Isotope-Labeled Lipids

Calcitriol-d₆ is the deuterium labeled Calcitriol. Calcitriol is the active metabolite of vitamin D3 and an agonist of the vitamin D receptor (VDR).

L-Palmitoylcarnitine-d₃ hydrochloride is the deuterium labeled L-Palmitoylcarnitine hydrochloride. L-Palmitoylcarnitine hydrochloride, a long-chain acylcarnitine and a fatty acid metabolite, accumulates in the sarcolemma and deranges the membrane lipid environment during ischaemia. L-Palmitoylcarnitine hydrochloride inhibits KATP channel activity, without affecting the single channel conductance, through interaction with Kir6.2.

Estradiol-d₅ is deuterium labeled Estradiol. Estradiol is a steroid sex hormone vital to the maintenance of fertility and secondary sexual characteristics in females. Estradiol upregulates IL-6 expression through the estrogen receptor β (ERβ) pathway.

Cholesterol-¹³C₂ is the ¹³C labeled Cholesterol. Cholesterol is the major sterol in mammals. It is making up 20-25% of structural component of the plasma membrane. Plasma membranes are highly permeable to water but relatively impermeable to ions and protons. Cholesterol plays an important role in determining the fluidity and permeability characteristics of the membrane as well as the function of both the transporters and signaling proteins. Cholesterol is also an endogenous estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) agonist.

Hydrocortisone-d₄ is the deuterium labeled Hydrocortisone. Hydrocortisone (Cortisol) is a steroid hormone or glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex.

Glycocholic acid-d₄ is the deuterium labeled Glycocholic acid (HY-N1423). Glycocholic acid is a bile acid derivative. Glycocholic acid downregulates MDR1, Bcl-2, MRP1, MRP2 and FXR, upregulates Bax, p53, caspase-9, caspase-3, TGR5 and S1PR2. Glycocholic acid inhibits multidrug resistance and efflux pumps, induces mitochondrial apoptosis, and enhances chemosensitivity. Glycocholic acid modulates related bile acid receptor signaling. Glycocholic acid suppresses growth and conjugation of Enterobacteriaceae and increases their antibiotic susceptibility. Glycocholic acid can be used for the research of colon adenocarcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA).

Corticosterone-d₈ is the deuterium labeled Corticosterone. Corticosterone is an adrenocortical steroid that has modest but significant activities as a mineralocorticoid and a glucocorticoid.

Oleic acid-¹³C is the ¹³C labeled Oleic acid (HY-N1446). Oleic acid (9-cis-Octadecenoic acid) is an abundant monounsaturated fatty acid. Oleic acid is a Na+/K+ ATPase activator.

Paclitaxel-d₅ is a deuterium-labeled Paclitaxel. Paclitaxel is a naturally occurring antineoplastic agent and stabilizes tubulin polymerization.

Palmitic acid-¹³C₁₆ sodium is the ¹³C-labeled Palmitic acid sodium. Palmitic acid sodium is a long-chain saturated fatty acid commonly found in both animals and plants. Palmitic acid sodium can induce the expression of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) in in mouse granulosa cells.

Palmitic acid-d₃ is the deuterium labeled Palmitic acid. Palmitic acid is a long-chain saturated fatty acid commonly found in both animals and plants. PA can induce the expression of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) in in mouse granulosa cells.

Calcifediol-d₆ is the deuterium labeled Calcifediol. Calcifediol, a major circulating metabolite of vitamin D3, is a potent VDR ligand.

Glycolic acid-d₂ is the deuterium labeled Glycolic acid. Glycolic acid is an inhibitor of tyrosinase, suppressing melanin formation and lead to a lightening of skin colour.

L-Isoleucine-¹³C₆ is the ¹³C-labeled L-Isoleucine. L-isoleucine is a nonpolar hydrophobic amino acid. L-Isoleucine is an essential amino acid.

Taurocholic acid-d₄ (sodium) is the deuterium labeled Taurocholic acid. Taurocholic acid (N-Choloyltaurine) is a bile acid involved in the emulsification of fats.

Squalene-d₆ (Super Squalene-d₆) is a deuterium labeled Squalene. Squalene (Super Squalene) is an intermediate product in the synthesis of cholesterol, and shows several pharmacological properties such as hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective, antiatherosclerotic, cardioprotective, antioxidant, and antitumour activity.

Lithocholic acid-d₄ is the deuterium labeled Lithocholic acid, which is a toxic secondary bile acid.

Ursodeoxycholic acid-2,2,4,4-d₄ is the deuterium labeled Ursodeoxycholic acid (HY-13771). Ursodeoxycholic acid is a secondary bile acid issued from the transformation of (cheno)deoxycholic acid by intestinal bacteria, acting as a key regulator of the intestinal barrier integrity and essential for lipid metabolism. Ursodeoxycholic acid acts as signaling molecule, exerting its effects by interacting with bile acid activated receptors, including G-protein coupled bile acid receptor 5 (TGR5, GPCR19) and the farnesoid X receptor (FXR). Ursodeoxycholic acid can be used for the research of a variety of hepatic and gastrointestinal diseases. Ursodeoxycholic acid also reduces ACE2 expression and is beneficial for reducing SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Cholic acid-d₅ is the deuterium labeled Cholic acid. Cholic acid is a major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.

Pyridinium bisretinoid A2E-d₄ TFA is the deuterium-labeled Pyridinium bisretinoid A2E (HY-134928). Pyridinium bisretinoid A2E (A2E)is an initiator of blue-light-induced apoptosis. Photoactivation of Pyridinium bisretinoid A2E mediates autophagy and the production of reactive oxygen species.