Cat. No.: HY-30216A

Leucic acid

(Synonyms: α-Hydroxyisocaproic acid)

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Based on 1 Customer Validation

Leucic acid (α-Hydroxyisocaproic acid) is an orally active end-product of the microbial metabolism of leucine. Leucic acid can bind to HCAR2, alters AMPK and ERK1/2 phosphorylation status, suppresses lipid synthesis, promotes catabolism, reduces adiposity, enhances lean mass and exercise capacity. Leucic acid suppresses pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion, inflammation-related gene mRNA expression. Leucic acid decreases basal protein synthesis, attenuates myotube atrophy. Leucic acid can be used for the research of obesity.

For research use only. We do not sell to patients.

Purity: 98.38%
CAS No.: 498-36-2
Formula: C₆H₁₂O₃
Molecular Weight:132.16

Storage:

Sealed storage, away from moisture.

Powder -80°C, 2 years , -20°C, 1 year

* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture)

Leucic acid Chemical Structure

CAS No.: 498-36-2

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Top Publications Citing

Use of MCE Products

Fluorescent Dye

Strong Fluorescence Signal / Multi-Disciplinary Applications / High Fluorescence Specificity

Biological Activity
- Description
- IC₅₀ & Target
- In Vitro
- In Vivo
Chemical Information
Solvent & Solubility
- In Vitro
- In Vivo
Purity & Documentation
References
Help & FAQs
Classifications
Bioz

Biological Activity

Description

IC₅₀ & Target^[1]

HCAR2

ERK1

ERK2

All Hydroxycarboxylic Acid Receptor (HCAR) Isoforms :

HCAR1
HCAR2

All AMPK Isoforms :

All ERK Isoforms :

In Vitro

Leucic acid (50 μM) targets HCAR2, which is required for leucic acid-mediated suppression of lipid storage and stimulation of oxygen consumption in vitro beige-like adipocytes^[1].
Leucic acid (0.31-10 mM; 21 days) reduces lipid accumulation and adipokine levels in human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells^[2].
Leucic acid modulates protein expression linked to immune and inflammatory signaling, including significant enrichment of the adipokine signaling pathway, in tumor necrosis factor-α-stimulated human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells^[2].
Leucic acid (0.31-10 mM) suppresses pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and inflammatory gene expression in tumor necrosis factor-α-stimulated human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells^[2].
Leucic acid (1.67-15 mM; 30 min) activates AMPK and p38MAPK signaling, inhibits ERK1/2 signaling, and does not alter mTORC1 targets p70S6K or 4E-BP1 in fully differentiated murine C2C12 myotubes under normal conditions, indicating negative regulation of protein synthesis through multiple pathways^[3].
Leucic acid (15 mM; 2 days (myotubes), 1 day (myoblasts)) significantly decelerates the fractional protein synthesis rate in murine C2C12 myotubes and myoblasts under normal conditions^[3].
Leucic acid (15 mM; 2-day pretreatment) attenuates TNFα/IFNγ-induced myotube atrophy, reduces nitric oxide secretion under cachexic conditions, and increases myotube fusion index in murine C2C12 myotubes^[3].
Leucic acid (15 mM; 2-day pretreatment) does not modify acute STAT3 or NFκB p65 signaling induced by TNFα/IFNγ co-exposure in murine C2C12 myotubes^[3].
Leucic acid (15 mM; 2-day pretreatment) decreases fractional protein synthesis rate under both normal and TNFα/IFNγ-induced cachexic conditions, and attenuates cachexia-associated protein degradation, iNOS overexpression, and IL-6 production in murine C2C12 myotubes^[3].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Cell Differentiation Assay^[2]

Cell Line:

Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs)
Concentration:

0.31, 10 mM
Incubation Time:

21 days
Result:

Suppressed Oil Red O-positive lipid accumulation in a concentration-dependent manner, with significant reductions observed at all tested concentrations relative to control differentiated cells.
Reduced cellular triglyceride, glycerol, and free fatty acid levels significantly at tested concentrations relative to control differentiated cells.

In Vivo

Leucic acid (50 mM; p.o.; in drinking water; 12 weeks) reduces adiposity by 17% in HFD-fed male C57BL/6J mice, while enhancing exercise capacity and promoting lipid catabolism without causing muscle wasting^[1].
Leucic acid (50 mM; p.o.; in drinking water; 12 weeks) attenuates HFD-induced weight gain in male Aida^-/- mice, suppresses lipid synthesis in gWAT, and amplifies thermogenic lipid catabolism in iWAT via upregulation of UCP1 and related pathways^[1].
Leucic acid (50 mM; p.o.; in drinking water; 13 weeks) relies on HCAR2 to drive iWAT fat mass reduction and browning in HFD-fed male C57BL/6J mice, as shown by attenuated effects in Hcar2-knockdown tissue^[1].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Animal Model:

C57BL/6J Aida-/- mice (male, 8 weeks old)^[1]
Dosage:

50 mM
Administration:

p.o.; continuously in drinking water, refreshed every 5 days; up to 12 weeks
Result:

Attenuated HFD-induced body weight gain. Improved forelimb grip strength.
Suppressed key lipogenic enzymes including DGAT2, MOGAT2, ACSS2, and FASN in gonadal white adipose tissue (gWAT).
Upregulated genes linked to muscle-like metabolic activation and thermogenesis in inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT).
Increased UCP1 protein abundance in iWAT.
Amplified thermogenic and fatty acid degradation pathways in iWAT as shown by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis.

Chemical Information

CAS No. 498-36-2
Appearance Solid
Molecular Weight 132.16
Formula C₆H₁₂O₃
Color White to off-white
SMILES

CC(C)CC(O)C(O)=O
Synonyms

α-Hydroxyisocaproic acid
Structure Classification
- Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids
Initial Source
- Endogenous metabolite
Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

Storage

Sealed storage, away from moisture

Powder	-80°C	2 years
	-20°C	1 year

* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture)

Solvent & Solubility

In Vitro:

DMSO : 175 mg/mL (1324.15 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

H₂O : 100 mg/mL (756.66 mM; Need ultrasonic)

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Preparing Stock Solutions

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Concentration Solvent Mass

1 mg

5 mg

10 mg

Concentration

Solvent

Mass

1 mM

7.5666 mL

37.8329 mL

75.6659 mL

5 mM

1.5133 mL

7.5666 mL

15.1332 mL

10 mM

0.7567 mL

3.7833 mL

7.5666 mL

Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.

Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (sealed storage, away from moisture). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

Molarity Calculator

Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

Mass Mass

Concentration Concentration

Volume Volume

Molecular Weight Molecular Weight

Dilution Calculator

Concentration _(start) × Volume _(start) = Concentration _(final) × Volume _(final)

Concentration _(start) Concentration _(start)

Volume _(start) Volume _(start)

Concentration _(final) Concentration _(final)

Volume _(final) Volume _(final)

In Vivo:

Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.

Stock Solution Working Solution

For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for In Vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

Protocol 1

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline

Solubility: ≥ 5 mg/mL (37.83 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (50.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.

Protocol 2

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)

Solubility: ≥ 5 mg/mL (37.83 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 5 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (50.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.

Protocol 3

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% Corn Oil

Solubility: ≥ 5 mg/mL (37.83 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 5 mg/mL (saturation unknown). If the continuous dosing period exceeds half a month, please choose this protocol carefully.

Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (50.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL Corn oil, and mix evenly.

In Vivo Dissolution Calculator

Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:

Dosage Dosage
mg/kg
Animal Weight (Per Animal) Animal Weight (Per Animal)
g
Dosing Volume (Per Animal) Dosing Volume (Per Animal)
μL
Number of Animals Number of Animals

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.

Working solution concentration: 0.22 mg/mL

This product has good water solubility, please refer to the measured solubility data in water/PBS/Saline for details.

The concentration of the stock solution you require exceeds the measured solubility. The following solution is for reference only.If necessary, please contact

MedChemExpress (MCE) .

Purity & Documentation

Select Batch:

Purity: 99.98%

Assay: 99.98%

ee.: 99.98%

Data Sheet (278 KB)
SDS (394 KB)
- English - EN (394 KB)
- Français - FR (394 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (394 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (394 KB)
- Español - ES (394 KB)
- Swedish - SV (394 KB)
- Italian - IT (394 KB)
- Korean - KR (394 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (394 KB)
COA (2659 KB)
Elemental Analysis Report (2659 KB)
HNMR (2659 KB)
CNMR (2659 KB)
RP-HPLC (2659 KB)
NP-HPLC (2659 KB)
MS (2659 KB)
LCMS (2659 KB)
IR (2659 KB)
GC (2659 KB)
OR (2659 KB)
SDS-PAGE (2659 KB)
SEC-HPLC (2659 KB)
Other Report (2659 KB)
Handling Instructions (2659 KB)

References

[1]. Lin S Y, et al. Gut bacteria enriched in obese mice produce leucic acid to counter obesity through HCAR2[J]. 2025.

[2]. Lee M, et al. Metabolites of Kimchi Lactic Acid Bacteria, Indole-3-Lactic Acid, Phenyllactic Acid, and Leucic Acid, Inhibit Obesity-Related Inflammation in Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2024;34(2):306-313. [Content Brief]

[3]. Sumi K, et al. α-Hydroxyisocaproic Acid Decreases Protein Synthesis but Attenuates TNFα/IFNγ Co-Exposure-Induced Protein Degradation and Myotube Atrophy via Suppression of iNOS and IL-6 in Murine C2C12 Myotube. Nutrients. 2021 Jul 13;13(7):2391. [Content Brief]

Help & FAQs

How should lyophilized recombinant proteins be reconstituted and stored?

1. Before opening the cap, centrifuge the vial at 13000 rpm for 20-30 seconds. This step will ensure that any lyophilized powder that may have adhered to the cap or walls is collected at the bottom of the vial, minimizing the risk of product loss.

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Optional Solvent	Concentration Solvent Mass	1 mg	5 mg	10 mg	25 mg
H₂O / DMSO	1 mM	7.5666 mL	37.8329 mL	75.6659 mL	189.1646 mL
	5 mM	1.5133 mL	7.5666 mL	15.1332 mL	37.8329 mL
	10 mM	0.7567 mL	3.7833 mL	7.5666 mL	18.9165 mL
	15 mM	0.5044 mL	2.5222 mL	5.0444 mL	12.6110 mL
	20 mM	0.3783 mL	1.8916 mL	3.7833 mL	9.4582 mL
	25 mM	0.3027 mL	1.5133 mL	3.0266 mL	7.5666 mL
	30 mM	0.2522 mL	1.2611 mL	2.5222 mL	6.3055 mL
	40 mM	0.1892 mL	0.9458 mL	1.8916 mL	4.7291 mL
	50 mM	0.1513 mL	0.7567 mL	1.5133 mL	3.7833 mL
	60 mM	0.1261 mL	0.6305 mL	1.2611 mL	3.1527 mL
	80 mM	0.0946 mL	0.4729 mL	0.9458 mL	2.3646 mL
	100 mM	0.0757 mL	0.3783 mL	0.7567 mL	1.8916 mL

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

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Leucic acid

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All Hydroxycarboxylic Acid Receptor (HCAR) Isoforms

All AMPK Isoforms

All ERK Isoforms

Biological Activity

Chemical Information

Solvent & Solubility

Purity & Documentation

References

Help & FAQs

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Leucic acid Related Classifications

HY-30216A Related Classifications