Trigonelline
Based on 10 publication(s) in Google Scholar
Trigonelline is an alkaloid with potential antidiabetic activity that can be isolated from Trigonella foenum-graecum L or Leonurus artemisia. Trigonelline is a potent Nrf2 inhibitor that blocks Nrf2-dependent proteasome activity, thereby enhancing apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells. Trigonelline also has anti-HSV-1, antibacterial, and antifungal activity and induces ferroptosis.
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- Pureza : 99.95%
- No. CAS: 535-83-1
- Fòrmula: C7H7NO2
- Peso molecular:137.14
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Almacenamiento:
4°C, protect from light
* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (protect from light)
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Actividad biológica
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Chemical Information
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Solvente y solubilidad
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- Pureza y Documentación
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Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) Trigonelline
More- Autophagy. 2026 Feb 15:1-19. [Abstract]
- Adv Sci (Weinh). 2025 Nov 5:e13956. [Abstract]
- Adv Sci (Weinh). 2024 Mar;11(10):e2305563. [Abstract]
- Cell Rep. 2026 Mar 24;45(3):117086. [Abstract]
- J Ginseng Res. 2023 Jan;47(1):106-116. [Abstract]
- J Agric Food Chem. 2022 Jun 22;70(24):7420-7440. [Abstract]
- Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Feb 7;24(4):3257. [Abstract]
- Microchem J. 2026 Mar 19.
- Vet Microbiol. 2026 May:316:110992. [Abstract]
- SSRN. 2025 Jul 9.
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Bio/Physico-chemical Assay
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Cell Imaging/Staining
Ver todos los productos específicos de isoformas Endogenous Metabolite
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Actividad biológica
Descripciòn
IC50 & Target
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Human Endogenous Metabolite |
In Vitro
Trigonelline (TG) significantly rescues the morphology of the H9c2 cells. Treatment of cells with Trigonelline attenuates H2O2 induced cell deaths and improves the antioxidant activity. In addition, Trigonelline regulates the apoptotic gene caspase-3, caspase-9 and anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2, Bcl-XL during H2O2 induced oxidative stress in H9c2 cells. For evident, flow cytometer results also confirms that Trigonelline significantly reduces the H2O2 induced necrosis and apoptosis in H9c2 cells[1].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only. Further protocols information, click here.
In Vivo
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
Chemical Information
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No. CAS 535-83-1
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Appearance Solid
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Peso molecular 137.14
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Fòrmula C7H7NO2
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Color White to light yellow
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SMILES
C[N+]1=CC(C([O-])=O)=CC=C1
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Synonyms
Trigenolline
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Structure Classification
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Envío
Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
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Almacenamiento
4°C, protect from light
* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (protect from light)
Publications (10)
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Journal Impact Factor
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Most Recent
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Autophagy
Kitasamycin overcomes ferroptosis and immunotherapy resistance by targeting the HUWE1-NCOA4-FTH1 axis. [Abstract]2026 Feb 15:1-19. PMID: 41612599 -
Adv Sci (Weinh)
Trigonelline Improves Metabolism and Cardiac Function of HFpEF Mice Via Gut Microbiome Alterations-Mediated AMPK Activation. [Abstract]2025 Nov 5:e13956. PMID: 41194405 -
Adv Sci (Weinh)
VDR Activation Attenuates Renal Tubular Epithelial Cell Ferroptosis by Regulating Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling Pathway in Diabetic Nephropathy. [Abstract]2024 Mar;11(10):e2305563. PMID: 38145959
Trigonelline purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Adv Sci (Weinh). 2024 Mar;11(10):e2305563. [Abstract]
Nrf2 deficiency eliminated the antiferroptotic effect of VDR. Trigonelline (Trig, 100 μM) was pretreated to HG‐cultured HK‐2 cells for 30 min. Western blotting and related densitometric analysis were applied to detect the expression levels of VDR, Nrf2, and HO‐1. β‐actin served as a loading control.
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Cell Rep
2026 Mar 24;45(3):117086. PMID: 41831232 -
J Ginseng Res
Ginsenoside F1 attenuates pirarubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by modulating Nrf2 and AKT/Bcl-2 signaling pathways. [Abstract]2023 Jan;47(1):106-116. PMID: 36644383
Trigonelline purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: J Ginseng Res. 2023 Jan;47(1):106-116. [Abstract]
Trigonelline (150 μM, 24 h). THP-induced oxidative stress in H9c2 cells and the effects of GF1. Representative levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH).
Trigonelline purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: J Ginseng Res. 2023 Jan;47(1):106-116. [Abstract]
Trigonelline (150 μM, 24 h). Representative Nrf2 levels in nucleus; Lamin B was used as an internal control in nucleus; Nrf2, keap1, HO-1, Gst, and GCLM protein expression in cytoplasm; GAPDH was utilized as an internal control in cytoplasm.
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J Agric Food Chem
Rosmarinic Acid Inhibits Platelet Aggregation and Neointimal Hyperplasia In Vivo and Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Dedifferentiation, Proliferation, and Migration In Vitro via Activation of the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE Antioxidant System. [Abstract]2022 Jun 22;70(24):7420-7440. PMID: 35687823 -
Int J Mol Sci
Berberine Alleviates Doxorubicin-Induced Myocardial Injury and Fibrosis by Eliminating Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Damage via Promoting Nrf-2 Pathway Activation. [Abstract]2023 Feb 7;24(4):3257. PMID: 36834687
Trigonelline purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Feb 7;24(4):3257. [Abstract]
The inhibitor of NRF2 suppressed the protective effect of Ber on cardiomyocytes. Cardiomyocytes were treated with the NRF2 inhibitor trigonelline (TRI) 30 min prior to DOX and Ber stimulation. The levels of cytoplasmic HO-1 and mitochondrial TFAM in cardiomyocytes were measured by Western blotting. Quantitative analysis of the relative protein levels is shown on the right-hand side of the images.
Trigonelline purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Int J Mol Sci. 2023 Feb 7;24(4):3257. [Abstract]
The inhibitor of NRF2 suppressed the protective effect of Ber on cardiomyocytes. Cardiomyocytes were treated with the NRF2 inhibitor trigonelline (TRI) 30 min prior to DOX and Ber stimulation. Representative photomicrographs TUNEL-stained sections (left). The rate of apoptosis was expressed as the ratio of TUNEL-positive cardiomyocyte nuclei (green) to total number of cardiomyocyte nuclei (blue). The numbers of apoptotic cells were counted in five randomly selected fields for each sample (right). The scale bar represents 50 μm.
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Vet Microbiol
The Chinese medicine monomer Schisandrin C inhibits PRRSV infection by regulating the OGT-PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. [Abstract]2026 May:316:110992. PMID: 41865607 -
Solvente y solubilidad
In Vitro:
H2O : ≥ 100 mg/mL (729.18 mM)
DMSO : 7.14 mg/mL (52.06 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)
* "≥" means soluble, but saturation unknown.
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (protect from light). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (protect from light). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.
Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)
In Vivo:
Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.
- For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
- To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for In Vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
- The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline
Solubility: ≥ 0.71 mg/mL (5.18 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 0.71 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (7.1 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)
Solubility: ≥ 0.71 mg/mL (5.18 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 0.71 mg/mL (saturation unknown).
Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (7.1 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.
In Vivo Dissolution Calculator
Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:
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Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.
Working solution concentration: 0.22 mg/mL
This product has good water solubility, please refer to the measured solubility data in water/PBS/Saline for details.
Protocolo
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Research Protocol for Infectious Diseases
Infectious-disease experiments test how pathogens interact with host barriers, innate immune receptors, inflammatory signaling, pathogen replication, and tissue injury; pattern-recognition receptors such as TLRs, RIG-I-like receptors, NOD-like receptors, and inflammasomes detect microbial molecules and activate NF-κB, interferon, and cytokine responses. The central hypothesis is that infection severity reflects the balance between pathogen burden and host response: protective inflammation restricts pathogen growth, whereas excessive or mislocalized inflammation contributes to tissue damage and disease phenotype. Unresolved questions include which host pathways are protective versus pathogenic, why some infection models fail to translate to human disease, and which combined readouts best predict clinically relevant infection outcomes.
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Apoptosis
Apoptosis, also called programmed cell death, is generally characterized by distinct morphological characteristics.
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TUNEL staining for apoptotic DNA fragmentation
TUNEL staining detects DNA strand breaks by using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase to add labeled nucleotides to exposed 3′-OH DNA termini, generating either microscopic staining in fixed cells or tissue sections, or fluorescence/cytometric signal in cell suspensions. TUNEL positivity reflects DNA fragmentation but should not be interpreted alone as definitive apoptosis, because TUNEL can also label necrotic, autolytic, mechanically damaged, or DNA-repair-associated DNA breaks.
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Annexin V plus membrane-impermeant dye apoptosis staining
Annexin V-based apoptosis assays rely on the detection of phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization from the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane to the outer leaflet, an early biochemical hallmark of apoptosis. Fluorescently labeled Annexin V binds PS in a calcium-dependent manner, enabling identification of early apoptotic cells by flow cytometry or fluorescence microscopy. When combined with a membrane-impermeant DNA-binding dye (e. g. , propidium iodide), this approach allows discrimination between viable (Annexin V−/dye−), early apoptotic (Annexin V+/dye−), and late apoptotic or necrotic (Annexin V+/dye+) cell populations by assessing membrane integrity and PS exposure.
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Apoptosis Solutions
Apoptosis is a regulated, generally non-lytic cell-death pathway that removes unwanted, damaged, infected, or abnormal cells through coordinated morphological changes, caspase activation, DNA fragmentation, and membrane remodeling. The intrinsic apoptosis pathway is controlled mainly by mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization, BCL-2 family proteins, cytochrome c release, apoptosome formation, caspase-9 activation, and downstream executioner caspase-3/7 activation. The extrinsic apoptosis pathway is initiated by death receptors such as Fas, TNFR, and TRAIL receptors, which recruit adaptor proteins and activate caspase-8 before engaging executioner caspases or mitochondrial amplification through BID cleavage. Apoptosis is linked to many phenotypes, including cancer cell killing, tissue homeostasis, immune regulation, neurodegeneration, infection response, and treatment-induced cytotoxicity; unresolved questions include how apoptosis interacts with necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptos
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Ferroptosis Solutions
Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent, non-apoptotic form of regulated cell death characterized by lethal lipid peroxidation and sensitivity to suppression by iron chelators or lipophilic radical-trapping antioxidants. The core pathway links cystine uptake through system Xc−, glutathione availability, GPX4-dependent detoxification of phospholipid hydroperoxides, iron-dependent oxidative reactions, and polyunsaturated-phospholipid metabolism into a cell-death program that is biochemically and morphologically distinct from apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy. The ferroptosis pathway is experimentally linked to phenotype through chemical and genetic perturbation. Erastin induces ferroptosis by inhibiting cystine uptake through system Xc− and weakening antioxidant defenses, while GPX4 inhibition or depletion causes lipid peroxide accumulation and ferroptotic cancer-cell death. ACSL4 and oxidizable arachidonoyl- or adrenoyl-containing phosphatidylethanolamines shape ferroptosis sensitivity by con
Pureza y Documentación
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Ficha de datos (281 KB)
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SDS (394 KB)
- English - EN (394 KB)
- Français - FR (394 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (394 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (394 KB)
- Español - ES (394 KB)
- Swedish - SV (394 KB)
- Italian - IT (394 KB)
- Korean - KR (394 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (394 KB)
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Instrucciones de manejo (2659 KB)
Referencias
[1]. Ilavenil S, et al. Trigonelline protects the cardiocyte from hydrogen peroxide induced apoptosis in H9c2 cells. Asian Pac J Trop Med. 2015 Apr;8(4):263-8. [Content Brief]
[2]. Joanna Folwarczna, et al. Effects of Trigonelline, an Alkaloid Present in Coffee, on Diabetes-Induced Disorders in the Rat Skeletal System. Nutrients. 2016 Mar; 8(3): 133. [Content Brief]
[3]. A Arlt, et al. Inhibition of the Nrf2 transcription factor by the alkaloid trigonelline renders pancreatic cancer cells more susceptible to apoptosis through decreased proteasomal gene expression and proteasome activity. Oncogene. 2013 Oct;32(40):4825-35. [Content Brief]
[4]. Ozçelik B, et al. Cytotoxicity, antiviral and antimicrobial activities of alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. Pharm Biol. 2011 Apr;49(4):396-402. [Content Brief]
[5]. Su Y, et al. Ferroptosis, a novel pharmacological mechanism of anti-cancer drugs. Cancer Lett. 2020 Jul 28;483:127-136. [Content Brief]
Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table
Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (protect from light). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
| Optional Solvent | Concentration Solvent Mass | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | 25 mg |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DMSO / H2O | 1 mM | 7.2918 mL | 36.4591 mL | 72.9182 mL | 182.2955 mL |
| 5 mM | 1.4584 mL | 7.2918 mL | 14.5836 mL | 36.4591 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.7292 mL | 3.6459 mL | 7.2918 mL | 18.2295 mL | |
| 15 mM | 0.4861 mL | 2.4306 mL | 4.8612 mL | 12.1530 mL | |
| 20 mM | 0.3646 mL | 1.8230 mL | 3.6459 mL | 9.1148 mL | |
| 25 mM | 0.2917 mL | 1.4584 mL | 2.9167 mL | 7.2918 mL | |
| 30 mM | 0.2431 mL | 1.2153 mL | 2.4306 mL | 6.0765 mL | |
| 40 mM | 0.1823 mL | 0.9115 mL | 1.8230 mL | 4.5574 mL | |
| 50 mM | 0.1458 mL | 0.7292 mL | 1.4584 mL | 3.6459 mL | |
| H2O | 60 mM | 0.1215 mL | 0.6077 mL | 1.2153 mL | 3.0383 mL |
| 80 mM | 0.0911 mL | 0.4557 mL | 0.9115 mL | 2.2787 mL | |
| 100 mM | 0.0729 mL | 0.3646 mL | 0.7292 mL | 1.8230 mL |
* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.
Trigonelline Related Classifications
HY-N0414 Related Classifications
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