AFMK
Based on 1 Customer Validation
AFMK, antioxidant metabolite of Melatonin, attenuates X-ray-induced oxidative damage to DNA, proteins and lipids in mice. AFMK is a poorer scavenger. The pKa of AFMK at physiological pH is 8.7. Antioxidant capacity. AFMK improves the anti-tumor effect of Gemcitabine in PANC-1 cells through the modulation of apoptotic pathway.
For research use only. We do not sell to patients.
- Purity: 99.97%
- CAS No.: 52450-38-1
- Formula: C13H16N2O4
- Molecular Weight:264.28
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Storage:Powder -20°C, 3 years ; In solvent -80°C, 6 months , -20°C, 1 month
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Biological Activity
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Chemical Information
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Solvent & Solubility
- Purity & Documentation
- References
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All Endogenous Metabolite Isoforms
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Biological Activity
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Human Endogenous Metabolite |
AFMK is one of the metabolites of melatonin and can be formed by both enzymatic or pseudoenzymatic and nonenzymatic metabolic pathways[1].
AFMK pretreatment significantly inhibits DNA damage. AFMK shows a very high level of in vitro hydroxyl radical scavenging potential which was measured by an electron spin resonance (ESR) study. IC50 values resulting from ESR analysis was 338.08 nM. AFMK, a melatonin metabolite, is a sparingly investigated biogenic amine[2].
AFMK administered to PANC-1 in combination with Gemcitabine inhibits the production of HSP70 and cIAP-2 as compared to the results obtained with Gemcitabine alone[3].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
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Cell Line:Human pancreatic carcinoma cell line (PANC-1)
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Concentration:0.001, 0.1, 10, 1000 nM
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Incubation Time:
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Result:Augmented the inhibitory effects on HSP70 expression from 0.47 (Gemcitabine alone) to 0.13 (10 nM AFMK), 0.08 (0.1 nM AFMK) and 0.01 (0.001 nM AFMK).
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
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Animal Model:Male C57BL mice 8 wk of age[2]
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Dosage:10 mg/kg body weight
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Administration:Intraperitoneal injection
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Result:Radiation-induced decline in the total antioxidant capacity of plasma was significantly reversed in AFMK pretreated mice.
AFMK-pretreated irradiated groups showed a significantly lower value of comet tail length and % DNA in tail.
Chemical Information
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CAS No. 52450-38-1
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Appearance Solid
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Molecular Weight 264.28
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Formula C13H16N2O4
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Color Light yellow to light brown
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SMILES
CC(NCCC(C1=CC(OC)=CC=C1NC=O)=O)=O
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Structure Classification
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Initial Source
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Shipping
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
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Storage
Powder -20°C 3 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month
Solvent & Solubility
DMSO : 50 mg/mL (189.19 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)
Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.
- For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
- To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for In Vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
- The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline
Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (9.46 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)
Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (9.46 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.
Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:
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Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
Please enter your animal formula composition:
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%DMSO +
Recommended: Keep the proportion of DMSO in working solution below 2% if your animal is weak.
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%+
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+%Tween-80 + +
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%Saline +
The co-solvents required include: DMSO, . All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE). , Tween 80. All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE).
Working solution concentration: 0.22 mg/mL
Method for preparing stock solution: mg drug dissolved in μL DMSO. Stock solution concentration: mg/mL.
1. Take μL DMSO stock solution;
2. Add μL .
μL , mix evenly;
3. Then add μL Tween 80, mix evenly;
4. Then add μL
Please ensure that the stock solution in the first step is dissolved to a clear state, and add co-solvents in sequence. You can use ultrasonic heating (ultrasonic cleaner, recommended frequency 20-40 kHz), vortexing, etc. to assist dissolution.
Purity & Documentation
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Data Sheet (274 KB)
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SDS (419 KB)
- English - EN (419 KB)
- Français - FR (419 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (419 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (419 KB)
- Español - ES (419 KB)
- Swedish - SV (419 KB)
- Italian - IT (419 KB)
- Korean - KR (419 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (419 KB)
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Handling Instructions (2659 KB)
References
[1]. Annia Galano, et al. On the free radical scavenging activities of melatonin's metabolites, AFMK and AMK. J Pineal Res. 2013 Apr;54(3):245-57. [Content Brief]
[2]. Kailash Manda, et al. AFMK, a melatonin metabolite, attenuates X-ray-induced oxidative damage to DNA, proteins and lipids in mice. J Pineal Res. 2007 Apr;42(4):386-93. [Content Brief]
[3]. Anna Leja-Szpak, et al. Melatonin and its metabolite N1-acetyl-N2-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine (afmk) enhance chemosensitivity to gemcitabine in pancreatic carcinoma cells (PANC-1). Pharmacol Rep. 2018 Dec;70(6):1079-1088. [Content Brief]
Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
| Optional Solvent | Concentration Solvent Mass | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | 25 mg |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DMSO | 1 mM | 3.7839 mL | 18.9193 mL | 37.8387 mL | 94.5966 mL |
| 5 mM | 0.7568 mL | 3.7839 mL | 7.5677 mL | 18.9193 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3784 mL | 1.8919 mL | 3.7839 mL | 9.4597 mL | |
| 15 mM | 0.2523 mL | 1.2613 mL | 2.5226 mL | 6.3064 mL | |
| 20 mM | 0.1892 mL | 0.9460 mL | 1.8919 mL | 4.7298 mL | |
| 25 mM | 0.1514 mL | 0.7568 mL | 1.5135 mL | 3.7839 mL | |
| 30 mM | 0.1261 mL | 0.6306 mL | 1.2613 mL | 3.1532 mL | |
| 40 mM | 0.0946 mL | 0.4730 mL | 0.9460 mL | 2.3649 mL | |
| 50 mM | 0.0757 mL | 0.3784 mL | 0.7568 mL | 1.8919 mL | |
| 60 mM | 0.0631 mL | 0.3153 mL | 0.6306 mL | 1.5766 mL | |
| 80 mM | 0.0473 mL | 0.2365 mL | 0.4730 mL | 1.1825 mL | |
| 100 mM | 0.0378 mL | 0.1892 mL | 0.3784 mL | 0.9460 mL |
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