Glycerolipids

2-Arachidonoylglycerol is a second endogenous cannabinoid ligand in the central nervous system.

Triolein is a symmetric triacylglycerol that reduces upregulation of MMP-1 and has strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

Castor oil is a natural triglyceride and a solvent. Castor oil has a laxative effect and induces labor in pregnant females. Castor oil can be used as a solvent, co-solvent, stabilizing agent and polyol for the formation of polymer-nanoparticle composites.

Trilaurin is an orally active triglyceride. Trilaurin inhibits DMBA-induced, croton oil-promoted skin tumor formation in Swiss Webster mice. Trilaurin increases plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I concentrations. Trilaurin is used as an occlusive skin conditioning agent and/or non-aqueous thickener in cosmetics.

2-Oleoylglycerol (2-OG) is a lipid found in the diet. It is a GPR119 agonist, with an EC₅₀ value of 2.5 μM in activating hGPR119 in transiently transfected COS-7 cells. 2-Oleoylglycerol enhances the inflammatory response of macrophages and promotes fibrosis by activating the GPR119/TAK1/NF-κB/TGF-β1 signaling pathway. It also stimulates glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) secretion in vivo. 2-Oleoylglycerol is expected to be used in the research of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) .

Tricaprilin (Trioctanoin) is an orally active and well tolerated ketogenic agent that safely induces ketosis. Tricaprilin restores brain electrical activity and metabolism to help counteract neuroinflammation in migraine. Tricaprilin is promising for research of migraine prevention and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Tricaprilin is a pure C8 medium chain triglyceride (MCT).

1-Stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol is a diacylglycerol (DAG) containing polyunsaturated fatty acids. 1-Stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol can activate PKC. 1-Stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol also can augment nonselective cation channel (NSCC) activity.

DGDG, a chloroplast lipid, is a bilayer-forming lipid. DGDG is important for photosynthesis, and can be used for drug delivery.

1,2-Dioleoyl-sn-glycerol (sn-1,2-Dioleoylglycerol; 18:1/18:1-DG) is a glycerolipid located on the plasma membrane. 1,2-Dioleoyl-sn-glycerol consists of two fatty acid chains covalently linked to a single glycerol molecule by means of an ester bond. 1,2-Dioleoyl-sn-glycerol is an analog of the protein kinase C-activating second messenger DAG. 1,2-Dioleoyl-sn-glycerol has been used as a source of diacylglycerol in the diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) assay. 1,2-Dioleoyl-sn-glycerol can induce acrosome reaction in human sperm .

Monoolein is a biocompatible lipid molecule that can be used as a carrier for bone repair. Monoolein exhibits anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting the immune response induced by LPS (HY-D1056). It exerts its anti-inflammatory effects by reducing the production of immune response factors such as IL-12 p40, IL-6, and TNF-α, and inhibiting the generation of NO. Monoolein can be used in drug delivery and research in the field of inflammatory diseases .

1-Palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycerol is a diacylglycerol hormogonium inducer that can be isolated from the coralloid roots of Cycas revoluta. 1-Palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycerol promotes the differentiation of filamentous Nostoc cell aggregates into motile hormogonia, and further induces the formation of dense bundle-like structures. 1-Palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycerol is not only commonly used as a diacylglycerol standard, but also can effectively identify and separate glycerophosphate-containing phospholipid enantiomers after acetylation. 1-Palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycerol is also used to study cyanobacterial developmental mechanisms and lipid analysis.

1,2-Distearoyl-sn-glycerol (DSG) is a glyceride compound. 1,2-Distearoyl-sn-glycerol can be used as an internal standard for the analysis of molecular species of diacylglycerol (DAG) and other phospholipids in rat brain.

Triacetin (Glyceryl triacetate) is a synthetic compound that is a triester of glycerol and acetic acid, orally active. Triacetin increases acetate bioavailability in glioma cells. Triacetin induces glioma cell growth arrest and Apoptosis. Triacetin freely crosses the blood brain barrier/plasma membrane. Triacetin increases histone acetylation and enhances Temozolomide (HY-17364) (TMZ) chemotherapeutic efficacy .

1-Linoleoyl glycerol is a LpPLA2 inhibitor. 1-Linoleoyl glycerol acts as a precursor for synthesizing various functional lipids, such as phospholipids. 1-Linoleoyl glycerol mitigates inflammation induced by Apolipoprotein CIII (reduction of IL-6).

2-Linoleoyl glycerol (2-Monolinolein) is a partial CB1 receptor agonist with a pEC₅₀ of 4.781. 2-Linoleoyl glycerol activates the hCB1 receptor. 2-Linoleoyl glycerol does not induce an increase in intracellular free Ca²⁺. 2-Linoleoyl glycerol can be used in the research of neurological disorders.

Propane-1,2,3-triyl tripalmitate is a saturated fat. Propane-1,2,3-triyl tripalmitate enhances the lymphatic transport of Glycerol tristearate (HY-127035).

Trilinolein is an orally active triglyceride that inhibits the PI3K/Akt, Ras/MEK/ERK signaling pathways, and MMP-2. Trilinolein can reduce oxidative stress, induce apoptosis, and inhibit cell migration. Trilinolein can be used in the research fields of cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease (such as cerebral ischemia), and non-small cell lung cancer.

1,3-Dipalmitin (1,3-Dipalmitoylglycerol) is a diacylglycerol compound that can be found in the tuberous roots of Typhonium giganteum Engl. 1,3-Dipalmitin acts as an adsorption inhibitor for 1,3-diglycerides and β-carotene.

TricaproinIt is an organic compound belonging to the class of triacylglycerols. It consists of three molecules of caproic acid esterified to the glycerin backbone, with a mild fatty smell. TricaproinIt has a variety of applications in the cosmetic and personal care industries, especially as an emollient and conditioning agent in skin and hair care products. Additionally, it is used as a lubricant and surfactant in industrial settings.

1-Monopalmitin (Glyceryl palmitate) is an activator of the PI3K/Akt pathway and an inhibitor of P-glycoprotein (P-gp). 1-Monopalmitin can induce G2/M arrest and caspase-dependent apoptosis in cancer cells, while inhibiting IAPs protein expression. 1-Monopalmitin can increase drug accumulation by inhibiting P-gp activity in intestinal Caco-2 cells. 1-Monopalmitin has the ability to induce protective autophagy and apoptosis of lung cancer cells (IC₅₀=50-58 μg/mL), with low toxicity to normal cells.