AZD-1236

Mitochondrial membrane potential fluorescent assays estimate ΔΨm in living cells using lipophilic cationic dyes such as TMRM, TMRE, rhodamine 123, and JC-1, which accumulate in mitochondria according to membrane polarization; loss of signal after FCCP or CCCP treatment is interpreted as mitochondrial depolarization. TMRM/TMRE and rhodamine 123 are commonly used for semi-quantitative live-cell microscopy or flow cytometry, while JC-1 can report a shift from red aggregate fluorescence to green monomer fluorescence during depolarization; interpretation requires controls because dye concentration, quenching mode, cell type, dye efflux, and mitochondrial mass can affect fluorescence independently of ΔΨm.

Mitochondrial membrane potential staining measures the electrochemical polarization across the mitochondrial inner membrane in live cells using lipophilic cationic fluorescent probes; early rhodamine-based work showed that selective mitochondrial dye accumulation is lost when the mitochondrial transmembrane potential is dissipated. JC-1 reports mitochondrial polarization by shifting from green monomer fluorescence to red J-aggregate fluorescence as dye concentration increases within energized mitochondria; therefore, the red/green fluorescence ratio is used as a relative readout of mitochondrial membrane potential. TMRE or TMRM staining provides a single-channel relative readout because these cationic rhodamine esters accumulate in polarized mitochondria, and lower fluorescence indicates reduced mitochondrial polarization when acquisition and dye-loading conditions are controlled. Mitochondrial mass staining is commonly performed with MitoTracker Green FM or related MitoTracker dyes as

Elastic fiber staining is a histochemical technique used to selectively visualize elastin-rich structures such as elastic fibers in connective tissues (e. g. , blood vessels, lung, dermis) based on the affinity of specific dyes or oxidation products for elastin-associated amino acid residues and cross-linked elastic matrix components. Classical methods such as Verhoeff-Van Gieson (VVG), resorcin-fuchsin (Weigert-type stains), or aldehyde fuchsin rely on differential binding of dye complexes to elastic fibers, allowing them to be distinguished from collagen and other extracellular matrix components by contrast staining (typically black or deep purple elastic fibers against red collagen counterstain). These methods are widely used in histopathology to evaluate elastic fiber integrity, fragmentation, or remodeling in vascular diseases, pulmonary pathology, and connective tissue disorders.