Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Activator

AA147 is a endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteostasis regulator. AA147 promotes protection against oxidative damage in neuronal cells and prevents endothelial barrier dysfunction by activating ATF6 arm (selectively) of the unfolded protein response (UPR) and the NRF2 oxidative stress response. AA147 can rebalances XBP1s expression in vivo, and also induces survival motor neuron (SMN) expression and spinal motorneuron (MN) protection.

Ferric citrate (Iron(III) citrate), an orally active iron supplement, is an efficacious phosphate binder. Ferric citratee can be used for iron deficiency anemia and chronic kidney disease (CKD) research.

AAPH (2,2'-Azodiisobutyramidine dihydrochloride) has an effect of radical generation. AAPH induces oxidative stress and erythrocyte hemolysis. AAPH decomposes at 37°C to generate an alkyl radical, is used as an initiator. In the presence of oxygen, these alkyl radicals will be converted to peroxyl radicals that can cause lipid peroxidation and loss of erythrocyte membrane integrity, which could ultimately lead to hemolysis.

4-Vinylcyclohexene dioxide (4-Vinylcyclohexene diepoxide) is an orally active metabolite of 4-vinylcyclohexene. 4-Vinylcyclohexene dioxide induces Apoptosis, increases intracellular ROS, and activates the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. 4-Vinylcyclohexene dioxide selectively damages small ovarian follicles, inhibits granulosa cell function, and disrupts the male reproductive system. 4-Vinylcyclohexene dioxide can be used in the study of premature ovarian insufficiency, reproductive toxicity, and related fertility disorders.

Sodium acetate trihydrate, 99.5% is a carboxylic acid and short-chain fatty acid (SCFAs). Sodium acetate trihydrate activates AMPK, increases ROS, cleaved caspase 9, PPARα, downregulates SREBP-1c, ChREBP expression. Sodium acetate trihydrate exhibits antifungal activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae W303-1A. Sodium acetate trihydrate regulates energy metabolism. Sodium acetate trihydrate has anticancer activity against gastric cancer. Sodium acetate trihydrate induces writhing reaction and ulcerative colitis. Sodium acetate trihydrate can be used in the researches for gastric cancer, ulcerative colitis, hepatic steatosis, and pain.

Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) is a widely used organic phosphorus flame retardant, mainly used as a plasticizer. Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate has orally active hepatotoxicity, inducing an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and calcium ions (Ca²⁺) influx, a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential (△Ψm), and causing DNA damage and cell apoptosis. Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate directly binds to FXR, inducing obesity and the formation of fatty liver in mice. Chloroethyl) phosphate activates the TLR4/NF-κB pathway, triggering liver inflammation.

Cysteinylglycine (L-Cysteinylglycine; Cys-Gly) is a dipeptide formed by the peptide bond linkage between cysteine (Cysteine) and glycine (Glycine). Cysteinylglycine is an important metabolic intermediate in the human body, mainly derived from the degradation of glutathione (GSH). Cysteinylglycine reduces ferric iron to ferrous iron, drives the redox cycle of iron, generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), stimulates oxidative reactions, induces lipid peroxidation of human plasma LDL lipoproteins, and causes oxidative damage to DNA bases. Cysteinylglycine can be used as a biomarker to evaluate ischemic heart disease, breast cancer and other conditions.

Mannan is an orally active polysaccharide compound that binds to the mannose receptor (MR). Mannan promotes bacterial uptake and endosomal degradation by binding to MR, thereby enhancing the production of IL-12 in immune cells. Mannan enhances ROS production. Mannan modulates immunity, inhibits Aflatoxin B₁ (HY-N6615)-induced toxicity, and reduces lipid.

Sodium acetate trihydrate, meets analytical specification of Ph. Eur. BP USP FCC E262, ≤0.00002% Al is a carboxylic acid and short-chain fatty acid (SCFAs). Sodium acetate trihydrate activates AMPK, increases ROS, cleaved caspase 9, PPARα, downregulates SREBP-1c, ChREBP expression. Sodium acetate trihydrate exhibits antifungal activity against Saccharomyces cerevisiae W303-1A. Sodium acetate trihydrate regulates energy metabolism. Sodium acetate trihydrate has anticancer activity against gastric cancer. Sodium acetate trihydrate induces writhing reaction and ulcerative colitis. Sodium acetate trihydrate can be used in the researches for gastric cancer, ulcerative colitis, hepatic steatosis, and pain.

Carboxyatractyloside tripotassium is a diterpenoid. Carboxyatractyloside tripotassium can be isolated from plants of the genus Xanthium. Carboxyatractyloside tripotassium is an ADP/ATP carrier inhibitor, inhibiting mitochondrial ADP/ATP transport. Carboxyatractyloside tripotassium promotes ROS production, induces Ca²⁺ release, and leads to mitochondrial dysfunction. Carboxyatractyloside tripotassium induces lethargy, weakness, and epileptic seizures in rats.

Isobavachalcone (Corylifolinin) is derived from Psoralea corylifolia Linn. and is a potent inhibitor of Akt signaling pathway, which induces apoptosis in human cancer cells (Inhibits OVCAR-8 cell growth with an IC₅₀ value of 7.92 μM). Isobavachalcone also induces Reactive Oxyen Species (ROS) generation in OVCAR-8 cells and has exhibit cancer anti-promotive and anti-proliferative activity.

DMNQ is a redox cycling agent. DMNQ produces hydrogen peroxide in cells in a concentration-dependent manner. DMNQ can induce the increase of ROS production.

AGX51 is a pan-Id (inhibitors of DNA-binding/differentiation proteins) antagonist that disrupts ID-E protein interactions, thereby triggering ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation of ID1, ID2, ID3 and ID4. AGX51 induces ROS production, G0/G1 cell cycle arrest, non-apoptotic cell death, and regulates EMT-related proteins. AGX51 reduces the proliferation, migration and myofibroblast differentiation of lung fibroblasts, alleviates pulmonary fibrosis, inhibits cancer cell viability and tumor growth, impairs neovascularization, and shows no obvious toxicity in mice. AGX51 can be used in research related to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, triple-negative breast cancer, breast cancer, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, colorectal tumors, wet age-related macular degeneration and retinopathy of prematurity.

Diallyl Trisulfide is an orally active anticancer agent that can be isolated from garlic. Diallyl Trisulfide has the ability to induce apoptosis and exhibits anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities. Diallyl Trisulfide can be used to study a variety of cancers, including liver, colon and prostate cancer.

Berberine chloride hydrate (Natural Yellow 18 chloride hydrate) is an alkaloid that acts as an antibiotic. Berberine chloride hydrate induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and inhibits DNA topoisomerase. Antineoplastic properties.

Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate is a gut microbe-dependent metabolite of dietary choline and other trimethylamine-containing nutrients. Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate induces inflammation by activating the ROS/NLRP3 inflammasome. Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate also accelerates fibroblast-myofibroblast differentiation and induces cardiac fibrosis by activating the TGF-β/smad2 signaling pathway.

Trimethylamine N-oxide-d₉ is the deuterium labeled Trimethylamine N-oxide. Trimethylamine N-oxide is a gut microbe-dependent metabolite of dietary choline and other trimethylamine-containing nutrients. Trimethylamine N-oxide induces inflammation by activating the ROS/NLRP3 inflammasome. Trimethylamine N-oxide also accelerates fibroblast-myofibroblast differentiation and induces cardiac fibrosis by activating the TGF-β/smad2 signaling pathway.

Aminoadipic acid is an orally active lysine oxide derivative. Aminoadipic acid induces ROS generation, increases free Ca²⁺, decreases SOD, and activates TXNIP/NLRP3 pathway. Aminoadipic acid has pro-inflammatory effects. Aminoadipic acid can be used in atherosclerosis research.

Hemocyanin is an extracellular giant copper-containing glycoprotein. Hemocyanin can be found in the hemolymph of both mollusk and arthropod. Hemocyanin is responsible for oxygen transport. Hemocyanin is also involved in several physiological processes, such as energy storage, osmoregulation, molt cycle and exoskeleton formation. Hemocyanin in shrimp can enhance its immune response by modulating the p38 MAPK pathway. Hemocyanin from Penaeus monodon could act as an antiviral agent against a variety of viruses including DNA and RNA viruses. Hemocyanin from horseshoe crab Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda could possess a strong antimicrobial defense by the production of ROS activated with microbial proteases. Hemocyanin from L. vannamei would be effective against cervical cancer cell growth.

L-Selenocystine is a selenium-containing amino acid. L-Selenocystine has redox properties. L-Selenocystine is cytotoxic to various tumor cells and can induce the production of ROS and apoptosis. L-Selenocystine can block the Nrf2 and autophagy pathways. L-Selenocystine has anti-tumor activity.