characteristics of LPS, it can bind to plastics and certain types of glass (especially at concentrations <0.1 mg/mL). The adsorption effect is relatively small when LPS concentrations exceed 1 mg/mL. Additionally, LPS tends to form micelles in solution. Therefore, when dissolving the powder, it is recommended to prepare concentrations of ≥2 mg/mL, and to vortex thoroughly for more than 10 minutes. If necessary, ultrasonic assistance may be used. For storage, please use silanized containers or low-adhesion centrifuge tubes. If glass containers are used, ensure to mix thoroughly for at least 30 minutes prior to use to re-dissolve any LPS adsorbed to the wall of the container.
5. Concentration Units: LPS does not have a uniform molecular weight because its molecules exhibit heterogeneity and aggregation. The molecular weight of naturally sourced LPS typically ranges from 10-100 kDa or even higher. Common dosing concentrations for LPS found in the literature are in terms of mass concentration, such as ng/mL and μg/mL, so it is sufficient to prepare solutions directly in mass concentration during experiments.
6. Filtration Sterilization: After dissolving LPS powder in water, saline, or PBS, the solution may appear turbid or colloidal, and in some cases, a microsphere distribution with diameters around 20-30 nm may be observed. When sterilizing by filtration, do not filter the stock solution directly. It is recommended to dilute to working solution first and then filter sterilize through a 0.22 μm filter membrane.
7. Differences Among Different Strain LPS: LPS of different catalog numbers comes from various bacterial strains, corresponding to different structural features such as lipid A, core polysaccharides, and O-antigens, which in turn affect the intensity of inflammation induction and TLR4-mediated signaling bias. Commonly referenced LPS catalog numbers for in vitro or in vivo inflammation model construction include HY-D1056 and HY-D1056A1. Moreover, in specific research contexts, specialized sources of LPS related to the studied bacterial strains may also be used. For example, HY-D1056D (from Porphyromonas gingivalis) is used in periodontal studies, while HY-D1056B3 (from Klebsiella pneumoniae) is relevant in pneumonia-related research. When selecting LPS, considerations should include the purpose of the experiment, sensitivity of the cell line, and other factors.

LPS is the major toxic component of Gram-negative bacteria, capable of activating pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) of the immune system and inducing cellular secretion of migrasomes. LPS can be recognized by TLR4, activating the innate immune system, followed by the promotion of NF-κB activation and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. It is commonly used in experiments involving the stimulation, activation, and differentiation of immune cells.
Different bacterial species express LPS with varying structures and biological activities. LPS generally exists in two configurations: R (rough) type and S (smooth) type. S-type LPS contains a typical three-part structure: O-antigen (O-antigen) (serum-specific polysaccharides composed of repeating oligosaccharide units), core oligosaccharide (core) (non-repeating C9-type oligosaccharides), and lipid A (Lipid A) (the toxic component of LPS). The R type lacks the O-antigen and expresses rough-type LPS. The absence of O-antigen can affect the process of immune cell recognition of LPS.
The LPS expressed by the E. coli 055:B5 strain serves as a prototype endotoxin frequently used as an endotoxin standard in LAL assays. Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O55:B5 exhibit high pyrogenicity and are commonly used for in vitro cell activation. Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O55:B5 induce the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines in mouse macrophages^[1].

1. Induction of cellular inflammation model^[4]^[5]

Background

LPS binds to the TLR4-MD-2 complex on the cell surface, activates both MyD88-dependent and MyD88-independent signaling pathways, promotes the translocation of transcription factors such as NF-κB into the nucleus, triggers the expression of inflammation-related genes, and leads to the occurrence of an inflammatory response in cells.

Specific Modeling Methods

Cell: Macrophages, tumor cells, glial cells and so on.
Administration: 0.1-10 μg/mL • 1-24 h

Note

(1) Before the formal experiment, relevant references should be consulted according to the cell line and the source of LPS, etc., and concentration and time gradients should be screened to determine the optimal experimental protocol.
(2) Stimulating cells with LPS does not necessarily lead to cell death. Therefore, it is not appropriate to determine the concentration and time of LPS for establishing the model merely by detecting cell viability. It is recommended to detect the expression and secretion of multiple inflammatory factors.
(3) During the process of stimulating cells with LPS, the morphological changes of cells should be observed regularly. An excessively high concentration may cause cytotoxicity, while an excessively low concentration may fail to effectively damage the cells.
(4) A certain concentration of DMSO can significantly inhibit the inflammatory response induced by LPS. It is recommended to dissolve LPS in PBS or ddH₂O.
(5) In the research on the construction of in vitro inflammatory models, Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O55:B5 (HY-D1056) and Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O111:B4 (HY-D1056A1) are the most widely used LPS, and they are highly recommended!

Modeling Indicators

The secretion/expression of inflammatory factors such as IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in the supernatant or cells increases.
The release of NO increases.
The expression of inflammatory genes such as iNOS, NF-κB and NLRP3 increases.

Correlated Product(s) Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O111:B4 (HY-D1056A1)

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

In Vivo

Animal Model:

Female and male CD1 mice^[3]
Dosage:

1.5mg/kg
Administration:

Intraperitoneal injection, once
Result:

Induced sickness behavior in all mice, but adult mice displayed more sickness than pubertal mice and adult males remained sick for a longer period of time than adult females.
Caused a decrease in body temperature for all mice, but this decrease was greatest in adult males.
Increased pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines at various levels in pubertal and adult male and female mice, resulted in age and sex differences in cytokine concentrations following immune challenge.
Only adult males and females treated with LPS displayed significantly more IL-6 than their saline controls, and pubertal males and females and adult females displayed significantly more IL-10 than their saline controls.
All the mice displayed significantly more IL-12 and TNF-α than their saline controls.

Induced Disease Models

Note:
Please do not refer to only one article to determine the experimental conditions. It is recommended to determine the optimal experimental conditions (animal strain, age, dosage, frequency and cycle, detection time and indicators, etc.) through preliminary experiments before the formal experiment.

Lipopolysaccharides (1.5 mg/kg; i.p.; once) induces sickness and hypothermia in mice, and induces a greater and more prolonged sickness response in adult male mice^[3].

Guidelines for Establishing In Vivo Animal Models with LPS

Animal Models	Recommended LPS Types	Reference Doses and Management Methods (Taking Mice as an Example)	Recommended Detection Indicators
Sepsis (Shock) Model [PMID: 26440998; 27127234; 19529910]	LPS, from E. coli O111:B4 (HY-D1056A1) LPS, from E. coli O55:B5 (HY-D1056) LPS, from E. coli O127:B8 (HY-D1056A2)	2.5-10 mg/kg; Intraperitoneal injection	Assessment of Inflammatory Mediators: TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, etc. (ELISA detection of Serum/Plasma). Histopathological Evaluation: HE staining of the kidney, glomerular cell proliferation, epithelial cell degeneration and necrosis, interstitial inflammatory cell infiltration, etc. Others: Serum Scr, BUN (markers of renal filtration function).
Cardiac Dysfunction/Myocarditis Model [PMID: 32896106; 36593471]	LPS, from E. coli O111:B4 (HY-D1056A1) LPS, from E. coli O55:B5 (HY-D1056)	10 mg/kg; Intraperitoneal injection	Assessment of Inflammatory Mediators: TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, etc. (ELISA detection of Serum/Plasma). Histopathological Evaluation: HE staining of the heart, disordered arrangement of myocardial fibers, destruction of myocardial tissue, unclear contour, myocardial dissolution, interstitial edema, congestion, inflammatory cell infiltration, etc. Others: Echocardiographic detection of dysfunction.
Acute Lung Injury Model [PMID: 31595149; 26888116; 20975550]	LPS, from E. coli O111:B4 (HY-D1056A1) LPS, from E. coli O55:B5 (HY-D1056) LPS, from Klebsiella pneumonia (HY-D1056B3)	0.2-15 mg/kg; Intratracheal administration	Assessment of Inflammatory Mediators: TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, etc. (ELISA/qPCR detection of BALF/lung tissue). Histopathological Evaluation: HE staining of the Lung, leukocyte infiltration in alveoli, thickening of alveolar walls, plaque hemorrhage and interstitial edema, etc. Others: Lung dry/wet ratio (D/W ratio).
Acute Liver Injury Model [PMID: 27127234; 36849063]	LPS, from E. coli O111:B4 (HY-D1056A1) LPS, from E. coli O55:B5 (HY-D1056)	5-50 μg/kg + D-GalN (200-400 mg/kg); Intraperitoneal injection	Assessment of Inflammatory Mediators: TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, etc. (ELISA/qPCR detection of serum/liver tissue). Histopathological Evaluation: HE staining of the liver, liver structural disorder, hemorrhagic plaques, inflammatory cell infiltration, etc. Others: Serum ALT, AST (markers of liver injury).
Periodontitis Model [PMID: 23167849; 27987467]	LPS, from P. gingivalis (HY-D1056D) LPS, from E. coli O55:B5 (HY-D1056)	4-10 μg; 2-4 times; Oral periodontal tissue injection	Assessment of Inflammatory Mediators: iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α, IL-6, etc. (qPCR detection of gingival tissue). Histopathological Evaluation: HE staining of gingival/alveolar bone tissue, Inflammatory cells infiltrate, and collagen fiber bundles are loosely distributed near the tissue-root interface. Others: The number of immune cells in gingival tissue (flow cytometry).
Encephalitis Model [PMID: 35858866; PMID: 36240654]	LPS, from E. coli O111:B4 (HY-D1056A1) LPS, from P. gingivalis (HY-D1056D)	3-5 mg/kg; Intraperitoneal injection	Assessment of Inflammatory Mediators: IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, etc. (qPCR/WB detection of brain/hippocampus tissue). Immunofluorescence Detection: IBA-1 (Microglia marker); GFAP (Astrocyte marker); Siglec-E, etc.
Depression Model [PMID: 31327964; 38677623]	LPS, from E. coli O111:B4 (HY-D1056A1) LPS, from E. coli O55:B5 (HY-D1056)	5-10 mg/kg; Intraperitoneal injection	Assessment of Inflammatory Mediators: IL-1β, NLRP3, Caspase-1, etc. (qPCR/WB detection of hippocampus/cortex); IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, etc. (ELISA detection of hippocampus/cortex/serum). Immunofluorescence Detection: IBA-1, GFAP, etc. Behavioral Tests/Detection: Tail suspension experiments and forced swimming experiments, etc., has a longer time of immobility and a shortened latency period of immobility.
Parkinson's Model [PMID: 35065246; 30455692]	LPS, from E. coli O111:B4 (HY-D1056A1) LPS, from P. gingivalis (HY-D1056D)	2-5 μg; Black matter injection	Assessment of Inflammatory Mediators: iNOS, COX-2, etc. ( WB detection of substantia nigra); TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, etc. (ELISA/qPCR detection of substantia nigra). Immunofluorescence Assay/Detection: IBA-1, GFAP, etc. Behavioral Tests/Detection: Rotational behavior test, significantly increased number of rotations; Open field test, bradykinesia, reduced exploratory drive in novel environment, preference for peripheral zone activity; Rotarod test, shortened retention time, premature fall latency. Others: Cx43, Tyrosine hydroxylase (WB detection of substantia nigra).

Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O55:B5 can be used to induce cell and animal models related to inflammation. Among them, the animal models include sepsis (shock) model, cardiac dysfunction/myocarditis model, acute lung injury model, acute liver injury model, encephalitis model, depression model, etc. The following are examples of several models:

1. Induction of acute liver failure model^[6]

Background

LPS binds to the receptors on the cell surface, activates inflammatory cells to release a large amount of inflammatory mediators, and triggers an inflammatory response. The excessive activation of inflammation leads to lung tissue damage, pulmonary edema, and pulmonary dysfunction, thus establishing an acute lung injury model.

Specific Modeling Methods

C57/BALB/c mice: 0.2-15 mg/kg • Intratracheal administration

Note

(1) Before inducing an animal model with LPS, relevant references should be consulted based on the experimental purpose, animal type, etc., and preliminary experiments should be conducted to determine the optimal experimental protocol.
(2) After LPS administration, the time points at which the peak levels of different inflammatory factors appear may vary. It is recommended to determine the experimental protocol according to references, and multiple time points should be selected for detection during preliminary experiments.
(3) LPS should be stored away from light and avoid repeated freezing and thawing.

Modeling Indicators

The secretion/expression of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, etc. in the BALF or lung tissue decreases.
HE staining of lung tissue: Leukocyte infiltration in the alveoli, thickening of the alveolar wall, patchy hemorrhage, interstitial edema, etc.
The dry/wet ratio (D/W ratio) of the lung decreases.

Correlated Product(s): Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O111:B4 (HY-D1056A1)

Correlated Product(s): /

2. Induction of cardiac dysfunction/myocarditis model^[7]

Background

Cardiac dysfunction (myocarditis) is a common complication of sepsis induced by LPS. LPS can activate the inflammatory response and oxidative stress, causing damage and apoptosis of cardiomyocytes as well as cardiac fibrosis, which in turn leads to cardiac dysfunction.

Specific Modeling Methods

C57/ HsdWin:NMRI mice • 10 mg/kg i.p.

Modeling Indicators

Myocardial dysfunction: The left ventricular fractional shortening (LVFS) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) decreases, and the left ventricular end-systolic volume (LVESV) and left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVESD) increases.
The levels of CK-MB, LDH, AST, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, etc. in the serum increases, and the TLR4/NF-κB pathway inhibites.
HE staining of the heart: The arrangement of myocardial fibers is disordered, the myocardial tissue is damaged with unclear contours, there are phenomena such as myocardial lysis, interstitial edema, congestion, infiltration of inflammatory cells, etc.

Correlated Product(s): Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O111:B4 (HY-D1056A1)

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Clinical Trial

NCT Number	Sponsor	Condition	Start Date	Phase A549
NCT01329991	Plexxikon\|		2011-05	PHASE1

Chemical Information

Appearance Solid
Color White to off-white
SMILES

[Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O55:B5]
Synonyms

LPS, from Escherichia coli (O55:B5)
Structure Classification
- Others
Initial Source
- Microorganisms
surface of Gram-negative bacteria
Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

Storage

Powder	-20°C	3 years
	4°C	2 years
In solvent	-80°C	6 months
	-20°C	1 month

Publications (510)

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Journal Impact Factor

Cell

Systematic profiling reveals betaine as an exercise mimetic for geroprotection. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 18;188(19):5403-5425.e33. PMID: 40570836
Cell

De novo assembly of nuclear stress bodies rearranges and enhances NFIL3 to restrain acute inflammatory responses. [Abstract]

2025 Aug 21;188(17):4586-4603.e31. PMID: 40436014
Imeta

Enhancement of gut barrier integrity by a Bacillus subtilis secreted metabolite through the GADD45A-Wnt/β-catenin pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Feb 23;4(2):e70005. PMID: 40236773
Cell Metab

Gut microbiota-derived isovaleric acid alleviates atrial fibrillation by suppressing GSDME-dependent pyroptosis. [Abstract]

2026 Feb 3;38(2):370-387.e10. PMID: 41638192
Adv Mater

Targeted Macrophage CRISPR-Cas13 mRNA Editing in Immunotherapy for Tendon Injury. [Abstract]

2024 May;36(19):e2311964. PMID: 38302097

Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O55:B5 purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Adv Mater. 2024 May;36(19):e2311964. [Abstract]

Immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry detection (&p = 0.0002) for SPP1 in macrophages stimulated in mimicking inflammatory microenvironments by LPS (100 ng mL; 16 h).
Adv Mater

A Physiologically Responsive Nanocomposite Hydrogel for Treatment of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma via Proteolysis-targeting Chimeras Enhanced Immunotherapy. [Abstract]

2023 Mar;35(12):e2210787. PMID: 36656993
Immunity

Disruption of the Na+/K+-ATPase-purinergic P2X7 receptor complex in microglia promotes stress-induced anxiety. [Abstract]

2024 Mar 12;57(3):495-512.e11. PMID: 38395698
Cell Res

Mannose antagonizes GSDME-mediated pyroptosis through AMPK activated by metabolite GlcNAc-6P. [Abstract]

2023 Dec;33(12):904-922. PMID: 37460805

Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O55:B5 purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Cell Res. 2023 Dec;33(12):904-922. [Abstract]

Mannose has no effect on LPS and nigericin-induced GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis. THP-1 cells were primed with PMA (50 nM) for 36 hours, and then pretreated with mannose for 2 hours, followed by LPS (100 ng/ml) for 4 hours and finally by nigericin (10 μM) for 2 hours. Pyroptosis was detected.
Exploration

A Bioorthogonal and Programmable Bacterial Delivery System for Spatiotemporally Targeted Therapy of Solid Tumors. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 18;5(6):20240396. PMID: 41476656
Exploration (Beijing)

Activating Ferroptosis of M1 Macrophages: A Novel Mechanism of Asiaticoside Encapsuled in GelMA for Anti-Inflammation in Diabetic Wounds. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 31;5(6):20240062. PMID: 41476651
Sci Bull

Genetically engineered MSCs overexpressing hepatocyte growth factor for the treatment of human refractory wounds. [Abstract]

2025 Nov 25:S2095-9273(25)01198-3. PMID: 41381331
Bioact Mater

Monascus pigment-protected bone marrow-derived stem cells for heart failure treatment. [Abstract]

2024 Sep 4:42:270-283. PMID: 39285916
Bioact Mater

Synergistic rheumatoid arthritis therapy by interrupting the detrimental feedback loop to orchestrate hypoxia M1 macrophage polarization using an enzyme-catalyzed nanoplatform. [Abstract]

2024 Jul 23:41:221-238. PMID: 39149592

Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O55:B5 purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Bioact Mater. 2024 Jul 23:41:221-238. [Abstract]

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 500 ng/mL, 24 h) significantly upregulates mRNA expression of M1 macrophage markers (NOS2, CD86, IL-1β, TNF-α) while suppressing M2 markers (Arg-1, CD206, IL-4, IL-10) in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs).

Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O55:B5 purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Bioact Mater. 2024 Jul 23:41:221-238. [Abstract]

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (500 ng/mL, 24 h) combined with hypoxia stimulation significantly enhances CD86 (M1 marker) fluorescence intensity while reducing CD206 (M2 marker) expression in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs).
(A–D) Representative immunofluorescence staining and quantification of F4/80 (green) with CD86 (red) (A and B) or CD206 (red) (C and D), and nuclei (blue) on BMDMs treated with different treatment. Scale bar: 25 μm.

Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O55:B5 purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Bioact Mater. 2024 Jul 23:41:221-238. [Abstract]

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (500 ng/mL, 24 h) combined with hypoxia stimulation significantly upregulates protein levels of HIF-1α, NOS2, and CD86 while downregulating CD206 and Arg-1 in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs).
Nat Cell Biol

TOLLIP targets GSDME-NT-carrying endocytic vesicles for autophagy to regulate pyroptosis and chemotherapy efficacy. [Abstract]

2026 Apr;28(4):812-827. PMID: 41803502
Adv Funct Mater

2025 Nov 17.
Adv Funct Mater

10 March 2022.

Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O55:B5 purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Adv Funct Mater. 10 March 2022.

The effect of CaNP on BMDM recruitment of T cells. Left panel: BMDM-M2 treated with CaNP (35 µg/mL) and LPS (50 ng/mL)/IFN-γ (20 ng/mL) for 48 h are in the lower compartment. CD8⁺ T cells are in the upper compartment. Right panel: representative images of BMDM recruitment of T cells. CD8⁺ T cells were labeled with FITC.

Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O55:B5 purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Adv Funct Mater. 10 March 2022.

Quantification of T cell proliferation with the supernatant from BMDM treated with LPS (50 ng/mL)/IFN-γ (20 ng/mL) for 48 h by flow cytometry.
ACS Nano

Hydrogel-Powered Adversity Transformation: On-Demand Ultrasonic Switching Strategy for Accelerating Diabetic Wound Healing. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 21;19(41):36813-36825. PMID: 41071711
ACS Nano

Intracellularly Synthesized Artificial Exosome Treats Acute Lung Injury. [Abstract]

2024 Aug 13;18(32):21009-21023. PMID: 39087239
ACS Nano

An Engineered Bionic Nanoparticle Sponge as a Cytokine Trap and Reactive Oxygen Species Scavenger to Relieve Disc Degeneration and Discogenic Pain. [Abstract]

2024 Jan 30;18(4):3053-3072. PMID: 38237054
Nat Commun

Sensight enables quantitative multivariate engineering of high-performance chemical imaging tools. [Abstract]

2026 Jan 27;17(1):2061. PMID: 41593056
Nat Commun

Bioengineered hybrid dual-targeting nanoparticles reprogram the tumour microenvironment for deep glioblastoma photodynamic therapy. [Abstract]

2025 Aug 18;16(1):7672. PMID: 40826003
Nat Commun

Resistance to anti-LAG-3 plus anti-PD-1 therapy in head and neck cancer is mediated by Sox9+ tumor cells interaction with Fpr1+ neutrophils. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 28;16(1):3975. PMID: 40295483
Nat Commun

Antigen-presenting cancer associated fibroblasts enhance antitumor immunity and predict immunotherapy response. [Abstract]

2025 Mar 4;16(1):2175. PMID: 40038297
Cell Death Differ

Gut-derived hyodeoxycholate reprograms the spleen-eye immunometabolic axis to suppress autoimmune uveitis. [Abstract]

2026 Mar 11. PMID: 41813862
Bone Res

PRMT6 is required for initiating and amplifying macrophage-induced inflammation in heterotopic ossification by increasing CCL2 expression. [Abstract]

2026 Mar 10;14(1):29. PMID: 41803087
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Hypofractionated Radiotherapy Induces ISG15+MHC-I+ Neutrophils to Augment Anti-Tumor Immunity and Prime Immune Checkpoint Blockade Responses in Rectal Cancer. [Abstract]

2026 Mar 13:e17450. PMID: 41824789
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Spatiotemporal Sequential Delivery of Chidamide Regulates Macrophage Reprogramming in Lymphoma Microenvironment Through HDACs-STAT3 Pathway. [Abstract]

2026 Mar 31:e02791. PMID: 41915859
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Mitochondrial CISD1 Modulates Microglial Metabolic Reprogramming to Drive Stress Susceptibility in Mice. [Abstract]

2025 Nov 11:e08957. PMID: 41215712
Adv Sci (Weinh)

VDLIN: A Deep Learning-Based Platform for Methylcobalamin-Inspired Immunomodulatory Compound Screening. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 27:e13775. PMID: 41144841
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Lactylation of HMGB1 at K177 Drives Nuclear Export of TIAR to Promote Hypoxia-Induced Stress Granule Formation. [Abstract]

2025 Aug 11:e04896. PMID: 40788094
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Ginkgetin Alleviates Inflammation and Senescence by Targeting STING. [Abstract]

2024 Nov 19:e2407222. PMID: 39558862
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Gene Therapy for Inflammatory Cascade in Intrauterine Injury with Engineered Extracellular Vesicles Hybrid Snail Mucus-enhanced Adhesive Hydrogels. [Abstract]

2024 Oct 25:e2410769. PMID: 39454114
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Bioadhesive Microcarriers Encapsulated with IL-27 High Expressive MSC Extracellular Vesicles for Inflammatory Bowel Disease Treatment. [Abstract]

2023 Nov;10(32):e2303349. PMID: 37759399
Adv Sci (Weinh)

Hybrid Biomaterial Initiates Refractory Wound Healing via Inducing Transiently Heightened Inflammatory Responses. [Abstract]

2022 Jul;9(21):e2105650. PMID: 35603963

Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O55:B5 purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Adv Sci (Weinh). 2022 Jul;9(21):e2105650. [Abstract]

Western blot analysis of the phenotypic markers in LPS (1 µg/mL; 24 h)-stimulated macrophages.

Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O55:B5 purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Adv Sci (Weinh). 2022 Jul;9(21):e2105650. [Abstract]

In LPS (1 µg/mL; 24 h)-stimulated macrophages, Representative fluorescence images of macrophage phenotypes after incubation with different pretreated neutrophils; iNOS (red), CD206 (green), and nuclei (blue).
Theranostics

Bioinspired exosome-SiO2 nanohybrid therapeutic for rheumatoid arthritis treatment. [Abstract]

2025 May 30;15(13):6553-6571. PMID: 40521182
Theranostics

KLF5 inhibition potentiates anti-PD1 efficacy by enhancing CD8+ T-cell-dependent antitumor immunity. [Abstract]

2023 Feb 21; 13(4): 1381-1400. PMID: 36923542
Theranostics

Loss of MLKL ameliorates liver fibrosis by inhibiting hepatocyte necroptosis and hepatic stellate cell activation. [Abstract]

2022 Jul 4;12(11):5220-5236. PMID: 35836819
Chem Eng J

2026 Jan 7;529:172480.
Chem Eng J

2024 Sep 20.
Chem Eng J

2024 Feb 16, 149761.
J Adv Res

Osteoblastic USP26 regulates B lymphopoiesis by endogenous tryptophan metabolites. [Abstract]

2026 Feb 11:S2090-1232(26)00141-4. PMID: 41687771
Biomaterials

Reversing neuroinflammation in ischemic stroke through efferocytotic phenotype reprogramming with polymeric nanoparticles. [Abstract]

2026 Sep:332:124156. PMID: 41895020
Biomaterials

In silico optimized cell-penetrating peptides achieve transdermal siRNA delivery and regulate inflammatory environment in psoriasis. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 1:328:123882. PMID: 41343908
Biomaterials

Brazilin-Ce nanoparticles attenuate inflammation by de/anti-phosphorylation of IKKβ. [Abstract]

2024 Mar:305:122466. PMID: 38184960
J Exp Clin Cancer Res

Neddylation activated TRIM25 desensitizes triple-negative breast cancer to paclitaxel via TFEB-mediated autophagy. [Abstract]

2024 Jun 26;43(1):177. PMID: 38926803
J Nanobiotechnology

Nitric oxide-releasing nanocarriers integrated with ginsenoside compound K in dissolvable microneedles for androgenetic alopecia. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 20. PMID: 41422253
J Nanobiotechnology

MSCs-EVs harboring OA immune memory reprogram macrophage phenotype via modulation of the mt-ND3/NADH-CoQ axis for OA treatment. [Abstract]

2025 Feb 25;23(1):140. PMID: 40001168
J Nanobiotechnology

Regulating macrophage phenotypes with IL4I1-mimetic nanoparticles in IDD treatment. [Abstract]

2025 Mar 6;23(1):175. PMID: 40050923
J Nanobiotechnology

Astragaloside IV- loaded biomimetic nanoparticles target IκBα to regulate neutrophil extracellular trap formation for sepsis therapy. [Abstract]

2025 Feb 28;23(1):155. PMID: 40022068
J Nanobiotechnology

New insights into allergic rhinitis treatment: MSC nanovesicles targeting dendritic cells. [Abstract]

2024 Sep 19;22(1):575. PMID: 39294599
J Nanobiotechnology

A structured biomimetic nanoparticle as inflammatory factor sponge and autophagy-regulatory agent against intervertebral disc degeneration and discogenic pain. [Abstract]

2024 Aug 14;22(1):486. PMID: 39143545
Carbohydr Polym

A structurally distinct arabinose-bridged arabinogalactan from Lycium barbarum as a TLR4-activating adjuvant for nanovaccine-based cancer immunotherapy. [Abstract]

2026 Feb 1:373:124618. PMID: 41320397
Sci Adv

Deficient chaperone-mediated autophagy facilitates LPS-induced microglial activation via regulation of the p300/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway. [Abstract]

2023 Oct 6;9(40):eadi8343. PMID: 37801503
Redox Biol

ACOD1-itaconate in macrophage attenuates oxidative stress and inflammation in benign airway stenosis by upregulating and transferring FTH1. [Abstract]

2026 May:92:104133. PMID: 41865719
Redox Biol

SMURF2 attenuates NRF2-driven tumor progression by acting as a nuclear brake on NRF2 during cellular stress. [Abstract]

2026 May:92:104102. PMID: 41926909
J Control Release

TRAIL-expressing cell membrane nanovesicles as an anti-inflammatory platform for rheumatoid arthritis therapy. [Abstract]

2020 Jan 28;320:304-313. PMID: 32004586

Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O55:B5 purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: J Control Release. 2020 Jan 28;320:304-313. [Abstract]

Cells were differentiated to macrophages with PMA and then treated with 1 μg/mL LPS for 3 h.
J Hazard Mater

Prenatal amoxicillin exposure induces depressive-like behavior in offspring via gut microbiota and myristic acid-mediated modulation of the STING pathway. [Abstract]

2024 Dec 2:485:136750. PMID: 39672059
Environ Sci Technol

Lysosomal Cu(I)/Cu(II) Dependence of Antimicrobial Ability of Oyster Hemocytes and Regulation of Phagolysosomal System. [Abstract]

2023 Dec 5;57(48):20219-20227. PMID: 37955256
J Hazard Mater

Role of macrophage AHR/TLR4/STAT3 signaling axis in the colitis induced by non-canonical AHR ligand aflatoxin B1. [Abstract]

2023 Jun 15:452:131262. PMID: 36989784
Genome Med

Single-cell multi-omics analysis revealed the expansion of age-associated B cells in the pancreas of type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis patients. [Abstract]

2025 Nov 4;17(1):138. PMID: 41188893
Research (Wash D C)

Visomitin Attenuates Pathological Bone Loss by Reprogramming Osteoclast Metabolism via the STAT3/LDHB Axis. [Abstract]

2025 Jul 22:8:0784. PMID: 40698330
MedComm

Inhibition of YAP1 activity ameliorates acute lung injury through promotion of M2 macrophage polarization. [Abstract]

2023 Jun 5;4(3):e293. PMID: 37287755
J Immunother Cancer

Dual regulation of CXCR6+CD8+ T cells modulates cytotoxic and exhaustion-associated programs during prostate cancer progression. [Abstract]

2026 Mar 11;14(3):e014276. PMID: 41819547
Cell Rep Med

HE4 drives PD-L1 expression in myeloid cells via IFN-γR-JAK-STAT3 signaling to promote tumor immune evasion. [Abstract]

2026 Apr 21;7(4):102691. PMID: 41861828
Cell Rep Med

Ultrabright ratiometric Raman-guided epilepsy surgery by intraoperatively visualizing proinflammatory microglia. [Abstract]

2025 May 23:102155. PMID: 40449482
Pharmacol Res

Antagonising Yin Yang 1 ameliorates the symptoms of lupus nephritis via modulating T lymphocyte signaling. [Abstract]

2024 Nov 27:107525. PMID: 39613121
Mater Today Bio

PUFAs-enriched oil bodies as natural anti-osteoarthritis drug delivery platforms. [Abstract]

2025 Nov 24:35:102606. PMID: 41399362
Mater Today Bio

2025 Nov 28.
Mater Today Bio

Novel pH-responsive lipid nanoparticles deliver UA-mediated mitophagy and ferroptosis for osteoarthritis treatment. [Abstract]

2025 Mar 21:32:101697. PMID: 40225130
Mater Today Bio

Nature-derived microneedles with metal-polyphenolic networks encapsulation for chronic soft tissue defects repair: Responding and remodeling the regenerative microenvironment. [Abstract]

2025 Feb 1:31:101539. PMID: 40026624
Mater Today Bio

Functionalized 3D-printed GelMA/Laponite hydrogel scaffold promotes BMSCs recruitment through osteoimmunomodulatory enhance osteogenic via AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2024 Sep 23:29:101261. PMID: 39381262
Cancer Lett

Neutrophil extracellular traps enhance platinum resistance in ovarian cancer via SHP-1 activation. [Abstract]

2026 Apr 10:643:218288. PMID: 41620200
J Neuroinflammation

SIK2 mediated mitochondrial homeostasis in spinal cord injury: modulating oxidative stress and the AIM2 inflammasome via CRTC1/CREB signaling. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 3;22(1):283. PMID: 41339921
J Neuroinflammation

FOXA2 regulated by HDAC3-mediated deacetylation attenuates neuropathic pain by modulating microglial lipid metabolism and synaptic pruning dysregulation. [Abstract]

2025 Nov 26;22(1):280. PMID: 41299504
Cancer Lett

Acidosis activates breast cancer ferroptosis through ZFAND5/SLC3A2 signaling axis and elicits M1 macrophage polarization. [Abstract]

2024 Apr 10:587:216732. PMID: 38360142
ISME J

Silibinin-drived microbiota enrich (R)-2,3-dihydroxy-isovalerate and ameliorate colitis via the GAT-3/RARβ/RORγt axis. [Abstract]

2025 Aug 13:wraf175. PMID: 40801260
ISME J

Akkermansia muciniphila exacerbates acute radiation-induced intestinal injury by depleting mucin and enhancing inflammation. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 30:wraf084. PMID: 40305678
Int J Biol Sci

Glucocorticoids improve severe or critical COVID-19 by activating ACE2 and reducing IL-6 levels. [Abstract]

2020 Jun 27;16(13):2382-2391. PMID: 32760206
Adv Healthc Mater

A Dual-Metabolic NIR-II Probe for In Vivo Imaging of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes. [Abstract]

2026 Mar 6:e05668. PMID: 41793059
Cell Death Dis

Unraveling the Role of METTL3 in Helicobacter pylori-induced gastritis via m6A-CXCL1/NF-κB modulation. [Abstract]

2025 Aug 18;16(1):625. PMID: 40825934
Adv Healthc Mater

ROS-Scavenging Multifunctional Microneedle Patch Facilitating Wound Healing. [Abstract]

2025 Aug 20:e01886. PMID: 40832795
Adv Healthc Mater

Engineering Injectable, Adhesive, and Drug-Free Hydrogel for Efficient Acute Otitis Media Treatment by Biofilm Disruption and Immune Modulation. [Abstract]

2025 Jul 6:e2502562. PMID: 40619752
Acta Biomater

Mitochondria-targeted sonodynamic modulation of neuroinflammation to protect against myocardial ischemia‒reperfusion injury. [Abstract]

2024 Aug 7:S1742-7061(24)00445-8. PMID: 39122136
Biomater Res

A methylprednisolone-loaded and core-shell nanofiber-covered stent-graft to prevent inflammation and reduce degradation in aortic dissection. [Abstract]

2022 Apr 25;26(1):15. PMID: 35468814

Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O55:B5 purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Biomater Res. 2022 Apr 25;26(1):15. [Abstract]

HUVECs ae induced with LPS 100 ng/mL for 24 h, then treated with PLCL-N, MPSS-loaded with 0.2 mg, 0.4 mg, 0.6 mg, 0.8 mg and 1 mg for another 24 h.
Cell Death Dis

M1 macrophage-derived exosomes and their key molecule lncRNA HOTTIP suppress head and neck squamous cell carcinoma progression by upregulating the TLR5/NF-κB pathway. [Abstract]

2022 Feb 24;13(2):183. PMID: 35210436
Cell Death Dis

RNA binding protein NKAP protects glioblastoma cells from ferroptosis by promoting SLC7A11 mRNA splicing in an m6A-dependent manner. [Abstract]

2022 Jan 21;13(1):73. PMID: 35064112

Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O55:B5 purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Cell Death Dis. 2022 Jan 21;13(1):73. [Abstract]

Effect of NKAP on the U87MG cell sensitivity to Erastin (10 μM), iFSP1 (100 μM), SAS (500 μM), Rotenone (2.5 μM), 17-DMAG (300 nM), Staurosporine (1.5 μM), TMZ (200 μM), β-lapachone (2 μM), H2O2 (1‰), LPS (200 μg/mL), and Rapamycin (300 nM). All drug treatments are for 24 h.
Sci China Life Sci

Targeting STING oligomerization with licochalcone D ameliorates STING-driven inflammatory diseases. [Abstract]

2024 Dec;67(12):2664-2677. PMID: 39190126
NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes

Statin therapy associated Lactobacillus intestinalis attenuates pancreatic fibrosis through remodeling intestinal homeostasis. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 15;11(1):59. PMID: 40234406
Nano Res

2026;19(1):94907900.
Cell Commun Signal

uN2CpolyG-mediated p65 nuclear sequestration suppresses the NF-κB-NLRP3 pathway in neuronal intranuclear inclusion disease. [Abstract]

2025 Feb 7;23(1):68. PMID: 39920690
Cell Commun Signal

Chemo-proteomics reveals dihydrocaffeic acid exhibits anti-inflammation effects via Transaldolase 1 mediated PERK-NF-κB pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Feb 5;23(1):65. PMID: 39910568
Cell Commun Signal

Helicobacter pylori infection promotes M1 macrophage polarization and gastric inflammation by activation of NLRP3 inflammasome via TNF/TNFR1 axis. [Abstract]

2025 Jan 6;23(1):6. PMID: 39762835
J Pharm Anal

PU.1 regulation of type 1 dendritic cell function via NF-κB pathway in inhibition of non-small cell lung cancer progression. [Abstract]

2025 Jul;15(7):101154. PMID: 40727943
Cell Commun Signal

Neuronal-specific TNFAIP1 ablation attenuates postoperative cognitive dysfunction via targeting SNAP25 for K48-linked ubiquitination. [Abstract]

2023 Dec 15;21(1):356. PMID: 38102610
Dev Cell

Vimentin intermediate filaments coordinate actin stress fibers and podosomes to determine the extracellular matrix degradation by macrophages. [Abstract]

2025 Jun 23;60(12):1669-1685.e6. PMID: 39952241
Int J Biol Macromol

A high-throughput reporter assay for screening potential gasdermin D inhibitors from natural products. [Abstract]

2026 Jan;339(Pt 2):150110. PMID: 41500275
Int J Biol Macromol

Water-soluble polysaccharides derived from Poria cocos protect against LPS-induced renal injury through inhibiting the NF-κB-NOX4 signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Sep;321(Pt 4):146626. PMID: 40774496
Int J Biol Macromol

Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and anti-osteoclastogenic effects of synthetic mineralized lysozyme nanoparticles for treating infectious osteoporosis. [Abstract]

2025 Aug;320(Pt 4):145769. PMID: 40653236
Int J Biol Macromol

Carboxymethyl Poria cocos polysaccharides protect against septic kidney injury by regulating the Nrf2-NF-κB signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 9:143030. PMID: 40216133
Int J Biol Macromol

Ilex asprella polysaccharides alleviate liver injury via antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and gut microbiota modulating effect. [Abstract]

2025 May;306(Pt 3):142024. PMID: 40081689
Int J Biol Macromol

Ultra-small platinum nano-enzymatic spray with ROS scavenging and anti-inflammatory properties for photoaging treatment. [Abstract]

2024 Sep 18:135743. PMID: 39304038
Int J Biol Macromol

Specific molecular weight of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide for robust breast cancer regression by repolarizing tumor-associated macrophages. [Abstract]

2024 Mar;261(Pt 1):129674. PMID: 38280710
Int J Biol Macromol

Purification and structural characterization of two polysaccharides with anti-inflammatory activities from Plumbago zeylanica L. [Abstract]

2024 Mar;260(Pt 1):129455. PMID: 38232876
Acta Pharmacol Sin

FPR2/ALX stimulation modulates microglia and natural killer cells to restrict autoimmune astrocytopathy. [Abstract]

2026 Mar 10. PMID: 41807546
Cancer Biol Med

Chidamide suppresses macrophage-mediated immune evasion and tumor progression in small cell lung cancer by targeting the STAT4/CCL2 signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 23:j.issn.2095-3941.2024.0241. PMID: 41131865
Acta Pharmacol Sin

Norcantharidin promotes M1 macrophage polarization and suppresses colorectal cancer growth. [Abstract]

2025 May 20. PMID: 40394236
Acta Pharmacol Sin

Tofacitinib prevents depressive-like behaviors through decreased hippocampal microgliosis and increased BDNF levels in both LPS-induced and CSDS-induced mice. [Abstract]

2025 Feb;46(2):353-365. PMID: 39349767
Acta Pharmacol Sin

Pazopanib alleviates neuroinflammation and protects dopaminergic neurons in LPS-stimulated mouse model by inhibiting MEK4-JNK-AP-1 pathway. [Abstract]

2023 Jun;44(6):1135-1148. PMID: 36536076
Acta Pharmacol Sin

EPSTI1 promotes monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells in vitro via upregulating VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 expression. [Abstract]

2023 Jan;44(1):71-80. PMID: 35778487
Phytomedicine

Nuciferine ameliorates steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head by inhibiting BMSCs ferroptosis via HIF-1α. [Abstract]

2026 Jun:155:158070. PMID: 41861683
Phytomedicine

Kakkalide promotes spinal cord injury repair by regulating microglial M2 polarization via mitophagy. [Abstract]

2026 Apr:153:157985. PMID: 41720005
Phytomedicine

Genistein ameliorates lupus nephritis via enhancing ERβ-mediated inhibition of STAT3-driven inflammation. [Abstract]

2026 Apr:153:157917. PMID: 41653614
Phytomedicine

Qi-Sai-Er-Sang-Dang-Song decoction inhibits pyroptosis and inflammation in THP-1 cells and alleviates rheumatoid arthritis by inhibiting the NLRP3-pyroptosis signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 27:148:157481. PMID: 41172917
Phytomedicine

Diosmin alleviates colitis by inhibiting PANoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells and regulating gut microbiota and metabolites. [Abstract]

2025 Jun:141:156671. PMID: 40138774
Phytomedicine

Ophiopogonin C protects against acute lung injury by fatal sepsis through pyroptosis macrophage. [Abstract]

2025 Jul:142:156698. PMID: 40397999
Phytomedicine

Xiezhuo Tiaozhi formula inhibits macrophage pyroptosis in the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by targeting the SIRT1 pathway. [Abstract]

2024 Aug:131:155776. PMID: 38851104
Phytomedicine

Catalpolaglycone disrupts mitochondrial thermogenesis by specifically binding to a conserved lysine residue of UCP2 on the proton leak tunnel. [Abstract]

2024 Mar:125:155356. PMID: 38241920
Phytomedicine

Anemoside B4 protects against chronic relapsing colitis in mice by modulating inflammatory response, colonic transcriptome and the gut microbiota. [Abstract]

2022 Nov:106:154416. PMID: 36037770
ACS Appl Mater Interfaces

Mitochondrial-Targeting Drug-Loaded Nanoparticles Reprogram Macrophage Metabolism via ROS/NO Co-elimination for Diabetic Wound Healing. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 24;17(51):69180-69195. PMID: 41383171
Free Radic Biol Med

TFEB-nuclear translocation promotes BNIP3-mediated mitophagy and alleviates oxidative stress and ferroptosis in acute pancreatitis. [Abstract]

2025 Nov 23:243:398-413. PMID: 41290101
ACS Appl Mater Interfaces

Engineered Transition Metal Oxide (TMO)-Encapsulated Salmon Skin-Based Bioadhesive Hydrogel Promotes Repair, Immuneregulation, and Neovascularization in MRSA-Infected Wounds. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 23. PMID: 41128728
Free Radic Biol Med

NAD+ rescues Phosphatidylinositol-induced granulosa cell Pyroptosis to restore follicular development in PCOS. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 11:S0891-5849(25)00976-1. PMID: 40945625
ACS Appl Mater Interfaces

Triglyceride-Rich Conditions Reshape the Protein Corona and Alter Nanobio Interactions. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 1;17(39):54608-54622. PMID: 40968085
Free Radic Biol Med

Baicalein attenuates metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis by regulating macrophage ferroptosis through nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Aug 11:240:238-252. PMID: 40803417
ACS Appl Mater Interfaces

Hypoxia Induces HIF-1α Activation in Tendon Stem Cells to Enhance Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Tendon Repair. [Abstract]

2025 Jul 30;17(30):42637-42657. PMID: 40675622
Apoptosis

Phillyrin promotes flap survival by mitigating pyroptosis through the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2026 Jan 10;31(1):36. PMID: 41518527
Food Res Int

Dendrobium officinale polysaccharide inhibits M1 macrophage polarization via activating SENP1-SIRT3 signaling and alleviates ulcerative colitis. [Abstract]

2025 Dec;221(Pt 4):117582. PMID: 41185333
Food Res Int

Galactooligosaccharides as a protective agent for intestinal barrier and its regulatory functions for intestinal microbiota. [Abstract]

2022 May:155:111003. PMID: 35400418
Mater Des

2024 Sep.
J Headache Pain

Microglia TREM1-mediated neuroinflammation contributes to central sensitization via the NF-κB pathway in a chronic migraine model. [Abstract]

2024 Jan 5;25(1):3. PMID: 38177990
J Orthop Translat

2025 Aug 1.
Br J Pharmacol

Inhibition of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-2 attenuates chronic gastritis via blocking nuclear translocation of S1P2 receptors in epithelial cells. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 30. PMID: 41472315
Br J Pharmacol

Factor XII and prekallikrein promote microvascular inflammation and psoriasis in mice. [Abstract]

2024 Oct;181(19):3760-3778. PMID: 38872396
Sens Actuators B Chem

15 December 2022, 132707.

Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O55:B5 purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Sens Actuators B Chem. 15 December 2022, 132707.

LPS is used as an external stimulus to induce •OH generation in the A549 and HeLa cell lines. Co-localization fluorescence imaging in A549 and HeLa cells using MTG and PY. Cells were incubated with LPS (10.0 μg/mL) for 24 h and then stained with MTG (500 nM) and PY (5.0 μM) for 30 min.
Brain Behav Immun

Circulating Ly6Chigh monocyte-derived S100A4+ macrophages exacerbate neuroinflammation and impede recovery of traumatic brain injury. [Abstract]

2026 Jan 26:134:106472. PMID: 41605306
Brain Behav Immun

Regulation of macrophage efferocytosis by the CLCF1/NF-κB pathway improves neurological and cognitive impairment following CO poisoning. [Abstract]

2025 Jul:127:126-146. PMID: 40081779
Mucosal Immunol

CD38 and extracellular NAD+ regulate the development and maintenance of Hp vaccine-induced CD4+ TRM in the gastric epithelium. [Abstract]

2024 Jul 1:S1933-0219(24)00065-5. PMID: 38960319
J Transl Med

Maternal monocyte-derived IFN-α1 triggers early fetal demise. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 14;23(1):1096. PMID: 41088135
Biomed Pharmacother

Excess heme orchestrates progesterone resistance in uterine endometrial cancer through macrophage polarization and the IL-33/PAX8/PGR axis. [Abstract]

2025 Mar 25:186:118008. PMID: 40138919
Biomed Pharmacother

Comparative study on physicochemical characterization and immunomodulatory activities of neutral and acidic Lycium barbarum polysaccharides. [Abstract]

2024 Oct 31:181:117659. PMID: 39486371
J Transl Med

Vascular restenosis following paclitaxel-coated balloon therapy is attributable to NLRP3 activation and LIN9 upregulation. [Abstract]

2024 Sep 27;22(1):871. PMID: 39334121
Biomed Pharmacother

Ginkgolide B effectively mitigates neuropathic pain by suppressing the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome through the induction of mitophagy in rats. [Abstract]

2024 Jun 21:177:117006. PMID: 38908197
Biomed Pharmacother

Cynaroside improved depressive-like behavior in CUMS mice by suppressing microglial inflammation and ferroptosis. [Abstract]

2024 Apr:173:116425. PMID: 38490155
Biomed Pharmacother

Dendrobium officinale polysaccharides attenuate uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC)-induced pyroptosis in macrophage cells. [Abstract]

2022 Jul;151:113098. PMID: 35594714
Redox Rep

Artesunate ameliorates experimental autoimmune uveitis by inhibiting the LCN2-STAT3 axis and suppressing microglial activation. [Abstract]

2026 Dec;31(1):2627096. PMID: 41674301
Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol

Mannan-Binding Lectin via Interaction With Cell Surface Calreticulin Promotes Senescence of Activated Hepatic Stellate Cells to Limit Liver Fibrosis Progression. [Abstract]

2022 Apr 2;14(1):75-99. PMID: 35381393
Chin Med J (Engl)

IRAK1 promotes gastric cancer progression by activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and inducing the M2 polarization of tumor-associated macrophages. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 19. PMID: 41424035
Stem Cell Res Ther

Enhance the therapeutic efficacy of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells in prevention of acute graft-versus-host disease through CRISPLD2 modulation. [Abstract]

2025 May 1;16(1):222. PMID: 40312744
Stem Cell Res Ther

Exosomes from adipose-derived stem cells accelerate wound healing by increasing the release of IL-33 from macrophages. [Abstract]

2025 Feb 21;16(1):80. PMID: 39984984
Environ Pollut

Melatonin alleviates lead-induced fatty liver in the common carps (Cyprinus carpio) via gut-liver axis. [Abstract]

2023 Jan 15:317:120730. PMID: 36427828
Journal of Future Foods

2025 Sep 18.
Cell Death Discov

Modulatory role of radioprotective 105 in mitigating oxidative stress and ferroptosis via the HO-1/SLC7A11/GPX4 axis in sepsis-mediated renal injury. [Abstract]

2025 Jul 1;11(1):290. PMID: 40595455
Cell Death Discov

The RNF8/OPTN/KDM6A axis controls macrophage polarization to maintain testicular microenvironment homeostasis. [Abstract]

2025 Jul 24;11(1):339. PMID: 40707433
Cell Death Discov

MARCO expression on myeloid-derived suppressor cells is essential for their differentiation and immunosuppression. [Abstract]

2025 Jul 22;11(1):337. PMID: 40695812
Cell Death Discov

NINJ1-mediated plasma membrane rupture of pyroptotic endothelial cells exacerbates blood-brain barrier destruction caused by neutrophil extracellular traps in traumatic brain injury. [Abstract]

2025 Feb 20;11(1):69. PMID: 39979243
Cell Death Discov

RPLP2 activates TLR4 in an autocrine manner and promotes HIF-1α-induced metabolic reprogramming in hepatocellular carcinoma. [Abstract]

2023 Dec 5;9(1):440. PMID: 38052785
Cell Death Discov

Silencing TAK1 reduces MAPKs-MMP2/9 expression to reduce inflammation-driven neurohistological disruption post spinal cord injury. [Abstract]

2021 May 8;7(1):96. PMID: 33966042
Cell Rep

Adoptive macrophages suppress glioblastoma growth by reversing immunosuppressive microenvironment through programmed phenotype repolarization. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 26;44(10):116350. PMID: 41014558
Clin Transl Med

Tau induces inflammasome activation and microgliosis through acetylating NLRP3. [Abstract]

2024 Mar;14(3):e1623. PMID: 38488468
Neural Regen Res

Interferon regulatory factor 1 enhances T cell differentiation in patients with myasthenia gravis. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 30. PMID: 41169211
Anal Chem

Glycoproteomics Analysis to Identify Potential Biomarkers and Investigate CD14+ Monocyte Activation Mechanisms via Exosomal Proteins in Cerebral Infarction Using a Novel Glycogen-Functionalized Nanoprobe. [Abstract]

2025 Jul 22;97(28):14943-14955. PMID: 40607768
Neural Regen Res

Small extracellular vesicles from hypoxia-preconditioned bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells attenuate spinal cord injury via miR-146a-5p-mediated regulation of macrophage polarization. [Abstract]

2024 Oct 1;19(10):2259-2269. PMID: 38488560
Neural Regen Res

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor facilitates astrocytic production of the CCL2 chemokine following spinal cord injury. [Abstract]

2023 Aug;18(8):1802-1808. PMID: 36751809
Int J Nanomedicine

Multifunctional Graphene Oxide Quantum Dot Nanoformulation with Key Immunomodulation for Effective Anticancer Therapy in Mice Model. [Abstract]

2026 Mar 25:21:584361. PMID: 41913747
Int J Nanomedicine

Construction of Baicalein-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles for Staphylococcus aureus-Induced Lung Infection Remission. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 1:20:12009-12018. PMID: 41054631
Int J Nanomedicine

Oral Targeted Delivery of Codonopsis Radix Polysaccharide via Succinyl -DHA Functionalized Nanoparticles Efficiently Alleviates Ulcerative Colitis. [Abstract]

2024 Dec 9:19:13235-13251. PMID: 39679251
Int J Nanomedicine

Europium-Containing Nanospheres for Treating Ovariectomy-Induced Osteoporosis: Targeted Bone Remodeling and Macrophage Polarization Modulation. [Abstract]

2024 Oct 5:19:10145-10163. PMID: 39386058
Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys

Ionizing Radiation Triggers the Antitumor Immunity by Inducing Gasdermin E-Mediated Pyroptosis in Tumor Cells. [Abstract]

2023 Feb 1;115(2):440-452. PMID: 35918054
Elife

Generation of vascularized brain organoids to study neurovascular interactions. [Abstract]

2022 May 4;11:e76707. PMID: 35506651

Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O55:B5 purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Elife. 2022 May 4;11:e76707. [Abstract]

qPCR analysis for the expression of indicated genes in D40 fVBOrs treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (500 ng/mL; for 72 hr) without or with PLX5622 2 μM using DMSO as vehicle control.
Phytother Res

Evodiamine alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis by activating apelin pathway. [Abstract]

2021 Jun;35(6):3406-3417. PMID: 33657655
J Agric Food Chem

Quercetin Inhibits Neuronal Pyroptosis and Ferroptosis by Modulating Microglial M1/M2 Polarization in Atherosclerosis. [Abstract]

2024 May 16. PMID: 38755521
J Agric Food Chem

L-AP Alleviates Liver Injury in Septic Mice by Inhibiting Macrophage Activation via Suppressing NF-κB and NLRP3 Inflammasome/Caspase-1 Signal Pathways. [Abstract]

2024 Apr 17;72(15):8460-8475. PMID: 38564364
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf

VX-765 attenuates silica-induced lung inflammatory injury and fibrosis by modulating alveolar macrophages pyroptosis in mice. [Abstract]

2023 Jan 1:249:114359. PMID: 36508797
Biomater Adv

Orally deliverable Perilla frutescens-derived nanovesicles as natural bioactive nanocarriers for colon-targeted colitis therapy via microenvironment reprogramming. [Abstract]

2026 Jul:184:214832. PMID: 41875611
Biomater Adv

VEGF-Loaded HANB/F127DA photosensitive hydrogel in combination with exercise training: For improving post-myocardial infarction myocardial remodeling. [Abstract]

2026 Jun:183:214767. PMID: 41702199
Front Immunol

Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Reprogram M1 Macrophage Metabolism via PHD2/HIF-1α Pathway in Colitis Mice. [Abstract]

2022 Jun 10;13:859806. PMID: 35757749

Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O55:B5 purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Front Immunol. 2022 Jun 10;13:859806. [Abstract]

BMDMs are planted on XF24-well seahorse plates at the density of 5 × 10⁴ cells per well and stimulated with 100 ng/mL LPS and 20 ng/mL hIFN-γ for 48 hours.
Front Immunol

Inflammasome-Induced Osmotic Pressure and the Mechanical Mechanisms Underlying Astrocytic Swelling and Membrane Blebbing in Pyroptosis. [Abstract]

2021 Jul 7:12:688674. PMID: 34305921
Int J Mol Med

Propofol upregulates MFG‑E8 in BV2 cells to inhibit pyroptosis mediated by the NF‑κB/NLRP3 pathway, thereby ameliorating ischemic‑reperfusion neuronal injury. [Abstract]

2026 May;57(5):115. PMID: 41789673
Neurosci Bull

A Non-spinal Neural Circuit for Transmitting Information of Bladder Conditions. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 27. PMID: 41455075
Int J Mol Med

Toll‑like receptor 4 activates the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway and periodontal inflammaging by inhibiting Bmi‑1 expression. [Abstract]

2021 Jan;47(1):137-150. PMID: 33236134
Biomater Sci

Injectable hydrogel loaded with 4-octyl itaconate enhances cartilage regeneration by regulating macrophage polarization. [Abstract]

2023 Mar 28;11(7):2445-2460. PMID: 36757828
Chin Med

Traditional Chinese medicine Lingguizhugan decoction ameliorate HFD-induced hepatic-lipid deposition in mice by inhibiting STING-mediated inflammation in macrophages. [Abstract]

2022 Jan 5;17(1):7. PMID: 34983596
Cell Prolif

Hypoxia Exacerbates Periapical Periodontitis-Associated Pathological Bone Loss via the Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-2α-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase IV Axis. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 30:e70160. PMID: 41467319
Biochem Pharmacol

TPPU alleviates hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury by regulating macrophage polarization. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 17:245:117657. PMID: 41418941
Biochem Pharmacol

ETV5 transcriptionally inhibits KIF23 to repress pyroptosis in aged mice with perioperative neurocognitive disorders. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 20;242(Pt 3):117352. PMID: 40983152
Biochem Pharmacol

Targeting STING alleviates pyroptosis of bladder epithelial cells and ameliorates bladder fibrosis in neurogenic bladder. [Abstract]

2025 Jul 17:117177. PMID: 40683470
Cell Prolif

Targeting ROCK1/YAP1 Axis Ameliorates Inflammation-Induced Prostatic Hyperplasia via Stabilising SIRT1-Dependent Mitochondrial Dynamics. [Abstract]

2025 Jul 4:e70085. PMID: 40616266
Biochem Pharmacol

Irisin alleviates steroid-induced vascular dysfunction by regulating the αVβ5-c-Abl-Caveolin-1 signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Jun:236:116870. PMID: 40086515
Biochem Pharmacol

PCSK9 aggravated carotid artery stenosis in ApoE-/- mice by promoting the expression of tissue factors in endothelial cells via the TLR4/NF-κB pathway. [Abstract]

2024 May 24:116314. PMID: 38797271
Biochem Pharmacol

Disordered gut microbiota promotes atrial fibrillation by aggravated conduction disturbance and unbalanced linoleic acid/SIRT1 signaling. [Abstract]

2023 Jul:213:115599. PMID: 37196685
Biochem Pharmacol

Maresin 1 protects against lipopolysaccharide/d-galactosamine-induced acute liver injury by inhibiting macrophage pyroptosis and inflammatory response. [Abstract]

2022 Jan:195:114863. PMID: 34861244
ACS Appl Nano Mater

2025 Jun 10;8(24).
Am J Chin Med

Ophiopogonin D from Ophiopogon japonicas-induced USP25 Activity to Reduce Ferroptosis of Macrophage in Acute Lung Injury by the Inhibition of Bound Rac1 and Nox1 Complex. [Abstract]

2025;53(2):501-522. PMID: 40099394
Am J Chin Med

Apigenin Suppresses Innate Immune Responses and Ameliorates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation via Inhibition of STING/IRF3 Pathway. [Abstract]

2024;52(2):471-492. PMID: 38480499
Virulence

Antibacterial efficacy and mechanism of the novel antimicrobial peptide lachnospirin-1 against Acinetobacter baumannii. [Abstract]

2026 Dec 31;17(1):2646808. PMID: 41838520
J Ethnopharmacol

Linggan Wuwei Jiangxin Decoction attenuates chronic obstructive pulmonary disease via modulation of the AGE/RAGE signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2026 Jun 12:364:121483. PMID: 41791616
J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem

Application of 18 β-glycyrrhetinic acid Fluorescent probes in cell imaging. [Abstract]

2026 Dec;41(1):2631869. PMID: 41797643
J Ethnopharmacol

Guhan Yangsheng Jing alleviates sleep deprivation-induced neuronal injury via neurotransmitter rebalancing, mitochondrial protection, and inhibition of pyroptosis. [Abstract]

2026 Apr 6:360:121209. PMID: 41539636
Chem Biol Interact

Trimethylamine N-oxide induced cognitive impairment through disruption of blood-brain barrier by inhibiting TGF-β pathway. [Abstract]

2026 Jan 25:424:111862. PMID: 41354139
J Ethnopharmacol

Didymin alleviates neuropathic pain by targeting RKIP-mediated NF-κB/NLRP3 crosstalk to inhibit pyroptosis and neuroinflammation. [Abstract]

2026 Mar 25:359:121046. PMID: 41453551
J Ethnopharmacol

Zhichuanling oral liquid attenuates airway inflammation in asthma by targeting the STIM1/CHOP/JNK axis. [Abstract]

2026 Feb 10:356:120859. PMID: 41197928
Biomacromolecules

A Degradable Macromolecular Antioxidant for Efficient Arthritis Treatment. [Abstract]

2026 Jan 12;27(1):164-178. PMID: 41312585
Food Funct

Methionine restriction attenuates renal injury by suppressing macrophage polarization via IRF1 downregulation. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 27. PMID: 41140247
J Ethnopharmacol

Jiao-tai-wan and its bioactive constituent jatrorrhizine exert antidepressant effects via the STING pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 5:120547. PMID: 40915371
J Ethnopharmacol

Chrysophanein of Rhubarb rescues ILC3-Derived IL-22 by blocking CCDC25/ILK/HIF-1α for mucosal healing in ulcerative colitis mice. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 22;355(Pt A):120628. PMID: 40992441
J Ethnopharmacol

Ginsenoside Rg1 improves chronic neuropathic pain by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation and cell pyroptosis in microglia. [Abstract]

2025 Jul 30;353(Pt A):120346. PMID: 40750033
J Ethnopharmacol

Effects of and mechanisms underlying qingwen baidu decoction in sepsis-associated acute kidney injury. [Abstract]

2025 Jul 17;353(Pt A):120310. PMID: 40683426
Inflamm Res

Aldosterone induces renal lymphangiogenesis through macrophage-lymphatic endothelial cell transformation and Inhibition by esaxerenone. [Abstract]

2025 May 24;74(1):85. PMID: 40413281
J Ethnopharmacol

Jiawei Ermiao Granules (JWEMGs) clear persistent HR-HPV infection though improving vaginal microecology. [Abstract]

2025 Jan 8:119342. PMID: 39793775
J Ethnopharmacol

Mitigation of lipopolysaccharide-induced intestinal injury in rats by Chimonanthus nitens Oliv. essential oil via suppression of mitochondrial fusion protein mitofusin 2 (MFN2)-mediated mitochondrial-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes (MAMs) formation. [Abstract]

2025 Jan 30;337(Pt 2):118856. PMID: 39332614
J Ethnopharmacol

Dachaihu decoction alleviates septic intestinal epithelial barrier disruption via PI3K/AKT pathway based on transcriptomics and network pharmacology. [Abstract]

2024 Oct 16;337(Pt 3):118937. PMID: 39419306
Food Funct

Up-regulation of myelin-associated glycoprotein is associated with the ameliorating effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on Alzheimer's disease progression in APP-PS1 transgenic mice. [Abstract]

2024 Nov 11;15(22):11236-11251. PMID: 39453315
J Ethnopharmacol

Tong-Xie-Yao-Fang induces mitophagy in colonic epithelial cells to inhibit colitis-associated colorectal cancer. [Abstract]

2024 Jul 9:118541. PMID: 38992403
J Ethnopharmacol

Pyrolae herba alleviates cognitive impairment via TREM2 signaling to modulate neuroinflammation and neurogenesis in lipopolysaccharide-treated mice hippocampus. [Abstract]

2024 Jan 30;319(Pt 2):117214. PMID: 37739108
Food Funct

Chitooligosaccharides alleviate hepatic fibrosis by regulating the polarization of M1 and M2 macrophages. [Abstract]

2022 Jan 24;13(2):753-768. PMID: 34940780
Cells

Empagliflozin Preserves Cardiomyocyte Structural Homeostasis via the Stabilization of the Integrin α5-Desmocollin-2 Adhesion Axis in Sepsis-Induced Cardiomyopathy. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 16;14(18):1452. PMID: 41002417
Commun Biol

Microglial RUNX1/RBM47 ablation inhibits neuronal ferroptosis via regulating the cGAS-STING-MEF2C pathway in mice with postoperative cognitive dysfunction. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 17;8(1):1813. PMID: 41407921
Commun Biol

Ursodeoxycholic acid alleviates aortic aneurysm and dissection through the intestinal farnesoid X receptor/ceramide synthase 2 axis. [Abstract]

2025 Jul 5;8(1):1009. PMID: 40617906
Drug Des Devel Ther

17(R)-RvD1 Ameliorates Liver Injury in Hyperuricemia Through Inhibiting Pyroptosis via NF-κB Signaling Pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Jul 30:19:6573-6585. PMID: 40756265
Drug Des Devel Ther

Network Pharmacology Approach to Unveiling the Mechanism of Wolfberry Mulberry Raspberry Decoction in the Treatment of Sepsis-Induced Myocardial Dysfunction. [Abstract]

2025 Jun 20:19:5293-5310. PMID: 40557053
Drug Des Devel Ther

Tomatidine Alleviates Intervertebral Disc Degeneration by Activating the Nrf2/HO-1/GPX4 Signaling Pathway. [Abstract]

2024 Dec 27:18:6313-6329. PMID: 39741916
Foods

A Polysaccharide from Ficus carica L. Exerts Immunomodulatory Activity in Both In Vitro and In Vivo Experimental Models. [Abstract]

2024 Jan 7;13(2):195. PMID: 38254496
Life Sci

Regulatory role of Piezo1 channel in endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization-mediated vasorelaxation of small resistance vessels and its anti-inflammatory action. [Abstract]

2024 Jan 1:336:122326. PMID: 38056769
Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation

2021 Mar 31.
Nutrients

Synergistic Effects of a Pro-Inflammatory-High-Fat Composite Dietary Pattern on Gut-Liver Injury and the Therapeutic Potential of Haematococcus pluvialis-Derived Astaxanthin. [Abstract]

2026 Mar 25;18(7):1048. PMID: 41978098
Biofactors

Fabp5 Is the Key Regulator Mediating γ-CEHC Differentiation in Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts. [Abstract]

2026 Jan-Feb;52(1):e70079. PMID: 41550058
Inflammation

Identifying Crucial Genes Associated with Pyroptosis in Lupus Nephritis. [Abstract]

2026 Jan 16;49(1):51. PMID: 41545631
Inflammation

AZD6738 Attenuates LPS-Induced Corneal Inflammation and Fibrosis by Modulating Macrophage Function and Polarization. [Abstract]

2025 Feb 4. PMID: 39903421
Inflammation

Evidence that a Novel Chalcone Derivative, Compound 27, Acts on the Epithelium Via the PI3K/AKT/Nrf2-Keap1 Signaling Pathway, to Mitigate LPS-Induced Acute Lung Injury in Mice. [Abstract]

2025 Apr;48(2):590-606. PMID: 38789816
Cancer Gene Ther

SDCBP modulates tumor microenvironment, tumor progression and anti-PD1 efficacy in colorectal cancer. [Abstract]

2024 May;31(5):755-765. PMID: 38555398
CNS Neurosci Ther

PVT1 promotes proliferation and macrophage immunosuppressive polarization through STAT1 and CX3CL1 regulation in glioblastoma multiforme. [Abstract]

2024 Jan;30(1):e14566. PMID: 38287522
Respir Res

Nebulization of risedronate alleviates airway obstruction and inflammation of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases via suppressing prenylation-dependent RAS/ERK/NF-κB and RhoA/ROCK1/MLCP signaling. [Abstract]

2022 Dec 28;23(1):380. PMID: 36575527
Int J Mol Sci

Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant Activity, and Neuroprotective Effects of Bacopa monnieri Extract in a Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Dementia Model. [Abstract]

2026 Jun 9;27(12):5229. PMID: 42352952
PLoS Pathog

African swine fever virus pEP364R acts as an important inflammatory-inducing factor to activate NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis by regulating DDX3X. [Abstract]

2026 Feb 25;22(2):e1013874. PMID: 41739885
Int J Mol Sci

Cutaneous Wound Healing Facilitated by Postbiotic Extract Through Antimicrobial Action and Extracellular Matrix Regulation. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 30;26(21):10556. PMID: 41226591
Int J Mol Sci

Synovial CXCL3+FOSL2+ Macrophages Mediate Inflammation via FOSL2/AP-1 in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Single-Cell Transcriptome Analysis. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 6;26(19):9718. PMID: 41096984
J Nutr Biochem

Short-term methionine deprivation inhibits TCA cycle and regulates macrophage polarization through uncharged tRNA and PDHA1 phosphorylation. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 28:109939. PMID: 40306332
Int J Mol Sci

Methylmercury Chloride Exposure Affects Oocyte Maturation Through AMPK/mTOR-Mediated Mitochondrial Autophagy. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 11;26(8):3603. PMID: 40332119
Biol Direct

Prognostic and immunological implications of protein kinases in gastric cancer: a focus on hub gene ABL2 and its impact on the polarization of M2 macrophages. [Abstract]

2025 Mar 24;20(1):35. PMID: 40128818
PLoS Pathog

Enhancing MyD88 oligomerization is one important mechanism by which IBDV VP2 induces inflammatory response. [Abstract]

2025 Mar 11;21(3):e1012985. PMID: 40067802
Int J Mol Sci

Oxymatrine Ameliorates Lupus Nephritis by Targeting the YY1-Mediated IL-6/STAT3 Axis. [Abstract]

2024 Nov 14;25(22):12260. PMID: 39596325
PLoS Pathog

Species-specific IL-1β is an inflammatory sensor of Seneca Valley Virus 3C Protease. [Abstract]

2024 Jul 22;20(7):e1012398. PMID: 39038050
Int J Mol Sci

Structural Characteristics of Polysaccharide GP2a in Gardenia jasminoides and Its Immunomodulatory Effect on Macrophages. [Abstract]

2022 Sep 24;23(19):11279. PMID: 36232580
Int J Mol Sci

Identifying the p65-Dependent Effect of Sulforaphene on Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Progression via Bioinformatics Analysis. [Abstract]

2020 Dec 23;22(1):60. PMID: 33374641
Pharmaceuticals (Basel)

Xu Chunfu's Modified Xianglian Pill Regulates the NOX2/ROS/Mitochondria/NLRP3 Axis to Treat Ulcerative Colitis. [Abstract]

2026 Mar 11;19(3):452. PMID: 41901297
Pharmaceuticals (Basel)

Hydrogen Attenuates Inflammation by Inducing Early M2 Macrophage Polarization in Skin Wound Healing. [Abstract]

2023 Jun 15;16(6):885. PMID: 37375833
Pharm Biol

Gypenosides counteract hepatic steatosis and intestinal barrier injury in rats with metabolic associated fatty liver disease by modulating the adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase and Toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor kappa B pathways. [Abstract]

2022 Dec;60(1):1949-1959. PMID: 36205541
Front Pharmacol

Bacteroides Fragilis Polysaccharide A Ameliorates Abnormal Voriconazole Metabolism Accompanied With the Inhibition of TLR4/NF-κB Pathway. [Abstract]

2021 Apr 15:12:663325. PMID: 33995087
Eur J Pharmacol

Evolocumab alleviates atherogenesis by inhibiting inflammation-mediated endothelial cell activation via the PI3K/AKT/NF-κB pathway. [Abstract]

2026 Apr 10:1020:178777. PMID: 41839382
ACS Appl Bio Mater

Rational Design of NIR-Responsive, Disulfide-Modified Bio-MOF with Antibacterial and Osteogenic Activity. [Abstract]

2026 Mar 2;9(5):2574-2590. PMID: 41656669
Int Immunopharmacol

Sanguinarine inhibits deep venous thrombosis by suppressing platelets TLR4 and reducing the release of platelets-derived HMGB1. [Abstract]

2026 Apr 1:174:116322. PMID: 41671618
Int Immunopharmacol

I3C protects IPEC-J2 cells by inhibiting ferroptosis through activation of the AhR-Nrf2-SLC7A11-GPX4 pathways. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 11:169:116009. PMID: 41386181
Int Immunopharmacol

Apelin-13 alleviated ischemia reperfusion injury via KLF2/NF-κB signaling pathway after kidney transplantation. [Abstract]

2026 Jan 1;168(Pt 1):115802. PMID: 41223609
Int Immunopharmacol

Structural polysaccharide PCP1 from Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua attenuates atherosclerosis via dual-target suppression of CD36/MSR1 and TLR4/NF-κB pathways. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 3:166:115644. PMID: 41045802
Int Immunopharmacol

Crocin facilitates peripheral nerve regeneration through modulation of the STAT3/Bcl-2/Beclin-1 signaling axis-mediated autophagic pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 5:165:115437. PMID: 40913861
Int Immunopharmacol

Hsa_circ_0008085 acts as a miR-146a-5p sponge to suppress influenza a virus replication via modulating of TRAF6. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 29:157:114743. PMID: 40306111
Int Immunopharmacol

KLF15 regulates macrophage polarization patterns in deep vein thrombosis. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 10:155:114632. PMID: 40215780
Int Immunopharmacol

Herkinorin ameliorates neuronal damage in a pentylenetetrazol-induced epilepsy rat model through altering microglial and astrocytic activation by inhibiting PARP1 and NF-κB. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 9:155:114588. PMID: 40209309
Int Immunopharmacol

Jatrorrhizine retard obesity by modulating transcription factor c-Jun/c-Fos to downregulate Mmp12-mediated inflammation. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 16:152:114405. PMID: 40086054
Int Immunopharmacol

Punicalagin inhibits neuron ferroptosis and secondary neuroinflammation to promote spinal cord injury recovery. [Abstract]

2025 Jan 16:148:114048. PMID: 39823794
Int Immunopharmacol

Urolithin A alleviates NLRP3 inflammasome activation and pyroptosis by promoting microglial mitophagy following spinal cord injury. [Abstract]

2025 Jan 18:148:114057. PMID: 39827665
Int Immunopharmacol

GDF11 promotes osteogenic/odontogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells to accelerate dentin restoration via modulating SIRT3/FOXO3-mediated mitophagy. [Abstract]

2024 Sep 23;142(Pt B):113092. PMID: 39317051
Int Immunopharmacol

The VDR/FFAR2 axis mitigates sepsis-induced lung injury by suppressing macrophage lipid peroxidation. [Abstract]

2024 Oct 16;143(Pt 2):113328. PMID: 39418731
Int Immunopharmacol

IRG1/itaconate alleviates acute liver injury in septic mice by suppressing NLRP3 expression and its mediated macrophage pyroptosis via regulation of the Nrf2 pathway. [Abstract]

2024 May 22:135:112277. PMID: 38788445
Int Immunopharmacol

Macrophage β2-AR activation amplifies inflammation in wound healing by upregulating Trem1 via the cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway. [Abstract]

2024 Feb 15:128:111463. PMID: 38190789
Int Immunopharmacol

Hsa_circRNA_103124 upregulation in Crohn's disease promoted macrophage M1 polarization to maintain an inflammatory microenvironment via activation of the AKT2 and TLR4/NF-κB pathways. [Abstract]

2023 Oct:123:110763. PMID: 37567009
Int Immunopharmacol

Small molecule inhibitor CRT0066101 inhibits cytokine storm syndrome in a mouse model of lung injury. [Abstract]

2023 Jul:120:110240. PMID: 37182445
Int Immunopharmacol

Calcitonin gene-related peptide ameliorates sepsis-induced intestinal injury by suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation. [Abstract]

2023 Mar:116:109747. PMID: 36706592
Int Immunopharmacol

Diosmetin alleviates acute kidney injury by promoting the TUG1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway in sepsis rats. [Abstract]

2020 Nov;88:106965. PMID: 33182044
Molecules

Optimization of Extraction Process for Flavonoids from Sonchus oleraceus L. and Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Luteoloside. [Abstract]

2026 Mar 27;31(7):1105. PMID: 41976148
Arthritis Res Ther

Omentin-1 reduced synovial M1 macrophages through SIRT6 signaling pathway and alleviated knee osteoarthritis response in mice. [Abstract]

2025 Nov 18;27(1):216. PMID: 41254811

Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O55:B5 purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Arthritis Res Ther. 2025 Nov 18;27(1):216. [Abstract]

Western blot was used to determine the relative expression of Omentin-1 protein in Raw264.7 cells. Omentin-1 promoted the transformation of Raw264.7 cells into the M2 phenotype while inhibiting the conversion to the M1 phenotype. Raw264.7 cells were induced to differentiate into M1 macrophages by LPS (10 pg/mL) and IFN-γ (IFN-gamma Protein, Human (CHO); 20 ng/mL) for 24 h, while they were induced to differentiate into M2 macrophages by IL-4 (20 ng/mL) and IL-13 (20 ng/mL). After 24 h, Omentin-1 was added to the cell culture medium, and the incubation was continued for an additional 24 h

Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O55:B5 purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Arthritis Res Ther. 2025 Nov 18;27(1):216. [Abstract]

Representative immunofluorescence images were used to observe the polarization of Raw264.7 cells into M1 macrophages (F4/80+iNOS+) F4/80 (green), iNOS (red), nucleus (blue). Raw264.7 cells were induced to differentiate into M1 macrophages by LPS (10 pg/mL) and IFN-γ (IFN-gamma Protein, Human (CHO); 20 ng/mL) for 24 h, while they were induced to differentiate into M2 macrophages by IL-4 (20 ng/mL) and IL-13 (20 ng/mL). After 24 h, Omentin-1 was added to the cell culture medium, and the incubation was continued for an additional 24 h.

Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O55:B5 purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Arthritis Res Ther. 2025 Nov 18;27(1):216. [Abstract]

RT-qPCR was employed to assess the expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines secreted by M1 macrophages, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in Raw264.7 cells.Raw264.7 cells were induced to differentiate into M1 macrophages by LPS (10 pg/mL) and IFN-γ (IFN-gamma Protein, Human (CHO); 20 ng/mL) for 24 h, while they were induced to differentiate into M2 macrophages by IL-4 (20 ng/mL) and IL-13 (20 ng/mL). After 24 h, Omentin-1 was added to the cell culture medium, and the incubation was continued for an additional 24 h.

Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O55:B5 purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Arthritis Res Ther. 2025 Nov 18;27(1):216. [Abstract]

Representative western blot images of SIRT6 protein. Raw264.7 cells were induced to differentiate into M1 macrophages by LPS (10 pg/mL) and IFN-γ (IFN-gamma Protein, Human (CHO); 20 ng/mL) for 24 h, while they were induced to differentiate into M2 macrophages by IL-4 (20 ng/mL) and IL-13 (20 ng/mL). After 24 h, Omentin-1 was added to the cell culture medium, and the incubation was continued for an additional 24 h.
Molecules

A Study and In Vitro Evaluation of the Bioactive Compounds of Broad Bean Sprouts for the Treatment of Parkinson's Syndrome. [Abstract]

2024 Oct 31;29(21):5160. PMID: 39519801
Molecules

Steroidal Alkaloids from the Roots of Veratrum mengtzeanum Loes. with Their Anti-Inflammatory Activities. [Abstract]

2023 Oct 16;28(20):7116. PMID: 37894597
Molecules

New Triterpenoids and Anti-Inflammatory Constituents from Glinus oppositifolius. [Abstract]

2023 Mar 23;28(7):2903. PMID: 37049664
J Med Virol

Apigenin suppresses influenza A virus-induced RIG-I activation and viral replication. [Abstract]

2020 Dec;92(12):3057-3066. PMID: 32776519

Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O55:B5 purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: J Med Virol. 2020 Dec;92(12):3057-3066. [Abstract]

The results show Apigenin significantly decreased 3pRNA‐ but not poly I:C‐ and LPS (0.5 μg/mL)‐induced A549 cell death.
Genes Immun

S-nitrosylated NEDD4 exacerbates gouty arthritis by upregulating NOD1 to induce pyroptosis. [Abstract]

2025 Aug;26(4):365-375. PMID: 40594913
Gene Ther

CCR1 enhances SUMOylation of DGCR8 by up-regulating ERK phosphorylation to promote spinal nerve ligation-induced neuropathic pain. [Abstract]

2022 Jun;29(6):379-389. PMID: 34413501
Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins

Bifidobacterium breve BBr60 Enhances SCFA Levels and Restores NLRP3/NLRP6 Balance in the Gut to Improve Motor Deficits in PD Mice. [Abstract]

2025 Jun 6. PMID: 40478433
Immunotargets Ther

NLRP3 Inflammasome Upregulates PD-L1 in Ovarian Cancer and Contributes to an Immunosuppressive Microenvironment. [Abstract]

2024 Dec 14:13:775-788. PMID: 39703562
Mol Neurobiol

Silencing of Ifi27l2a Attenuates Inflammation After Spinal Cord Injury by Regulating Microglial Polarization via JAK2/STAT3 Signaling. [Abstract]

2026 Jan 23;63(1):390. PMID: 41575677
Mol Neurobiol

Deciphering Ferroptosis-Related Astrocyte Subpopulations and Diagnostic Biomarkers in Parkinson's Disease through RNA Transcriptomics. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 1;63(1):221. PMID: 41324729
Eur J Nutr

Blueberry anthocyanin extracts protect against Helicobacter pylori-induced peptic epithelium injuries both in vitro and in vivo: the key role of MAPK/NF-κB pathway. [Abstract]

2022 Aug;61(5):2749-2759. PMID: 35288783
Front Cell Dev Biol

Enhancing Fatty Acid Catabolism of Macrophages Within Aberrant Breast Cancer Tumor Microenvironment Can Re-establish Antitumor Function. [Abstract]

2021 Apr 15;9:665869. PMID: 33937269
Drug Dev Res

Polydatin Protects Against the Formation of PPE-Induced Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms in Mice by Activating Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2. [Abstract]

2026 Feb;87(1):e70223. PMID: 41486502
Mediators Inflamm

After Traumatic Brain Injury, EPHA4 Enhances Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress to Promote M1 Microglial Polarization Through the MAPK Signaling Pathway. [Abstract]

2026 Jan 22:2026:5595023. PMID: 41583121
Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis

Curcumin protects against PIICS-induced liver injury by suppressing iron-induced lipid peroxidation: Insights from network pharmacology and experimental validation. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 19;1872(1):168053. PMID: 40975907
FASEB J

Blocking the ADAM9/ITGAV Pathway Ameliorates Sepsis-Induced Acute Lung Injury by Promoting Macrophage Efferocytosis. [Abstract]

2025 Aug 15;39(15):e70845. PMID: 40736047
Exp Neurol

KIF23 inhibition protects against perioperative neurocognitive disorders by hindering ROS/caspase-3/GSDME-mediated pyroptosis. [Abstract]

2025 Nov:393:115371. PMID: 40639436
J Food Biochem

2025 Jul 16.
J Food Biochem

2025 Jun 13.
J Cell Mol Med

Resveratrol Upregulates miR-124-3p Expression to Target DAPK1, Regulating the NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD Pathway to Inhibit Pyroptosis and Alleviate Spinal Cord Injury. [Abstract]

2025 Jan;29(2):e70338. PMID: 39833100
J Cell Mol Med

Sinomenine Ameliorated Microglial Activation and Neuropathic Pain After Chronic Constriction Injury Via TGF-β1/ALK5/Smad3 Signalling Pathway. [Abstract]

2024 Nov;28(22):e70214. PMID: 39586784
Exp Neurol

Neuroprotection of celastrol against postoperative cognitive dysfunction through dampening cGAS-STING signaling. [Abstract]

2024 Dec:382:114987. PMID: 39369806
Mol Nutr Food Res

Aqueous Extract of Wolfberry Alleviates Aging-Related Skeletal Muscle Dysfunction by Modulating PRRs Signaling Pathways and Enhancing DNA Repair. [Abstract]

2024 Aug 1:e2400307. PMID: 39091066
Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis

FGF1 attenuates sepsis-induced coagulation dysfunction and hepatic injury via IL6/STAT3 pathway inhibition. [Abstract]

2024 Jun 11;1870(7):167281. PMID: 38870868
J Clin Transl Hepatol

Astragalus Polysaccharide Enhances Voriconazole Metabolism under Inflammatory Conditions through the Gut Microbiota. [Abstract]

2024 May 28;12(5):481-495. PMID: 38779521
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Rabeprazole mitigates obesity-induced chronic inflammation and insulin resistance associated with increased M2-type macrophage polarization. [Abstract]

2024 Mar 31;1870(5):167142. PMID: 38565384
FASEB J

WNT2B activates macrophages via NF-κB signaling pathway in inflammatory bowel disease. [Abstract]

2024 Mar 31;38(6):e23551. PMID: 38489235
Exp Neurol

4-PBA exerts brain-protective effects against sepsis-associated encephalopathy in a mouse model of sepsis. [Abstract]

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Mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes ameliorate intervertebral disc degeneration through inhibiting pyroptosis. [Abstract]

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Obacunone Inhibits Microglia-Mediated Neuroinflammation and Ischemic Injury by Targeting Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1. [Abstract]

2026 Mar 3:19:551466. PMID: 41798644
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Sirp-α Antibody Inhibits Renal Cell Carcinoma Progression via Akt1/Akt2 Modulation in Tumor-Associated Macrophages. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 1:18:13575-13592. PMID: 41054626
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N4BP3 Activates TLR4-NF-κB Pathway in Inflammatory Bowel Disease by Promoting K48-Linked IκBα Ubiquitination. [Abstract]

2025 Jun 3:18:7167-7181. PMID: 40487287
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IGF2BP3 modified GLI2 transcriptionally regulates SYVN1 and facilitates sepsis liver injury through autophagy. [Abstract]

2024 May 3;27(6):109870. PMID: 38799573
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USP7 upregulated by TGF-β1 promotes ferroptosis via inhibiting LATS1-YAP axis in sepsis-induced acute lung injury. [Abstract]

2024 Apr 5;27(6):109667. PMID: 38966570
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TAK-3 Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Neuroinflammation in Traumatic Brain Injury Rats Through the TLR-4/NF-κB Pathway. [Abstract]

2024 Apr 9:17:2147-2158. PMID: 38617382
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2023 Sep 24;26(10):108043. PMID: 37829207
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Ginsenoside Rg1 Mitigates Porcine Intestinal Tight Junction Disruptions Induced by LPS through the p38 MAPK/ NLRP3 Inflammasome Pathway. [Abstract]

2022 May 27;10(6):285. PMID: 35736894
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Secretory Autophagosomes from Alveolar Macrophages Exacerbate Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome by Releasing IL-1β. [Abstract]

2022 Jan 7;15:127-140. PMID: 35027836
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Hesperetin alleviates sepsis-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome via the PI3K/Akt/PTEN axis. [Abstract]

2026 Jan 3;16(1):3332. PMID: 41484432
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NHE1 in macrophages promotes octanal/Olfr2-induced atherosclerosis via calcium-dependent ROS and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 29;15(1):44695. PMID: 41461716
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Elucidating the mechanism by which Aloe-emodin from Cassiae semen treats diabetic retinopathy via network pharmacology and experimental verification. [Abstract]

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Hyaluronic Acid-Chitosan Nanoparticles Encapsulating Gal-9 Alleviate Severe Acute Pancreatitis by Promoting M2 Macrophage Polarization. [Abstract]

2025 Dec;113(12):e70006. PMID: 41307175
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Trans-Coumaryl acetate mediates GRK5/NF-κB/Nrf2 signaling axis to ameliorate septic acute kidney injury. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 4;19(3):e70044. PMID: 40917114
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Stress granules attenuate protein nanoparticle induced osmotic imbalance via membrane potential restoration. [Abstract]

2025 Aug 1;15(1):28125. PMID: 40750804
Fish Shellfish Immunol

Mudskipper β-def2 exhibits potent broad-spectrum bactericidal activity via membrane-disrupting and DNA-targeting mechanisms. [Abstract]

2025 Jun 24:110520. PMID: 40571069
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Cutaneous wound healing functions of novel milk-derived antimicrobial peptides, hLFT-68 and hLFT-309 from human lactotransferrin, and bLGB-111 from bovine β-lactoglobulin. [Abstract]

2025 Mar 22;15(1):9965. PMID: 40121253
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A human ex vivo skin model breaking boundaries. [Abstract]

2024 Oct 14;14(1):24054. PMID: 39402181
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Identifying polyamine related biomarkers in diagnosis and treatment of ulcerative colitis by integrating bulk and single-cell sequencing data. [Abstract]

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Trimethyl chitosan-cysteine-based nanoparticles as an effective delivery system for portulacerebroside A in the management of hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo. [Abstract]

2024 Jun;32(5):570-584. PMID: 38625591
Biomedicines

Medical Prospect of Melatonin in the Intervertebral Disc Degeneration through Inhibiting M1-Type Macrophage Polarization via SIRT1/Notch Signaling Pathway. [Abstract]

2023 Jun 1;11(6):1615. PMID: 37371708
Biomedicines

Targeting Store-Operated Calcium Entry Regulates the Inflammation-Induced Proliferation and Migration of Breast Cancer Cells. [Abstract]

2023 Jun 4;11(6):1637. PMID: 37371732
Aging (Albany NY)

GPR43 regulation of mitochondrial damage to alleviate inflammatory reaction in sepsis. [Abstract]

2021 Sep 28;13(18):22588-22610. PMID: 34584017
Aging (Albany NY)

Synergistic inflammatory signaling by cGAS may be involved in the development of atherosclerosis. [Abstract]

2021 Feb 11;13(4):5650-5673. PMID: 33589571
Aging (Albany NY)

Inhibition of complement C5a receptor protects lung cells and tissues against lipopolysaccharide-induced injury via blocking pyroptosis. [Abstract]

2021 Mar 10;13(6):8588-8598. PMID: 33714207
Mol Divers

Structural insights into TNF-α inhibition by bioactive compounds found in plants of North East India: in vitro validation and in silico investigations using QSAR, molecular docking, and dynamics simulations. [Abstract]

2026 May 8. PMID: 42101758
Food Sci Nutr

Anti-Diabetic Effects of Ayanin, a Flavonoid Compound, in STZ/HFD-Induced Diabetic Mice by Upregulating GLUT4 and Suppressing Macrophage-Driven Inflammation in Adipose Tissues. [Abstract]

2026 Jan 7;14(1):e71429. PMID: 41509193
ACS Infect Dis

Assessing O-Naphthylmethyl and O-Anthracenemethyl Glycosides as Metabolic Inhibitors of Bacterial Glycan Biosynthesis. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 22. PMID: 40980976
J Periodontol

Temporal and spatial effects on C-reactive protein's regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase production in periodontal disease. [Abstract]

2024 Mar;95(3):268-280. PMID: 37515488
Neurochem Res

Role of Transcription Factor Nrf2 in Pyroptosis in Spinal Cord Injury by Regulating GSDMD. [Abstract]

2023 Jan;48(1):172-187. PMID: 36040608
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Apoptotic extracellular vesicles alleviate Pg-LPS induced inflammation of macrophages via AMPK/SIRT1/NF-κB pathway and inhibit adjacent osteoclast formation. [Abstract]

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2026 Mar 6.
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NR4A1 attenuates neuroinflammation after spinal cord injury by modulating microglial polarization via negatively regulating the VAV1 pathway. [Abstract]

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Cell Signal

Effects of higenamine on M1/M2 polarization and osteoclast differentiation in rheumatoid arthritis via the THBS-1/TGF-β signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2025 May 27:134:111905. PMID: 40441469
Cytokine

FOXA2 inhibits the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway and alleviates inflammatory activation of macrophages in rheumatoid arthritis by repressing LY96 transcription. [Abstract]

2024 Oct 31:184:156796. PMID: 39486110
Int Dent J

The Immune Regulatory Mechanism of Adrenomedullin on Promoting the Proliferation and Differentiation of Dental Pulp Stem Cells. [Abstract]

2024 May 27:S0020-6539(24)00125-4. PMID: 38806333
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DDIT3/CHOP promotes LPS/ATP-induced pyroptosis in osteoblasts via mitophagy inhibition. [Abstract]

2024 Mar 22;1871(4):119712. PMID: 38521466
Brain Res Bull

Esketamine alleviates postoperative cognitive decline via stimulator of interferon genes/ TANK-binding kinase 1 signaling pathway in aged rats. [Abstract]

2022 Sep:187:169-180. PMID: 35839904
Biol Trace Elem Res

The Effect of Cuproptosis-Related Proteins on Macrophage Polarization in Mesothelioma is Revealed by scRNA-seq. [Abstract]

2025 Apr;203(4):1898-1908. PMID: 39177724
J Proteome Res

Tandem Mass Tag-Based Proteomic Profiling Identifies Biomarkers in Drainage Fluid for Early Detection of Anastomotic Leakage after Rectal Cancer Resection. [Abstract]

2023 Nov 3;22(11):3559-3569. PMID: 37793102
Exp Cell Res

Pseudane V alleviates ox-LDL-induced macrophage M1 polarization by inhibiting m6A modification of PPARGC1A. [Abstract]

2025 Nov 25;454(2):114842. PMID: 41297622
Vet Res

PRRSV NSP5 orchestrates dual immune disruption by targeting NLRP3 and STING. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 16;56(1):199. PMID: 41102826
Clin Exp Med

The association between 4-HPR-mediated LCN2 suppression and reduced intestinal cell senescence in ulcerative colitis. [Abstract]

2025 Aug 21;25(1):297. PMID: 40839227

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P21 and P16 expression levels were assessed after LPS (1 μg/mL; 24 h) stimulation in the presence or absence of either the ZINC00640089 (LCN2 inhibitor) or 4-HPR in Caco-2 cells.
Food Chem Toxicol

Mechanisms of LPS-induced toxicity in endothelial cells and the protective role of geniposidic acid. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 25:115488. PMID: 40288513
Parasit Vectors

Clonorchis sinensis granulin promotes malignant transformation of human intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells through interaction with M2 macrophages via regulation of STAT3 phosphorylation and the MEK/ERK pathway. [Abstract]

2023 Apr 24;16(1):139. PMID: 37095578
Viruses

African Swine Fever Virus K205R Induces ER Stress and Consequently Activates Autophagy and the NF-κB Signaling Pathway. [Abstract]

2022 Feb 15;14(2):394. PMID: 35215987
Mol Med Rep

Dimethyl itaconate inhibits LPS‑induced microglia inflammation and inflammasome‑mediated pyroptosis via inducing autophagy and regulating the Nrf‑2/HO‑1 signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2021 Sep;24(3):672. PMID: 34296312
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Hk2 Promotes Postburn Intestinal Injury by Facilitating Pyroptosis in Intestinal Epithelial Cells Through Enhancing Gsdmc2 Lactylation. [Abstract]

2026 Mar 19. PMID: 41856165
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol

Unveiling the therapeutic potential and leukemia risk of PD-166866 in sepsis via an integrated computational-experimental strategy. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 30:507:117702. PMID: 41478319
Cell Cycle

M2 macrophages promote PKM2 production in fibroblasts to alleviate UVB-induced photoaging. [Abstract]

2025 Jun 5:1-17. PMID: 40474370
Eur J Med Res

GDF-15 upregulates the SLC7A11/GPX4 signaling axis and promotes mitoxantrone resistance in AML cells. [Abstract]

2025 Jun 21;30(1):504. PMID: 40544302
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol

Tectorigenin alleviates irinotecan-induced intestinal inflammation by activating the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway and synergistically enhances the anti-colon cancer efficacy of irinotecan. [Abstract]

2025 May 29:117416. PMID: 40449752
Eur J Med Res

GATA1-mediated macrophage polarization via TrkB/cGMP-PKG signaling pathway to promote the development of preeclampsia. [Abstract]

2025 Jan 7;30(1):12. PMID: 39773303
Vaccines

Neo-BCV: A Novel Bacterial Liquid Complex Vaccine for Enhancing Dendritic Cell-Mediated Immune Responses Against Lung Cancer. [Abstract]

2025 Jan 13;13(1):64. PMID: 39852843
Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai)

Tanshinone IIA potentiates the therapeutic efficacy of glucocorticoids in lipopolysaccharide-treated HEI-OC1 cells through modulation of the FOXP3/Nrf2 signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2024 Nov 1;57(5):727-737. PMID: 39483046
BMC Biotechnol

Microvesicles-delivering Smad7 have advantages over microvesicles in suppressing fibroblast differentiation in a model of Peyronie's disease. [Abstract]

2024 Jun 7;24(1):40. PMID: 38849776
BMC Complement Med Ther

Astragalus polysaccharide restores insulin secretion impaired by lipopolysaccharides through the protein kinase B /mammalian target of rapamycin/glucose transporter 2 pathway. [Abstract]

2023 Oct 10;23(1):358. PMID: 37817130
Acta Biochim Biophys Sin

Exosomal lncRNA-p21 derived from mesenchymal stem cells protects epithelial cells during LPS-induced acute lung injury by sponging miR-181. [Abstract]

2021 May 21;53(6):748-757. PMID: 33891698
Neurotox Res

Tubuloside B Alleviates Aβ25-35 Induced PC12 Cell Injury by Attenuating Pyroptosis, Apoptosis and Excessive Autophagy. [Abstract]

2026 Mar 19;44(2):12. PMID: 41854817
Appl Biochem Biotechnol

Shikonin Modulates the NOD2/CARD9 Pathway to Ameliorate Ulcerative Colitis Through Inhibiting M1 Macrophage Polarization. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 28. PMID: 41148551
Hum Exp Toxicol

Inhibition of store-operated calcium entry mitigates lipopolysaccharide-induced hepatotoxicity via modulating inflammatory and oxidative stress responses. [Abstract]

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Pathol Res Pract

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J Pharm Pharmacol

Toll-like receptor 4 activation potentiates voriconazole-induced hepatotoxicity via transcriptional repression of the farnesoid X receptor in murine hepatocytes. [Abstract]

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Hum Exp Toxicol

Rhynchophylline promotes microglia phenotypic transformation and repair of cerebral ischaemic injury through the JAK2/STAT3 pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Jan-Dec:44:9603271251324582. PMID: 40014666
Environ Toxicol

MiRNA-26a-5p inhibits preterm labor initiation by targeting and regulating TRPC3 ion channel protein expression. [Abstract]

2024 Jan;39(1):357-366. PMID: 37755144
Environ Toxicol

Circ_0040994 depletion alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced HK2 cell injury through miR-17-5p/TRPM7 axis. [Abstract]

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Nitric Oxide

Polysulfides derived from the hydrogen sulfide and persulfide donor P* inhibit IL-1β-mediated inducible nitric oxide synthase signaling in ATDC5 cells: are CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins β and δ involved in the anti-inflammatory effects of hydrogen sulfide and polysulfides?. [Abstract]

2022 Dec 1:129:41-52. PMID: 36216240
Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol

Integrating UPLC-HR-MS, network pharmacology and experimental validation to reveal the potential mechanism of Fuzheng Bixie granules in treating acute lung injury. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 23. PMID: 41128900
Hum Cell

METTL14 knockdown augmented the polarization of M2-like macrophages to promote acute myeloid leukemia progression. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 30;38(6):168. PMID: 41026373
J Pharm Biomed Anal

An integrated strategy for quality control of Bletillae Rhizoma based on Q-marker. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 30:267:117174. PMID: 41046732
Kaohsiung J Med Sci

Deletion of NFIA Leads to Activation of S100A7 and Inflammatory Response-Induced Apoptosis of Keratinocytes in Oral Lichen Planus Progression. [Abstract]

2025 Sep;41(9):e70052. PMID: 40560736
J Appl Biomater Funct Mater

The injectable hydrogel loading cannabidiol to regulate macrophage polarization in vitro for the treatment of chronic enteritis. [Abstract]

2024 Jan-Dec:22:22808000241289022. PMID: 39385453
Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol

Tanshinol ameliorates imiquimod-induced psoriasis by inhibiting M1 macrophage polarization through suppression of the notch signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2024 Nov;397(11):8745-8758. PMID: 38832986
Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis

Therapeutic Effects of Lifei Decoction in a Murine Model of COPD Induced by LPS and Cigarette Smoke. [Abstract]

2024 Apr 18:19:957-967. PMID: 38650680
Kaohsiung J Med Sci

circRNA-MSR regulates the expression of FBXO21 to inhibit chondrocyte autophagy by targeting miR-761 in osteoarthritis. [Abstract]

2022 Dec;38(12):1168-1177. PMID: 36278814
Kaohsiung J Med Sci

Hypaphorine exerts anti-inflammatory effects in sepsis induced acute lung injury via modulating DUSP1/p38/JNK pathway. [Abstract]

2021 Oct;37(10):883-893. PMID: 34250720
Cell Biol Int

microRNA-129 overexpression in endothelial cell-derived extracellular vesicle influences inflammatory response caused by myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. [Abstract]

2021 Aug;45(8):1743-1756. PMID: 33851774
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Tanshinone IIA alleviates LPS-induced acute kidney injury by inhibiting RIP3/Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress. [Abstract]

2025 Dec;47(1):2593719. PMID: 41346077
Mol Immunol

Shikonin hastens diabetic wound healing by inhibiting M1 macrophage polarisation through the MAPK signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2024 Dec 25:177:73-84. PMID: 39724782
Arch Biochem Biophys

GSDMB involvement in the pathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysm through regulation of macrophage non-canonical pyroptosis. [Abstract]

2024 Jul 17:110102. PMID: 39029644
Curr Issues Mol Biol

FLT3 and IRAK4 Inhibitor Emavusertib in Combination with BH3-Mimetics in the Treatment of Acute Myeloid Leukemia. [Abstract]

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The relationship between thiamin, folic acid and cognitive function in a rat model of uremia. [Abstract]

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Mol Immunol

ANXA3 interference inactivates ERK/ELK1 pathway to mitigate inflammation and apoptosis in sepsis-associated acute lung injury. [Abstract]

2024 Mar:167:25-33. PMID: 38310670
Mol Immunol

Activation of TLR4 induces severe acute pancreatitis-associated spleen injury via ROS-disrupted mitophagy pathway. [Abstract]

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Mol Immunol

Naringenin inhibits pro‑inflammatory cytokine production in macrophages through inducing MT1G to suppress the activation of NF‑κB. [Abstract]

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Toxicol Lett

Multi-omics analysis reveals the mechanism of indirect hepatotoxicity of triptolide upon LPS stimulation. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 9:415:111802. PMID: 41381020
Oral Dis

SMURF1 Regulates Periodontal Stem Cell Injury and Osteogenic Differentiation by Regulating TRAF4. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 21. PMID: 40259637
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YTHDC1 Overexpression Inhibits Inflammation and Promotes Autophagy to Ameliorate Ulcerative Colitis Through the XBP1/AMPK/mTOR Pathway. [Abstract]

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Mol Pain

EXPRESS: CB2 receptor agonist AM1241 regulating the polarization of microglia reduces morphine tolerance through IL-4/STAT6 pathway. [Abstract]

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J Orthop Surg Res

FOXA1 knockdown alleviates inflammation and enhances osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells via STAT3 pathway. [Abstract]

2024 Dec 2;19(1):814. PMID: 39623394
Infect Immun

Akkermansia muciniphila alleviates abdominal aortic aneurysms via restoring CITED2 activated by EPAS1. [Abstract]

2024 Aug 29:e0017224. PMID: 39207146
Cell Biochem Funct

Hypoxic Mesenchymal Stem Cell Exosome-Derived SLC25A3 Ameliorates Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia by Modulating Macrophage Polarization and Oxidative Stress. [Abstract]

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Immun Inflamm Dis

Liver X Receptor Activation Alleviates Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Diabetes by Inhibiting NF-κB-NLRP3 Activation. [Abstract]

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Vet Microbiol

FCV activates NLRP3 inflammasome through ion-dependent pathway to promote IL-1β secretion. [Abstract]

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Toxicol In Vitro

Mitochondrial division inhibitor (mdivi-1) inhibits proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition via the NF-κB pathway in thyroid cancer cells. [Abstract]

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PLoS One

Effects of intermittent hypoxia on adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in protecting alveolar type II cells from injury. [Abstract]

2026 Jan 21;21(1):e0340291. PMID: 41564041
Brain Res

Ezetimibe mitigates microglial activation in Parkinson's disease via TLR4/JNK pathway inhibition: evidence from network pharmacology and experimental validation. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 17:1873:150116. PMID: 41419122
Fitoterapia

Four new isoquinoline alkaloids from Dactylicapnos lichiangensis and their anti-inflammatory activity. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 13:187:106868. PMID: 40953679
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Galectin-3 activates microglia and promotes neurological impairment via NLRP3/pyroptosis pathway following traumatic brain injury. [Abstract]

2025 May 15:1855:149560. PMID: 40074166
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Inhibition of HMOX1 by MAFG potentiates the development of depression‑like behavior in mice associated with astrocyte-mediated neuroinflammation. [Abstract]

2024 Jul 6:149115. PMID: 38977234
Brain Res

Remimazolam inhibits postoperative cognitive impairment after cardiopulmonary bypass by alleviating neuroinflammation and promoting microglia M2 polarization. [Abstract]

2024 Sep 1:1838:148975. PMID: 38702024
Mol Biotechnol

SMURF2-Mediated Ubiquitination and Degradation of HOXA5 Augments Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Alveolar Epithelial Type II Cells Induced by LPS. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 30. PMID: 41168616
Hereditas

Activation of TRAF1 induced by USP7/SP1 exacerbates the severity of infantile pneumonia. [Abstract]

2025 Mar 22;162(1):44. PMID: 40121492
Cell Biochem Biophys

Downregulation of IGFBP7 Alleviates LPS-induced Inflammation and Apoptosis in WI-38 Cells via Enhancing Mitophagy. [Abstract]

2025 Jun;83(2):1565-1573. PMID: 39347911
Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol

Rosmarinic acid protects against lipopolysaccharide-induced cardiac dysfunction via activating Sirt1/PGC-1α pathway to alleviate mitochondrial impairment. [Abstract]

2023 Mar;50(3):218-227. PMID: 36350269
Theriogenology

Effect of VD3 on cell proliferation and the Wnt signaling pathway in bovine endometrial epithelial cells treated with lipopolysaccharide. [Abstract]

2022 Nov:193:68-76. PMID: 36156426
Chin J Integr Med

Electroacupuncture Attenuates Immune-Inflammatory Response in Hippocampus of Rats with Vascular Dementia by Inhibiting TLR4/MyD88 Signaling Pathway. [Abstract]

2022 Feb;28(2):153-161. PMID: 34913150
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Menaquinone-4 ameliorates abdominal aortic aneurysm by suppressing ferroptosis through NRF2/GCLM axis. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 20:970:149785. PMID: 40992546
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Anti-inflammatory role of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound in inhibiting lipopolysaccharide-induced M1 polarization of RAW264.7 cells via Wnt2b/AXIN/β-catenin. [Abstract]

2024 Nov 13:12:e18448. PMID: 39553710
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S100A8/9 modulates perturbation and glycolysis of macrophages in allergic asthma mice. [Abstract]

2024 Apr 18:12:e17106. PMID: 38646478
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The modulatory effects of gut microbes and metabolites on blood-brain barrier integrity and brain function in sepsis-associated encephalopathy. [Abstract]

2023 Mar 28:11:e15122. PMID: 37009158
Immunol Invest

Neuroblast Differentiation-Associated Protein Derived Polypeptides: AHNAK(5758-5775) Induces Inflammation by Activating Mast Cells via ST2. [Abstract]

2023 Feb;52(2):178-193. PMID: 36511894
Immunobiology

Different doses of hydroxychloroquine regulate the structure of intestinal flora and glycosyltransferase activity in rats with IgA nephropathy. [Abstract]

2025 Mar 12;230(3):152891. PMID: 40112730
Exp Ther Med

Propofol reduces lipopolysaccharide‑induced cardiomyocyte injury in sepsis by activating SIRT1‑mediated autophagy. [Abstract]

2023 Mar 14;25(4):187. PMID: 37021065
Behav Brain Res

Preventive effects of the AMPA receptor potentiator LY450108 in an LPS-induced depressive mouse model. [Abstract]

2022 Apr 29:424:113813. PMID: 35202718
Exp Ther Med

DDX3X deficiency alleviates LPS-induced H9c2 cardiomyocytes pyroptosis by suppressing activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. [Abstract]

2021 Dec;22(6):1389. PMID: 34650637
J Mol Histol

Mechanism of saffron extract in promoting burn wound healing by modulating the Nrf2/HO-1/NLRP3 cascade to promote macrophage M2 polarization. [Abstract]

2026 Jan 5;57(1):17. PMID: 41491750
Hum Immunol

Gpx1 induces M2 polarization of macrophages, contributing to doxorubicin resistance in triple-negative breast cancer. [Abstract]

2025 Aug 19;86(5):111566. PMID: 40834701
Biochem Biophys Res Commun

Troponin T3 ameliorates sepsis-induced diaphragm dysfunction in rats through modulation of Cacna1s. [Abstract]

2025 May 28:775:152112. PMID: 40460485
Biochem Biophys Res Commun

Human cytomegalovirus protein US18 promotes NLRP3 inflammasome activation. [Abstract]

2025 May 28:775:152110. PMID: 40450990
J Mol Histol

Circular RNA circVAPA mediates alveolar macrophage activation by modulating miR-212-3p/Sirt1 axis in acute respiratory distress syndrome. [Abstract]

2024 Nov 29;56(1):7. PMID: 39612054
Biomol Biomed

Periplocin improves the sensitivity of oxaliplatin-resistant hepatocellular carcinoma cells by inhibiting M2 macrophage polarization. [Abstract]

2025 Mar 7;25(4):857-868. PMID: 39207178
Biochem Biophys Res Commun

Development of a novel anti-inflammatory recombinant uricase with extended half-life for gout therapy. [Abstract]

2023 Jul 23:666:115-121. PMID: 37182286
Korean J Physiol Pharmacol

Formosanin C attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation through nuclear factor-κB inhibition in macrophages. [Abstract]

2021 Sep 1;25(5):395-401. PMID: 34448457
Kidney Blood Press Res

Nobiletin from Xiaoyu Xiezhuo Decoction: Restoring Mitochondrial Dynamics and Alleviating Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury via M1 Macrophage Modulation. [Abstract]

2026 Mar 17:1-18. PMID: 41843713
Hypertens Pregnancy

KAT2A promotes NLRP3-mediated trophoblast pyroptosis in preeclampsia by the succinylation. [Abstract]

2026 Dec 31;45(1):2609374. PMID: 41473982
Arch Oral Biol

Investigating the mechanism of berberine in inhibiting periodontitis progression using machine learning, molecular docking, and experimental validation. [Abstract]

2026 Mar:183:106496. PMID: 41544413
Brain Mechanisms

2025 Nov 21.
Eur J Histochem

Knockdown of miR-411-3p induces M2 macrophage polarization and promotes colorectal cancer progression by regulation of MMP7. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 7;69(2). PMID: 40322788
Arch Oral Biol

Sitagliptin regulates the AMPK/NF-κB signaling pathway to alleviate lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses and promote osteogenic differentiation in rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. [Abstract]

2025 Jul:175:106253. PMID: 40215713
Arch Oral Biol

GNAI3 mediated by Lin28A regulates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation and osteogenic differentiation in periodontal stem cells by mediating the NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. [Abstract]

2024 Jul:163:105974. PMID: 38636252
COPD

Sevoflurane with Low Concentration Decrease DNA Methylation on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)-Related Gene Promoter in COPD Rat. [Abstract]

2023 Dec;20(1):348-356. PMID: 38010369
Arch Oral Biol

Targeting the Nod-like receptor protein 3 Inflammasome with inhibitor MCC950 rescues lipopolysaccharide-induced inhibition of osteogenesis in Human periodontal ligament cells. [Abstract]

2021 Nov:131:105269. PMID: 34601319
J Gastrointest Oncol

Inhibition of hepatocellular carcinoma progression by artesunate via modulation of the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 30;16(2):599-614. PMID: 40386608
Neurosci Lett

Tunicamycin induces depression-like behaviors in male rats, accompanied by initiated chaperon-mediated autophagy and decreased synaptic protein expression in the hippocampus. [Abstract]

2023 Feb 28:798:137058. PMID: 36623760
Neurosci Lett

Inhibiting RGS1 attenuates secondary inflammation response and tissue degradation via the TLR/TRIF/NF-κB pathway in macrophage post spinal cord injury. [Abstract]

2022 Jan 18:768:136374. PMID: 34852285
J Herb Med

2025 Aug 20.
Drug Chem Toxicol

Ginsenoside Rk1 exerts protective effects of LPS-induced podocyte apoptosis and inflammation by inactivating JAK2/STAT3 and NF-κB pathways. [Abstract]

2024 Dec 29:1-10. PMID: 39734090
Nephrology (Carlton)

Rehmapicrogenin attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced podocyte injury and kidney dysfunctions by regulating nuclear factor E2-related factor 2/antioxidant response element signalling. [Abstract]

2024 Aug;29(8):482-494. PMID: 38837564
Res Vet Sci

The anti-apoptotic and anti-autophagic effects of EPO through PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in MAC-T cells. [Abstract]

2022 Dec:149:1-10. PMID: 35714559
Cytotechnology

Qing-brick tea alleviates metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: involvement of AMPK/ACC and SREBP1/FAS pathways. [Abstract]

2026 Apr;78(2):63. PMID: 41868711
Cytotechnology

ALKBH5 promotes inflammation and inhibits osteogenic differentiation by activating the TLR9/MAPK pathway in human periodontal ligament stem cells. [Abstract]

2026 Feb;78(1):21. PMID: 41458000
Neuroreport

Verminoside attenuates inflammatory responses in microglial cells and exerts neuroprotective effects in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 10;36(18):1047-1054. PMID: 41269993
Growth Factors

VEGF ameliorates acute kidney injury by suppressing ferroptosis through activation of the ERK1/2-NRF2 pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Jul 22:1-11. PMID: 40694052
In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim

PKCβ expression contributes to M1 macrophage-induced impairment in the osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells. [Abstract]

2025 Jun;61(6):635-643. PMID: 40526258
Cytotechnology

E2F2 induces microglial activation and augments depressive-like behavior in mice by repressing PTPN6 transcription. [Abstract]

2025 Apr;77(2):66. PMID: 39991704
Exp Brain Res

USP19 restores mitochondrial function in neurons by deubiquitinating FUS to alleviate trigeminal neuralgia. [Abstract]

2025 Dec 16;244(1):13. PMID: 41400721
Respir Physiol Neurobiol

Exosomes derived from LPS-induced MHs cells prompted an inflammatory response in sepsis-induced acute lung injury. [Abstract]

2021 Oct:292:103711. PMID: 34091074
J Int Med Res

Pachymic acid alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced cystitis glandularis by inhibiting ferroptosis. [Abstract]

2025 Nov;53(11):3000605251396755. PMID: 41299196
Neurol Res

METTL3 improves spinal cord injury-associated locomotor function via SIRT1 m6A modification and regulation of neuronal ferroptosis. [Abstract]

2025 Nov 7:1-21. PMID: 41200754
Neurol Res

Spinasterol alleviates nerve injury and neurological deficits after ischemic stroke via regulating Src. [Abstract]

2025 Nov 11:1-13. PMID: 41217216
J Toxicol Sci

Spermidine alleviates sepsis-induced acute kidney injury by suppressing apoptosis and inflammation through modulation of TLR4-mediated signaling. [Abstract]

2025;50(10):555-567. PMID: 41034042
J Vet Sci

Subcutaneous Streptococcus dysgalactiae GAPDH vaccine in mice induces a proficient innate immune response. [Abstract]

2023 Sep;24(5):e72. PMID: 38031651
Mol Cell Toxicol

2025 Dec 10.
Mol Cell Toxicol

2025 May 15.
Vet Immunol Immunopathol

Vitamin D3 mediates autophagy to alleviate inflammatory responses in bovine endometrial epithelial cells and organoids via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. [Abstract]

2024 Nov:277:110839. PMID: 39418864
Transpl Immunol

Mechanism of miR-338-3p in sepsis-induced acute lung injury via indirectly modulating ATF4. [Abstract]

2023 Feb:76:101681. PMID: 35926799
J Asian Nat Prod Res

Two previously undescribed phthalides from Talaromyces amestolkiae, a symbiotic fungus of Syngnathus acus. [Abstract]

2023 Feb;25(2):147-155. PMID: 35582859
Exp Anim

Carbon monoxide ameliorates LPS-induced acute lung injury via inhibition of alveolar macrophage pyroptosis. [Abstract]

2023 Feb 21;72(1):77-87. PMID: 36184484
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bioRxiv

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Journal of Experimental and Clinical Anatomy

2024 Dec 31.
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2024 Sep 30.
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2024 Nov 04.
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2024 Sep 10.
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2024 Sep 08.
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2024 Aug 27.
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2024 Jan 9.
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2024 Jan 24.
Preprints

2023 Dec 12.
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2023 Dec 12.
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2023 Oct 10.
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2023 Sep 18.
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2023 Aug 30.
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2023 Sep 8.
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Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lam. Fruit Accelerates Healing in Gastric Injury via the Regulation of the NF- κ B Pathway. [Abstract]

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Solvent & Solubility

In Vitro:

H₂O : 5 mg/mL (Need ultrasonic; DMSO can inactivate Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O55:B5's activity)

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

In Vivo:

Working Solution

For the following dissolution methods, please prepare the working solution directly:

It is recommended to prepare fresh solutions and use them promptly within a short period of time.

The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

Protocol 1

Add each solvent one by one: PBS

Solubility: 8.33 mg/mL; Clear solution; Need ultrasonic and warming and heat to 60°C

Purity & Documentation

Select Batch:

Purity: 99.98%

Assay: 99.98%

ee.: 99.98%

Data Sheet (302 KB)
SDS (251 KB)
- English - EN (251 KB)
- Français - FR (251 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (251 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (251 KB)
- Español - ES (251 KB)
- Swedish - SV (251 KB)
- Italian - IT (251 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (251 KB)
COA (2659 KB)
Elemental Analysis Report (2659 KB)
HNMR (2659 KB)
CNMR (2659 KB)
RP-HPLC (2659 KB)
NP-HPLC (2659 KB)
MS (2659 KB)
LCMS (2659 KB)
IR (2659 KB)
GC (2659 KB)
OR (2659 KB)
SDS-PAGE (2659 KB)
SEC-HPLC (2659 KB)
Other Report (2659 KB)
Handling Instructions (2659 KB)

References

[1]. Krukenberg KA, et al. Extracellular poly(ADP-ribose) is a pro-inflammatory signal for macrophages. Chem Biol. 2015 Apr 23;22(4):446-452. [Content Brief]

[2]. Gayle DA, et al. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced dopamine cell loss in culture: roles of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta, and nitric oxide. Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 2002 Jan 31;133(1):27-35. [Content Brief]

[3]. Xiao Z, et al. Ferrostatin-1 alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced cardiac dysfunction. Bioengineered. 2021 Dec;12(2):9367-9376. [Content Brief]

[4]. Huang S, et al. Disruption of the Na+/K+-ATPase-purinergic P2X7 receptor complex in microglia promotes stress-induced anxiety. Immunity. 2024 Mar 12;57(3):495-512.e11. [Content Brief]

[5]. Guo D, et al. Synergistic rheumatoid arthritis therapy by interrupting the detrimental feedback loop to orchestrate hypoxia M1 macrophage polarization using an enzyme-catalyzed nanoplatform. Bioact Mater. 2024 Jul 23;41:221-238. [Content Brief]

[6]. Yang J, et al. MicroRNA-106a Provides Negative Feedback Regulation in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation by targeting TLR4. Int J Biol Sci. 2019 Aug 22;15(11):2308-2319. [Content Brief]

[7]. Makrecka-Kuka M, et al. Inhibition of CPT2 exacerbates cardiac dysfunction and inflammation in experimental endotoxaemia. J Cell Mol Med. 2020 Oct;24(20):11903-11911. [Content Brief]

Calculators

Molarity Calculator

Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

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Dilution Calculator

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Help & FAQs

How should lyophilized recombinant proteins be reconstituted and stored?

1. Before opening the cap, centrifuge the vial at 13000 rpm for 20-30 seconds. This step will ensure that any lyophilized powder that may have adhered to the cap or walls is collected at the bottom of the vial, minimizing the risk of product loss.

Keywords

Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O55:B5

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Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O55:B5

Animal Disease Model Inducer Library

Natural Product Library Plus

Drug Repurposing Compound Library Plus

Clinical Compound Library Plus

Biotoxin Library

Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O55:B5

All Toll-like Receptor (TLR) Isoforms

Biological Activity

Chemical Information

Publications (510)

Solvent & Solubility

Purity & Documentation

References

Calculators

Help & FAQs

Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O55:B5

Animal Disease Model Inducer Library

Natural Product Library Plus

Drug Repurposing Compound Library Plus

Clinical Compound Library Plus

Biotoxin Library

Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O55:B5

All Toll-like Receptor (TLR) Isoforms

Biological Activity

Chemical Information

Publications (510)

Solvent & Solubility

Purity & Documentation

References

Calculators

Help & FAQs

Lipopolysaccharides, from E. coli O55:B5 Related Classifications

Cat. No.: HY-D1056