Bile Acids

Norcholic acid is a normal minorbile C23 bile acid having four side chain and exsits in human urine and meconium. Norcholic acid can become prominent under certain pathological conditions. Norcholic acid is efficiently absorbed from intestine and quickly excreted into the bile but not into urine.

Glycohyodeoxycholic acid is a glycine-conjugated bile acid and also a metabolite of Hyodeoxycholic acid (HY-N0169). The serum level of Glycohyodeoxycholic acid is negatively correlated with the severity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Glycohyodeoxycholic acid can be used in research related to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

24-norursodeoxycholic acid (Norucholic acid) is a side chain-shortened C₂₃ homologue of UDCA and has shown potent anti-cholestatic, anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic properties.

Tauro-β-muricholic acid (TβMCA) is an orally active trihydroxylated bile acid and a competitive, reversible FXR antagonist (IC₅₀=40 μM). Tauro-β-muricholic acid inhibits bile acid-induced hepatocyte apoptosis by maintaining mitochondrial membrane potential, while simultaneously inhibiting intestinal FXR signaling, affecting bile acid synthesis, hepatic lipid metabolism, and insulin sensitivity. Accumulation of tauro-β-muricholic acid disrupts metabolic homeostasis, promoting cancer stem cell proliferation and tumor progression. The mechanisms of tauro-β-muricholic acid involve two aspects: first, inhibiting the translocation of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax to mitochondria and maintaining mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP); and second, blocking the FXR signaling pathway to regulate bile acid metabolism, reduce serum ceramide production, and downregulate the hepatic SREBP1C/CIDEA pathway. Tauro-β-muricholic acid possesses anti-hepatocyte apoptosis, bile acid homeostasis regulation, and liver fat accumulation reduction properties, and also functions as a biomarker, making it useful in the study of diseases such as bile acid metabolism disorders, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, colorectal cancer, and liver fibrosis.

6-Oxolithocholic acid is a bile acid metabolite derived from Lithocholic acid (HY-B0172). 6-Oxolithocholic acid has high cytotoxicity and can induce apoptosis, especially in hepatocytes. 6-Oxolithocholic acid can participate in the regulation of bile acid metabolism and synthesis and affect the metabolic pathway of cholesterol. 6-Oxolithocholic acid can be used to study the role of bile acids in health and disease, especially in the context of digestive and liver diseases.

Nordeoxycholic acid (3α,12α-Dihydroxynorcholanic acid) is an orally active hydrophobic bile acid metabolite. Nordeoxycholic acid inhibits autophagic flux, induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and causes hepatocyte injury. Nordeoxycholic acid impairs intestinal barrier integrity in mice. Nordeoxycholic acid can be used in the research of alcohol-associated liver disease.

Chenodeoxycholic acid sodium is a hydrophobic primary bile acid that activates nuclear receptors (FXR) involved in cholesterol metabolism.

3β-Ursodeoxycholic acid (Isoursodeoxycholic acid) is a bile acid. 3β-Ursodeoxycholic acid shows good tolerance and well intestinal absorption by oral adminstation. 3β-Ursodeoxycholic acid can be isomerized by intestinal and hepatic enzymes to yield UDCA.

3-Epideoxycholic acid is a secondary bile acid and a microbial metabolite of Deoxycholic acid (HY-N0593). 3-Epideoxycholic acid targets FXR in dendritic cells, reduces their immunostimulatory properties, promotes the generation of Treg cells, and exerts anti-inflammatory activity. 3-Epideoxycholic acid can promote the growth of the bacterium Bacteroides. 3-Epideoxycholic acid can be used in research related to inflammatory and immune diseases as well as bacterial infections.

Glycocholic acid sodium is a bile acid derivative. Glycocholic acid downregulates MDR1, Bcl-2, MRP1, MRP2 and FXR, upregulates Bax, p53, caspase-9, caspase-3, TGR5 and S1PR2. Glycocholic acid sodium inhibits multidrug resistance and efflux pumps, induces mitochondrial apoptosis, and enhances chemosensitivity. Glycocholic acid sodium modulates related bile acid receptor signaling. Glycocholic acid sodium suppresses growth and conjugation of Enterobacteriaceae and increases their antibiotic susceptibility. Glycocholic acid sodium can be used for the research of colon adenocarcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA).

Trihydroxycholestanoic acid is an endogenous metabolite present in Blood that can be used for the research of Zellweger Syndrome, Refsum Disease, D Bifunctional Protein Deficiency and Infantile Refsum Disease.

Chenodeoxycholic acid 3-sulfate disodium is a bile acid. Chenodeoxycholic acid 3-sulfate disodium level corresponds closely with the extent of hepatic dysfunction.

Taurolithocholic acid 3-sulfate disodium is a GPR39 agonist with EC₅₀s of 71.6  and 69.4 (absence of Zn²⁺) and 9 and 9.6 μM (presence of Zn²⁺) in M39-20 and hGPR39-2 cells, respectively. Taurolithocholic acid 3-sulfate disodium stimulates GPR39 receptors to initiate intracellular calcium signaling, independent of Zn²⁺ binding sites H17 and H19. Taurolithocholic acid 3-sulfate disodium can be used for the research of gallbladder disease.

Glycolithocholic acid 3-sulfate (SLCG) is a cholic acid derivative and a metabolite of glycolithocholic acid. Glycolithocholic acid 3-sulfate inhibits replication of HIV-1 in vitro. Glycolithocholic acid 3-sulfate can be used for the research of HIV infection and gallbladder disease.

7α-Hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one is an intermediate in synthesis of bile acids from cholesterol. 7α-Hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one is a pregnane X receptor (PXR) agonist. 7α-Hydroxy-cholest-4-en-3-one is a biomarker for bile acid loss, irritable bowel syndrome, and other diseases associated with defective bile acid biosynthesis. 7α-Hydroxy-cholest-4-en-3-one is the physiological substrate for CYP8B1.

7,12-Diketolithocholic acid (7,12-Diketo-LCA) is a bile acid, which can be produced in the host-gut microbial co-metabolism of the bile acid pool.

α-Muricholic acid is the most abundant primary bile acid in rodents.

Taurodeoxycholic acid sodium hydrate (Sodium taurodeoxycholate monohydrate), a bile acid, is an amphiphilic surfactant molecule synthesized from cholesterol in the liver. Taurodeoxycholic acid sodium hydrate activates the S1PR2 pathway in addition to the TGR5 pathway.

12-Ketochenodeoxycholic acid is an anomalous bile acid and Chenodeoxycholic acid (HY-76847) precursor. 12-Ketochenodeoxycholic acid can be used for the research of hepatobiliary diseases.

3α,12β-Dihydroxycholanoic acid is a dihydroxy bile acid that is detectable in healthy urine samples. 3α,12β-Dihydroxycholanoic acid carries hydroxy substituents at the 3α and 12β positions of the 5β-cholanoic acid steroid skeleton.