Deuterium (²H, D)

Choline-d₉ chloride is the d₉-labeled Choline chloride (HY-B1337). Choline chloride is an orally active methylxanthine derivative. Choline chloride exhibits weak antihistaminic and anticholinergic activities and potentiates the effects of histamine and acetylcholine. Choline chloride relaxes bronchial smooth muscle, dilates coronary and peripheral blood vessels, increases urine output and electrolyte excretion, stimulates locomotor activity in the central nervous system, and induces transient hypotension following a pressor phase. Choline chloride modulates sleep architecture by increasing wakefulness time and reducing slow-wave sleep, without altering the frequency or severity of nocturnal hypoxemia, apnea, or hypopnea events. Choline chloride is used in studies of bronchospasm, nocturnal asthma, and chronic asthma.

3-Indolepropionic acid-d₂ is the deuterium labeled 3-Indolepropionic acid. 3-Indolepropionic acid is shown to be a powerful antioxidant and has potential in the treatment for Alzheimer’s disease.

N-Ethylmaleimide-d₅ is the deuterium labeled N-Ethylmaleimide. N-Ethylmaleimide (NEM), a reagent that alkylates free sulfhydryl groups, is a cysteine protease inhibitor. N-ethylmaleimide specific inhibits phosphate transport in mitochondria. N-Ethylmaleimide is also a deubiquitinating enzyme inhibitor.

Vitamin D3-d₆ (Cholecalciferol-d₆ ) is the deuterium labeled Vitamin D3 (HY-15398) . Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol; Colecalciferol) is a naturally occuring form of vitamin D. Vitamin D3 induces cell differentiation and prevents proliferation of cancer cells.

L-Ornithine-d₇ hydrochloride is the d₇-labeled L-Ornithine hydrochloride (HY-W017018). L-Ornithine hydrochloride is an orally active CaSR and p38 activator. L-Ornithine hydrochloride inhibits ROS and supports urea cycle function. L-Ornithine hydrochloride can be used to study kidney diseases involving proximal tubular cell damage caused by oxidative stress or crystallopathy, as well as research related to anxiety disorders.

Arachidonic acid-d₈ is the deuterium labeled Arachidonic acid. Arachidonic acid is an essential fatty acid and a major constituent of biomembranes.

Fenbendazole-d₃ is a deuterium labeled Fenbendazole. Fenbendazole-d₃ is a HIF-1α agonist and activates the HIF-1α-related GLUT1 pathway. Fenbendazole is an orally active benzimidazole anthelmintic agent, with a broad antiparasitic range. Fenbendazole is a microtubule destabilizing agent. Fenbendazole causes cell-cycle arrest and mitotic cell death, and has antitumor activity in mice xenografted with wild-type p53.

Taurine-d₄ is the deuterium labeled Taurine. Taurine, a sulphur-containing amino acid and an organic osmolyte involved in cell volume regulation, provides a substrate for the formation of bile salts, and plays a role in the modulation of intracellular free calcium concentration. Taurine has the ability to activate autophagy in adipocytes.

Histamine-α,α,β,β-d₄ (dihydrochloride) is the deuterium labeled Histamine. Histamine is an organic nitrogenous compound involved in local immune responses as well as regulating physiological function in the gut and acting as a neurotransmitter.

Venetoclax-d₈ is deuterium labeled Venetoclax. Venetoclax (ABT-199; GDC-0199) is a highly potent, selective and orally bioavailable Bcl-2 inhibitor with a K_i of less than 0.01 nM. Venetoclax induces autophagy.

L-Alanine-d₄ is the deuterium labeled L-Alanine. L-Alanine is a non-essential amino acid, involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases immunity, and provides energy for muscle tissue, brain, and central nervous system.

L-Cystine-d₄ is the deuterium labeled L-Cystine. L-Cystine is an amino acid and intracellular thiol, which plays a critical role in the regulation of cellular processes.

L-Glutamic acid-d₅ is the deuterium labeled L-Glutamic acid. L-Glutamic acid acts as an excitatory transmitter and an agonist at all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabotropic, kainate, NMDA, and AMPA). L-Glutamic acid shows a direct activating effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic terminals.

Creatinine-d₅ is the deuterium labeled Creatinine. Creatinine (NSC13123) is an orally active, blood-brain barrier-permeable modulator of GABAA and NMDA receptors, with activities of antioxidation and metabolic regulation. Creatinine is generated via non-enzymatic conversion of creatine and phosphocreatine in muscle. Creatinine serum levels correlate with muscle mass, glomerular filtration rate, and extrarenal clearance, serving as an evaluation biomarker for renal function, muscle mass, and clinical outcomes, and used for perioperative renal risk assessment. In addition, Creatinine can induce specific Cryptococcus species to produce creatinine deiminase and act as their nitrogen source, while it can be secreted via renal tubules. Creatinine is widely used in research related to various diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases, psychiatric disorders, acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, and renal failure.

Citric acid-d₄ is the deuterium labeled Citric acid (HY-N1428). Citric acid is a natural preservative and food tartness enhancer. Citric acid induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and S phase in HaCaT cells. Citric acid cause oxidative damage of the liver by means of the decrease of antioxidative enzyme activities. Citric acid is also an acidulant, emulsifier, sequestrant and buffering agent widely used across many industries.

3-Hydroxybutyric acid-d₄ (sodium) is the deuterium labeled 3-Hydroxybutyric acid. 3-Hydroxybutyric acid (β-Hydroxybutyric acid) is a metabolite that is elevated in type I diabetes. 3-Hydroxybutyric acid can modulate the properties of membrane lipids.

Phenylacetylglutamine-d₅ (NSC 203800-d₅) is the deuterium labeled Phenylacetylglutamine (HY-W050026). Phenylacetylglutamine is a colonic microbial metabolite from amino acid fermentation.

Ivacaftor-d₉ is a potent CFTR modulator and exhibits an EC₅₀ value of 255 nM for CFTR potentiation in G551D/F508del HBE Cells. Ivacaftor-D9 acts as an orally active and improved deuterated Ivacaftor analog for cystic fibrosis research.

6PPD-quinone-d₅ is the deuterium labeled 6PPD-quinone.

NAD+-d₄ is the deuterium-labeled NAD+ (HY-B0445). NAD+-d₄ is a coenzyme composed of ribosylnicotinamide 5'-diphosphate coupled to adenosine 5'-phosphate by pyrophosphate linkage.