Phytohemagglutinin
Based on 7 publication(s) in Google Scholar
Phytohemagglutinin (PHA-M), the major seed lectin of the common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris, is a T-cell activator. Phytohemagglutinin stimulates human mononuclear leukocytes, inducing the expression of ChAT mRNA and potentiating ACh synthesis. Phytohemagglutinin induces dose- and time-dependent toxicity in THP-1 monocytes/macrophages, alters cellular morphology, causes organelle dysfunction, and increases the expression of NF-κB, COX2, IL-1β.
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- Purity : 80.0%
- CAS No.: 9008-97-3
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보관:
4°C, protect from light
* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (protect from light)
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Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) Phytohemagglutinin
More- Cancer Commun (Lond). 2024 Jun;44(6):670-694. [Abstract]
- Drug Resist Updat. 2024 Sep:76:101112. [Abstract]
- J Ethnopharmacol. 2022 Jun 12:291:115126. [Abstract]
- Int Immunopharmacol. 2026 Jan 15:169:116039. [Abstract]
- Sci Rep. 2025 Oct 27;15(1):37515. [Abstract]
- Hum Mutat. 2026 Jan 8:2026:9635551. [Abstract]
- Dis Markers. 2021 Oct 15;2021:5838582. [Abstract]
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Biological Activity
제품 설명
IC50 & Target
Apoptosis[1]
In Vitro
Phytohemagglutinin (0.1-1000 µg/mL, 24 h) induces a reduction in cell number, the adoption of a rounded morphology, cytoskeletal destabilization and toxic response in THP-1 cells[1].
Phytohemagglutinin (0.1-1000 µg/mL, 24-72 h) reduces mitochondrial activity and lysosomal activity in MDM cells, causing significant viability loss at higher concentrations (1000 µg/mL) and prolonged exposure (72 h)[1].
Phytohemagglutinin (0.1-1000 µg/mL, 1-72 h) does not significantly induce ROS production in MDM cells at concentrations up to 1000 µg/mL over 72 h, showing only a slight increase in free radicals at 24 h with 1000 µg/mL[1].
Phytohemagglutinin (10-1000 µg/mL, 24 h) increases the expression of NF-κB, COX2, IL-1β and decreases the expression of TNF-α in MDM cells[1].
Phytohemagglutinin binds to the membranes of T-cells, stimulates metabolic activity, cell division [2].
Phytohemagglutinin (5µg/mL, 48 h) stimulates PBMCs to secrete high levels of inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-2, IL-12, IL-10, and IL-17, while significantly reducing IL-8 levels[4].
Phytohemagglutinin significantly reduces RGC-32 expression and inhibits the growth of renal cancer cells, an effect reversed by PD-L1 ligation[4].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only. Further protocols information, click here.
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Cell Line:THP-1 cells and MDM cells
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Concentration:0.1, 1, 100, 1000 µg/mL
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Incubation Time:24 h
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Result:Induced a loss of membrane integrity, which in turn led to the detachment of THP-1cells from the culture flask at 1000 µg/mL.
Caused a reduction in cell number as a result of membrane destabilization.
Induced lysosomal membrane destabilization and reduction in MDM cell number at 100 and 1000 µg/mL.
Reduced mitochondrial membrane potential at 10 and 1000 µg/mL in MDM cells.
Elicited significant membrane permeabilization in MDM cells at 1000 µg/mL.
Chemical Information
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CAS No. 9008-97-3
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Appearance Solid
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Color White to light yellow
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SMILES
[Phytohemagglutinin]
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Synonyms
PHA-M
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Structure Classification
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Initial Source
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선적
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
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보관
4°C, protect from light
* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (protect from light)
Publications (7)
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Journal Impact Factor
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Most Recent
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Cancer Commun (Lond)
Metabolic landscape of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma informs a novel kynurenine/Siglec-15 axis in immune escape. [Abstract]2024 Jun;44(6):670-694. PMID: 38734931 -
Drug Resist Updat
Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 suppresses TMZ chemosensitivity in acquired TMZ-resistant gliomas by increasing assembly of ABCB1 on the membrane. [Abstract]2024 Sep:76:101112. PMID: 38924997 -
J Ethnopharmacol
Preparation of the sphingolipid fraction from mycelia of Cordyceps sinensis and its immunosuppressive activity. [Abstract]2022 Jun 12:291:115126. PMID: 35189280
Phytohemagglutinin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: J Ethnopharmacol. 2022 Jun 12:291:115126. [Abstract]
Phytohemagglutinin (PHA, 10 μg/mL, 48 h) increased interleukin-2 (IL-2) expression in PBMCs.
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Int Immunopharmacol
IL-24 ameliorates cognitive dysfunction via the inhibition PERK-eIF2α Signaling pathway in Alzheimer's disease. [Abstract]2026 Jan 15:169:116039. PMID: 41411732 -
Sci Rep
Novel anti-LAG-3 antibody LBL-007 with anti-PD-1 blockade enhances antitumor immunity by promoting T cell-induced apoptosis. [Abstract]2025 Oct 27;15(1):37515. PMID: 41145675
Phytohemagglutinin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Sci Rep. 2025 Oct 27;15(1):37515. [Abstract]
Phytohemagglutinin (PHA, 2 µg/mL, 48 h) effectively induced LAG-3 and PD-1 expression, which remained for more than 48 h following PHA removal in Jurkat cells.
Phytohemagglutinin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Sci Rep. 2025 Oct 27;15(1):37515. [Abstract]
Phytohemagglutinin (PHA, 2 µg/mL, 48 h) effectively induced LAG-3 and PD-1 expression, which remained for more than 48 h following PHA removal in Jurkat cells.
Phytohemagglutinin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Sci Rep. 2025 Oct 27;15(1):37515. [Abstract]
Phytohemagglutinin (PHA, 2 µg/mL, 48 h) effectively induced LAG-3 and PD-1 expression, which remained for more than 48 h following PHA removal in Jurkat cells.
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Hum Mutat
RNA-Seq of Cultured Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes Improves Identification of Cryptic Splicing Defects in Rare Disease Diagnostics. [Abstract]2026 Jan 8:2026:9635551. PMID: 41523913 -
Dis Markers
Study on the Killing Effect of γδ T Cells Activated by Rukangyin on Breast Cancer MDA-MB-231 Cells. [Abstract]2021 Oct 15;2021:5838582. PMID: 34691287
용액&용해도
In Vitro:
H2O : 10 mg/mL (ultrasonic and warming and heat to 60°C)
In Vivo:
For the following dissolution methods, please prepare the working solution directly:
It is recommended to prepare fresh solutions and use them promptly within a short period of time.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.
Add each solvent one by one: PBS
Solubility: 50 mg/mL; Clear solution; Need ultrasonic
Protocol
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RNA extraction experimental
By lysing cells, releasing RNA, and removing impurities such as proteins and DNA, high-purity RNA products are finally obtained. The commonly used traditional method is the guanidine isothiocyanate/phenol/chloroform method (Trizol), which is suitable for a variety of animal materials including animal tissues, microorganisms, cultured cells, etc., and most plant materials.
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Research Protocol for Inflammation-related Diseases
The NLRP3 inflammasome is a cytosolic innate immune signaling platform that integrates priming signals and danger-signal activation to promote caspase-1 activation, maturation of IL-1β and IL-18, and gasdermin D-mediated pyroptotic cell death. The core experimental logic is to determine whether inflammatory disease phenotypes are driven by increased NLRP3 expression, ASC-containing inflammasome assembly, caspase-1 cleavage, GSDMD cleavage, and extracellular release of IL-1β/IL-18 rather than by nonspecific cell injury alone. The pathway is strongly linked to inflammation-related disease phenotypes because monosodium urate crystals activate NALP3/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling in gout-like crystal inflammation, cholesterol crystals activate NLRP3 inflammasomes in atherogenesis models, and DSS-induced intestinal inflammation has been reported to involve NLRP3 inflammasome activity. However, experimental colitis studies also show context-dependent protective effects of NLRP3 inflammasome co
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Pyroptosis Solutions
Pyroptosis is a lytic inflammatory cell-death pathway executed by gasdermin pores, most classically through inflammasome-mediated activation of caspase-1, cleavage of gasdermin D, membrane pore formation, LDH release, and secretion of IL-1β and IL-18. The canonical pathway is commonly modeled by priming cells with an inflammatory signal such as LPS to induce pro-IL-1β and inflammasome components, followed by an activation signal such as ATP or nigericin to activate NLRP3, ASC speck formation, caspase-1 cleavage, GSDMD cleavage, cytokine release, and pyroptotic membrane rupture. The non-canonical pathway is triggered when cytosolic LPS activates mouse caspase-11 or human caspase-4/5, leading to GSDMD cleavage and pyroptosis, and this can secondarily activate NLRP3-dependent IL-1β release. Pyroptosis is linked to inflammatory injury, infection, cancer, liver disease, ocular disease, placental inflammation, and other disease phenotypes, but unresolved questions include which gasdermin fam
순도&문서
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Data Sheet (283 KB)
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SDS (251 KB)
- English - EN (251 KB)
- Français - FR (251 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (251 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (251 KB)
- Español - ES (251 KB)
- Swedish - SV (251 KB)
- Italian - IT (251 KB)
- Korean - KR (251 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (251 KB)
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Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
References
[1]. Prajitha N, et al. Intracellular inflammatory signalling cascades in human monocytic cells on challenge with phytohemagglutinin and 2,4,6-trinitrophenol. Mol Cell Biochem. 2022 Feb;477(2):395-414. [Content Brief]
[2]. Movafagh A, et al. The Significance Application of Indigenous Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) Mitogen on Metaphase and Cell Culture Procedure. Iran J Pharm Res. 2011 Fall;10(4):895-903. [Content Brief]
[3]. Fujii T, et al. Induction of choline acetyltransferase mRNA in human mononuclear leukocytes stimulated by phytohemagglutinin, a T-cell activator. J Neuroimmunol. 1998 Feb;82(1):101-107. [Content Brief]
[4]. Li L, et al. Response Gene to Complement 32 is associated with poor patient survival and an inflamed tumor-immune microenvironment in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Transl Oncol. 2025 Feb;52:102248. [Content Brief]
Calculators
Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)
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