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Results for "

oxidative phosphorylation

" in MedChemExpress (MCE) Product Catalog:

By Targets:	Oxidative Phosphorylation (68) Adenosine Receptor (1) Akt (18) Aminotransferases (Transaminases) (1) AMPK (10) Amyloid-β (1) Androgen Receptor (1) Angiotensin-converting Enzyme (ACE) (4) Antibiotic (7) Apoptosis (50) ATP Synthase (2) Autophagy (27) Bacterial (35) Bcl-2 Family (5) Beclin1 (1) Biochemical Assay Reagents (4) c-Met/HGFR (1) c-Myc (4) Calcium Channel (1) Cannabinoid Receptor (1) Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase (CPT) (3) Casein Kinase (1) Caspase (12) CCR (1) CDK (2) Cholinesterase (ChE) (2) ClpP (1) COX (11) Cuproptosis (1) Cytochrome P450 (5) DGK (1) DNA/RNA Synthesis (5) Drug Derivative (1) Early 2 Factor (E2F) (2) EGFR (1) Endogenous Metabolite (43) Enolase (1) Environmental Pollutants (13) ERK (18) Eukaryotic Initiation Factor (eIF) (4) FAK (1) Ferroptosis (5) Fungal (18) GLUT (1) Glutathione Peroxidase (2) Glycosidase (1) GSK-3 (2) HCV (1) HCV Protease (1) HDAC (2) Herbicide (1) HIF/HIF Prolyl-Hydroxylase (2) Histone Methyltransferase (2) HIV (1) HSP (2) Hydroxycarboxylic Acid Receptor (HCAR) (8) IFNAR (2) IKK (2) Influenza Virus (1) Insecticide (4) Interleukin Related (17) Isotope-Labeled Compounds (15) JAK (3) JNK (11) Keap1-Nrf2 (11) Ketohexokinase (1) Lactate Dehydrogenase (1) LDLR (1) Lipoxygenase (5) MDM-2/p53 (1) MEK (3) Mitochondrial Metabolism (41) MMP (8) MNK (1) Molecular Glues (1) Monoamine Oxidase (1) mTOR (10) NF-κB (17) NKCC (1) NO Synthase (17) p38 MAPK (19) PAK (1) Parasite (10) PARP (2) PCSK9 (1) PD-1/PD-L1 (1) PDHK (2) PDK-1 (2) PERK (4) PGC-1α (1) PGE synthase (4) Phosphatase (2) Phosphodiesterase (PDE) (1) PI3K (10) PINK1/Parkin (4) PKA (2) Potassium Channel (5) PPAR (6) PROTACs (2) Proteasome (2) PTEN (1) Pyruvate Kinase (1) Raf (2) Ras (1) Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) (29) Reference Standards (28) Sirtuin (1) SOD (5) Src (1) STAT (9) STING (2) Succinate Dehydrogenase (1) Survivin (2) Tau Protein (1) TGF-β Receptor (1) TNF Receptor (9) Toll-like Receptor (TLR) (2) TRP Channel (1) TrxR (1) URAT1 (1) Wnt (3) α-synuclein (1) β-catenin (1)
By Research Areas:	Cancer (104) Cardiovascular Disease (34) Infection (51) Inflammation/Immunology (75) Metabolic Disease (57) Neurological Disease (24)

By Targets:

Oxidative Phosphorylation (68)

Adenosine Receptor (1)

Akt (18)

Aminotransferases (Transaminases) (1)

AMPK (10)

Amyloid-β (1)

Androgen Receptor (1)

Angiotensin-converting Enzyme (ACE) (4)

Antibiotic (7)

Apoptosis (50)

ATP Synthase (2)

Autophagy (27)

Bacterial (35)

Bcl-2 Family (5)

Beclin1 (1)

Biochemical Assay Reagents (4)

c-Met/HGFR (1)

c-Myc (4)

Calcium Channel (1)

Cannabinoid Receptor (1)

Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase (CPT) (3)

Casein Kinase (1)

Caspase (12)

CCR (1)

CDK (2)

Cholinesterase (ChE) (2)

ClpP (1)

COX (11)

Cuproptosis (1)

Cytochrome P450 (5)

DGK (1)

DNA/RNA Synthesis (5)

Drug Derivative (1)

Early 2 Factor (E2F) (2)

EGFR (1)

Endogenous Metabolite (43)

Enolase (1)

Environmental Pollutants (13)

ERK (18)

Eukaryotic Initiation Factor (eIF) (4)

FAK (1)

Ferroptosis (5)

Fungal (18)

GLUT (1)

Glutathione Peroxidase (2)

Glycosidase (1)

GSK-3 (2)

HCV (1)

HCV Protease (1)

HDAC (2)

Herbicide (1)

HIF/HIF Prolyl-Hydroxylase (2)

Histone Methyltransferase (2)

HIV (1)

HSP (2)

Hydroxycarboxylic Acid Receptor (HCAR) (8)

IFNAR (2)

IKK (2)

Influenza Virus (1)

Insecticide (4)

Interleukin Related (17)

Isotope-Labeled Compounds (15)

JAK (3)

JNK (11)

Keap1-Nrf2 (11)

Ketohexokinase (1)

Lactate Dehydrogenase (1)

LDLR (1)

Lipoxygenase (5)

MDM-2/p53 (1)

MEK (3)

Mitochondrial Metabolism (41)

MMP (8)

MNK (1)

Molecular Glues (1)

Monoamine Oxidase (1)

mTOR (10)

NF-κB (17)

NKCC (1)

NO Synthase (17)

p38 MAPK (19)

PAK (1)

Parasite (10)

PARP (2)

PCSK9 (1)

PD-1/PD-L1 (1)

PDHK (2)

PDK-1 (2)

PERK (4)

PGC-1α (1)

PGE synthase (4)

Phosphatase (2)

Phosphodiesterase (PDE) (1)

PI3K (10)

PINK1/Parkin (4)

PKA (2)

Potassium Channel (5)

PPAR (6)

PROTACs (2)

Proteasome (2)

PTEN (1)

Pyruvate Kinase (1)

Raf (2)

Ras (1)

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) (29)

Reference Standards (28)

Sirtuin (1)

SOD (5)

Src (1)

STAT (9)

STING (2)

Succinate Dehydrogenase (1)

Survivin (2)

Tau Protein (1)

TGF-β Receptor (1)

TNF Receptor (9)

Toll-like Receptor (TLR) (2)

TRP Channel (1)

TrxR (1)

URAT1 (1)

Wnt (3)

α-synuclein (1)

β-catenin (1)

By Research Areas:

Cancer (104)

Cardiovascular Disease (34)

Infection (51)

Inflammation/Immunology (75)

Metabolic Disease (57)

Neurological Disease (24)

201

Inhibitors & Agonists

Screening Libraries

Biochemical Assay Reagents

Peptides

Inhibitory Antibodies

Natural
Products

Isotope-Labeled Compounds

Targets Recommended: Oxidative Phosphorylation DYRK

Cat. No.	Product Name	Target	Research Areas	Chemical Structure

HY-B2227

Lactic acid 50+ Cited Publications DL-Lactic acid; E-270	Environmental Pollutants Endogenous Metabolite Bacterial Hydroxycarboxylic Acid Receptor (HCAR)	Infection Metabolic Disease Inflammation/Immunology Cancer
Lactic acid (DL-Lactic acid) is a hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1 (HCAR1) activator and an epigenetic modulator inducing lysine residues lactylation. Lactic acid is a glycolysis end-product, bridging the gap between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. Lactic acid is an oncometabolite and has immune protective role of lactate in anti-tumor immunity . Lactic acid also has antimicrobial activity, which can be used as a food preservative .

HY-B2227B

Lactic acid sodium (60% w/w in water) 50+ Cited Publications DL-Lactic acid sodium; E-270 sodium	Environmental Pollutants Endogenous Metabolite Bacterial Hydroxycarboxylic Acid Receptor (HCAR)	Infection Metabolic Disease Inflammation/Immunology Cancer
Lactic acid (DL-Lactic acid) sodium (60% w/w in water) is a hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1 (HCAR1) activator and an epigenetic modulator inducing lysine residues lactylation. Lactic acid sodium (60% w/w in water) is a glycolysis end-product, bridging the gap between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. Lactic acid sodium (60% w/w in water) is an oncometabolite and has immune protective role of lactate in anti-tumor immunity . Lactic acid sodium (60% w/w in water) also has antimicrobial activity, which can be used as a food preservative . This product has a content (w/w) of 60%, and 1 mL of the system contains 798 mg of Lactic acid sodium, i.e., a concentration of 798 mg/mL (i.e., 7.12 M).

HY-100941

CCCP Maximum Cited Publications 176 Publications Verification Carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone; Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenylhydrazone	Oxidative Phosphorylation PINK1/Parkin STING IFNAR Mitochondrial Metabolism Bacterial Apoptosis	Inflammation/Immunology Cancer
CCCP is an oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) uncoupler. CCCP induces activation of PINK1 leading to Parkin Ser65 phosphorylation .

HY-100410

FCCP 105+ Cited Publications Carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone	Oxidative Phosphorylation PINK1/Parkin Mitochondrial Metabolism	Cancer
FCCP is an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in mitochondria. FCCP induces activation of PINK1 leading to Parkin Ser65 phosphorylation .

HY-N6782

Oligomycin Maximum Cited Publications 105 Publications Verification	Oxidative Phosphorylation ATP Synthase Fungal Antibiotic	Infection Cancer
Oligomycin, an antifungal antibiotic, is an inhibitor of H ⁺-ATP-synthase. Oligomycin blocks oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain. Oligomycin inhibits HIF-1alpha expression in hypoxic tumor cells .

HY-N6687

Calcimycin 20+ Cited Publications A-23187; Antibiotic A-23187	Oxidative Phosphorylation Bacterial Fungal Apoptosis Autophagy Antibiotic	Infection Inflammation/Immunology Cancer
Calcimycin (A-23187) is an antibiotic and a unique divalent cation ionophore (like calcium and magnesium). Calcimycin induces Ca ²⁺-dependent cell death by increasing intracellular calcium concentration. Calcimycin inhibits the growth of Gram-positive bacteria and some fungi. Calcimycin also inhibits the activity of ATPase and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) of mammalian cells. Calcimycin induces apoptosis and autophagy .

HY-113596

Acetyl Coenzyme A trisodium 4 Publications Verification Acetyl-CoA trisodium	Oxidative Phosphorylation Endogenous Metabolite Autophagy	Metabolic Disease
Acetyl-coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA) trisodium is a membrane-impermeant central metabolic intermediate, participates in the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation metabolism. Acetyl-coenzyme A trisodium, regulates various cellular mechanisms by providing (sole donor) acetyl groups to target amino acid residues for post-translational acetylation reactions of proteins. Acetyl Coenzyme A trisodium is also a key precursor of lipid synthesis .

HY-112037

IACS-010759 25+ Cited Publications IACS-10759	Oxidative Phosphorylation Mitochondrial Metabolism Apoptosis	Cancer
IACS-010759 is an orally active, potent *mitochondrial complex I of oxidative* phosphorylation (OXPHOS) inhibitor. IACS-010759 inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis** in models of brain cancer and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) reliant on OXPHOS. IACS-010759 has the potential for relapsed/refractory AML and solid tumors research .

HY-110284

BAM 15 10+ Cited Publications	Oxidative Phosphorylation Mitochondrial Metabolism	Others
BAM 15 is a mitochondrial protonophore uncoupler. BAM 15 is an oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) uncoupler .

HY-113076

Thiamine pyrophosphate 1 Publications Verification Cocarboxylase	Endogenous Metabolite	Metabolic Disease Inflammation/Immunology
Thiamine pyrophosphate is the coenzyme form of Vitamin B1, and is a required intermediate in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and the ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. Thiamine pyrophosphate is necessary for oxidative phosphorylation and the pentose phosphate pathway by acting as a cofactor for α-ketoacid dehydrogenases .

HY-113491

3-Phosphoglyceric acid 3-PGA; 3-Glycerophosphoric acid	Endogenous Metabolite	Inflammation/Immunology
3-Phosphoglyceric acid is a metabolic intermediate in both glycolysis and the Calvin cycle. 3-Phosphoglyceric acid is involved in alveolar macrophage epigenetic regulation.

HY-110282

S3QEL-2	Oxidative Phosphorylation Mitochondrial Metabolism	Metabolic Disease
S3QEL-2, a suppressor of superoxide production from mitochondrial complex III, potently and selectively suppresses site IIIQo superoxide production (IC₅₀=1.7 μM). S3QEL-2 does not affect oxidative phosphorylation, and normal electron flux. S3QEL-2 inhibits HIF-1α accumulation .

HY-N2118

Bilobetin 2 Publications Verification	PPAR PKA Akt p38 MAPK ERK	Metabolic Disease
Bilobetin, an active component of Ginkgo biloba, can reduce blood lipids and improve the effects of insulin. Bilobetin ameliorated insulin resistance, increased the hepatic uptake and oxidation of lipids, reduced very-low-density lipoprotein triglyceride secretion and blood triglyceride levels, enhanced the expression and activity of enzymes involved in β-oxidation and attenuated the accumulation of triglycerides and their metabolites in tissues. Bilobetin also increased the phosphorylation, nuclear translocation and activity of PPARα accompanied by elevated cAMP level and PKA activity .

HY-B1092A

Gluconate sodium D-Gluconic acid sodium salt; Sodium D-gluconate; D-Gluconate sodium salt	Environmental Pollutants ERK NO Synthase Endogenous Metabolite Interleukin Related	Cardiovascular Disease Inflammation/Immunology Cancer
Gluconate sodium (D-Gluconic acid sodium salt) is an orally active glucose derivative. Gluconate sodium reduces nitric oxide and inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL-6). Gluconate sodium inhibits ERK phosphorylation. Gluconate sodium has antioxidant and antiplatelet activation activities. Gluconate sodium has antitumor activity against colorectal cancer. Gluconate sodium improves osteoarthritis, intestinal damage and acute lung injury .

HY-111651

Gboxin 4 Publications Verification	Oxidative Phosphorylation ATP Synthase Mitochondrial Metabolism	Cancer
Gboxin is an oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) inhibitor that targets glioblastoma. Gboxin inhibits the activity of F₀F₁ ATP synthase. Antitumour activity .

HY-B1729

Phenoxyethanol	Environmental Pollutants Bacterial Fungal Oxidative Phosphorylation	Infection
Phenoxyethanol has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial agent. Phenoxyethanol is an uncouple agent in oxidative phosphorylation from respiration and competitively inhibits malate dehydrogenase. Phenoxyethanol is used as a preservative in cosmetic, vaccine, and textile, et al .

HY-W712327

D-Xylulose 5-phosphate sodium	Biochemical Assay Reagents	Others
D-Xylulose 5-phosphate sodium is a pentose phosphate ester and an essential intermediate metabolite in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) and the non-oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway. D-xylulose-5-phosphate sodium can be efficiently synthesized through the phosphorylation of D-xylulose catalyzed by D-xylulokinase (XKS1 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae), with ATP regeneration facilitated by the phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)/pyruvate kinase (PK) system .

HY-12406

VLX600 2 Publications Verification	Oxidative Phosphorylation Mitochondrial Metabolism Autophagy	Cancer
VLX600 is an iron-chelating inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). VLX600 causes mitochondrial dysfunction and induces a strong shift to glycolysis. VLX600 displays selective cytotoxic activity against malignant cell and induces autophagy. Anticancer activity .

HY-N7056

4'-Hydroxychalcone 3 Publications Verification	Oxidative Phosphorylation Proteasome	Inflammation/Immunology Cancer
4'-Hydroxychalcone is a chalcone isolated from licorice root, with hepatoprotective activity. 4'-Hydroxychalcone inhibits TNFα-induced NF-κB activation via proteasome inhibition. 4'-Hydroxychalcone induces a rapid potassium release from mitochondrial vesicles and causes deterioration of respiratory control and oxidative phosphorylation of isolated rat liver mitochondria .

HY-17594

Oxyclozanide 4 Publications Verification	Oxidative Phosphorylation Parasite Bacterial Fungal	Infection
Oxyclozanide is an orally active salicylanilide anthelmintic agent that mainly acts by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation in flukes. Oxyclozanide shows good anti-adenovirus, anti-biofilm, antifungal, and antibacterial activity .

HY-N2406

Dihydrocaffeic acid 2 Publications Verification 3,4-Dihydroxy-benzenepropanoic acid	p38 MAPK Endogenous Metabolite Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) NO Synthase	Inflammation/Immunology
Dihydrocaffeic acid is a microbial metabolite of flavonoids. Dihydrocaffeic acid scavenges intracellular ROS and increases nitric oxide synthase activity. Dihydrocaffeic acid reduces phosphorylation of MAPK p38 and prevent UVB-induced skin damage. Dihydrocaffeic acid has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cartilage degradation activities .

HY-114293A

Acetyl coenzyme A trilithium Acetyl-CoA trilithium	Oxidative Phosphorylation Endogenous Metabolite Autophagy	Cardiovascular Disease Metabolic Disease
Acetyl-coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA) trilithium is a membrane-impermeant central metabolic intermediate, participates in the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation metabolism. Acetyl-coenzyme A trilithium regulates various cellular mechanisms by providing (sole donor) acetyl groups to target amino acid residues for post-translational acetylation reactions of proteins. Acetyl Coenzyme A trilithium is also a key precursor of lipid synthesis .

HY-W011711

Benzarone	URAT1 Oxidative Phosphorylation Apoptosis	Metabolic Disease
Benzarone is an oral inhibitor of human urate transporter 1 (hURAT1) with an IC₅₀ value of 2.8 μM, and it also acts as an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation. Benzarone can cause liver damage and promote cell apoptosis and necrosis. Benzarone can be used to lower serum uric acid levels and for research in vascular diseases .

HY-134832

Mito-LND 3 Publications Verification Mito-Lonidamine	Oxidative Phosphorylation Mitochondrial Metabolism Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Autophagy	Cancer
Mito-LND (Mito-Lonidamine) is an orally active and mitochondria-targeted inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Mito-LND inhibits mitochondrial bioenergetics, stimulates the formation of reactive oxygen species, and induces autophagic cell death in lung cancer cells .

HY-B2227C

Lactic acid potassium 50+ Cited Publications DL-Lactic acid potassium; E-270 potassium	Endogenous Metabolite Hydroxycarboxylic Acid Receptor (HCAR) Bacterial	Infection Metabolic Disease Inflammation/Immunology Cancer
Lactic acid (DL-Lactic acid) potassium is a hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1 (HCAR1) activator and an epigenetic modulator inducing lysine residues lactylation. Lactic acid potassium is a glycolysis end-product, bridging the gap between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. Lactic acid potassium is an oncometabolite and has immune protective role of lactate in anti-tumor immunity . Lactic acid also potassium has antimicrobial activity, which can be used as a food preservative .

HY-17598

Rafoxanide 5+ Cited Publications	Oxidative Phosphorylation Parasite p38 MAPK Raf Apoptosis	Infection Cancer
Rafoxanide is a poent, orally active halogenated salicylaniline agent with antiparasitic activity. Rafoxanide interferes with energy metabolism in trematodes by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation. Rafoxanide is also found to be a potent inhibitor of the BRAF V600E mutant protein, which is important in colorectal cancer. Rafoxanide can be used for the control of infestation with Hemonchus species or Fasciola species in sheep and cattle as well as Oestrus ovis in sheep. Rafoxanide can also be used for cancer research .

HY-111652

S-Gboxin 2 Publications Verification	Drug Derivative	Cancer
S-Gboxin is a functional analog of the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) inhibitor Gboxin and has antitumor activity. S-Gboxin inhibits the growth of mouse and human glioblastoma with an IC₅₀ of 470 nM. S-Gboxin has antitumor activity .

HY-149143

JNJ-28583113 5 Publications Verification	TRP Channel	Inflammation/Immunology
JNJ-28583113 is an TRPM2 antagonist with brain permeability. JNJ-28583113 inhibits TRPM2 blocked phosphorylation of GSK3α and β subunits. JNJ-28583113 protects cells from oxidative stress induced cell death. JNJ-28583113 also suppresses cytokine release in response to pro-inflammatory stimuli in microglia .

HY-114293

Acetyl coenzyme A Acetyl-CoA	Oxidative Phosphorylation Endogenous Metabolite Autophagy	Cardiovascular Disease Metabolic Disease
Acetyl-coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA) is a membrane-impermeant central metabolic intermediate, participates in the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation metabolism. Acetyl-coenzyme A, regulates various cellular mechanisms by providing (sole donor) acetyl groups to target amino acid residues for post-translational acetylation reactions of proteins. Acetyl Coenzyme A is also a key precursor of lipid synthesis .

HY-112037A

IACS-010759 hydrochloride 25+ Cited Publications IACS-10759 hydrochloride	Oxidative Phosphorylation Mitochondrial Metabolism Apoptosis	Cancer
IACS-010759 hydrochlorideis an orally active, potent *mitochondrial complex I of oxidative* phosphorylation (OXPHOS) inhibitor. IACS-010759 hydrochlorideinhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis** in models of brain cancer and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) reliant on OXPHOS. IACS-010759 hydrochloride has the potential for relapsed/refractory AML and solid tumors research .

HY-B2227A

Lactic acid calcium 50+ Cited Publications DL-Lactic acid calcium; E-270 calcium	Environmental Pollutants Endogenous Metabolite Bacterial Hydroxycarboxylic Acid Receptor (HCAR)	Infection Neurological Disease Inflammation/Immunology Cancer
Lactic acid (DL-Lactic acid) calcium is a hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1 (HCAR1) activator and an epigenetic modulator inducing lysine residues lactylation. Lactic acid calcium is a glycolysis end-product, bridging the gap between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. Lactic acid calcium is an oncometabolite and has immune protective role of lactate in anti-tumor immunity . Lactic acid calcium also has antimicrobial activity, which can be used as a food preservative .

HY-B2227R

Lactic acid (Standard) DL-Lactic acid (Standard); E-270 (Standard)	Reference Standards Endogenous Metabolite Hydroxycarboxylic Acid Receptor (HCAR) Bacterial	Infection Metabolic Disease Inflammation/Immunology Cancer
Lactic acid (Standard) (DL-Lactic acid (Standard)) is the analytical standard of Lactic acid (HY-B2227). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Lactic acid (DL-Lactic acid) is a hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1 (HCAR1) activator and an epigenetic modulator inducing lysine residues lactylation. Lactic acid is a glycolysis end-product, bridging the gap between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. Lactic acid is an oncometabolite and has immune protective role of lactate in anti-tumor immunity . Lactic acid also has antimicrobial activity, which can be used as a food preservative .

HY-119751

Hematein 1 Publications Verification	Casein Kinase Akt Wnt Apoptosis	Cancer
Hematein is a oxidation product of hematoxylin acted as a dye . Hematein is an allosteric casein kinase II inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 0.74 μM. Hematein inhibits Akt/PKB Ser129 phosphorylation, the Wnt/TCF pathway and increases apoptosis in lung cancer cells .

HY-W762011

BDE 47	Apoptosis Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) JNK Oxidative Phosphorylation	Neurological Disease Cancer
BDE 47 targets mitochondria, inhibits mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), decreases mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and induces apoptosis in embryonic cell. BDE 47 induces the generation of ROS, and activates the JNK signaling pathway. BDE 47 exhibits embryonic developmental toxicity in zebrafish .

HY-153392

TYA-018	Oxidative Phosphorylation HDAC	Cardiovascular Disease
TYA-018 is an orally active, potent and highly selective HDAC6 inhibitor. TYA-018 can protect heart function in mice. TYA-018 also enhances energetics in mice by increasing expression of targets associated with fatty acid metabolism, protein metabolism, and oxidative phosphorylation .

HY-B0831

Buprofezin 2 Publications Verification	Environmental Pollutants Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Oxidative Phosphorylation	Others
Buprofezin is a broad-spectrum insecticide and chitin synthesis inhibitor that targets developmental stage coleopteran pests.Buprofezin promotes the conversion of energy metabolism from the aerobic tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and oxidative phosphorylation to anaerobic glycolysis. Buprofezin also promotes the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by inhibiting cytochrome c oxidase .

HY-119725

Tetradifon	Environmental Pollutants Insecticide	Infection
Tetradifon is a broad-spectrum organochlorine insecticide and an inhibitor of the mitochondrial oligomycin sensitivity conferring protein (OSCP), which can be used to control a variety of mites. Tetradifon inhibits energy-related activities such as ADP-stimulated respiration, DNP and Mg ²⁺-stimulated ATPase, with an IC₅₀ of 4.5-27 nmoL/mg mitochondrial protein. Tetradifon exerts oligomycin-like activity by inhibiting the oxidative phosphorylation process, inducing oxidative stress and interfering with bone metabolism. Tetradifon is currently mainly used in the research of mitochondrial function regulation, bone remodeling mechanism and nephrotoxicity of environmental pollutants .

HY-113596A

Acetyl coenzyme A lithium 4 Publications Verification Acetyl-CoA lithium	Oxidative Phosphorylation Endogenous Metabolite Autophagy	Cardiovascular Disease Metabolic Disease
Acetyl-coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA) lithium is a membrane-impermeant central metabolic intermediate, participates in the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation metabolism. Acetyl-coenzyme A lithium, regulates various cellular mechanisms by providing (sole donor) acetyl groups to target amino acid residues for post-translational acetylation reactions of proteins. Acetyl Coenzyme A lithium is also a key precursor of lipid synthesis .

HY-158421

MS-L6	Oxidative Phosphorylation Mitochondrial Metabolism	Cancer
MS-L6 is a potent inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) that can acts as electron transport chain complexes I (ETC-I) combining inhibition of NADH oxidation and uncoupling effect .

HY-N1921

Edpetiline 2 Publications Verification	NF-κB p38 MAPK TNF Receptor Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) COX Interleukin Related	Inflammation/Immunology
Edpetiline is an anti-inflammatory agent. Edpetiline inhibits the phosphorylation of IκB, nuclear transcription/translocation of NF-κB p65, as well as the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and ERK MAPK. Edpetiline reduces intracellular ROS levels, inhibits the expression of TNF-α, IL-6, iNOS, COX-2, and promotes the expression of IL-4. Edpetiline is applicable to the research of diseases associated with inflammation and oxidative stress .

HY-N7133

Diphenylamine hydrochloride N-Phenylaniline hydrochloride	Fungal Bacterial	Metabolic Disease
Diphenylamine hydrochloride (N-Phenylaniline hydrochloride) is an antihyperglycemic agent with oral activity and a common structure in non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that uncouples oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, leading to a decrease in hepatic cell ATP levels and causing liver cell damage. Diphenylamine hydrochloride is also an industrial antioxidant, a dyeing mordant, and is used in agriculture as an antifungal and antibacterial agent .

HY-W128525

Menadiol Dihydrovitamin K3	Oxidative Phosphorylation Mitochondrial Metabolism	Others
Menadiol (Dihydrovitamin K3), a menaquinol analogue, is an electron donor for reversed oxidative phosphorylation in submitochondrial particles .

HY-155554

SCAL-255	Mitochondrial Metabolism Oxidative Phosphorylation Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) MMP	Cancer
SCAL-255 is a potent mitochondrial complex I (CI) inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 1.14 μM. SCAL-255 blocks mitochondrial function, inhibits oxygen consumption rate (OCR), induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and reduces MMP. SCAL-255 can be used in the research of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS)-dependent cancers, such as colorectal cancer (CRC) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML), etc .

HY-136394

Diafenthiuron 2 Publications Verification	Environmental Pollutants Mitochondrial Metabolism Oxidative Phosphorylation Parasite	Others
Diafenthiuron is a thiourea compound commonly used a broad-spectrum insecticide and acaricide. Diafenthiuron disturbs the insect respiratory system by inhibiting the oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial ATP synthesis .

HY-149987

LY3522348 KHK-IN-3	Ketohexokinase	Cardiovascular Disease Metabolic Disease Inflammation/Immunology
KHK-IN-3 (Example 1) is a ketohexokinase (KHK) inhibitor. KHK-IN-3 can be used in the study of kidney disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), diabetes and heart failure. KHK is a rate-limiting enzyme and fructokinase involved in fructose metabolism. KHK catalyzes the phosphorylation of fructose to fructose-1-phosphate (FIP) at the expense of ATP. The lack of feedback inhibition of fructose metabolism triggers the accumulation of downstream intermediates such as lipogenesis, gluconeogenesis, and oxidative phosphorylation .

HY-B1729R

Phenoxyethanol (Standard)	Oxidative Phosphorylation Reference Standards Bacterial Fungal	Infection
Phenoxyethanol (Standard) is the analytical standard of Phenoxyethanol. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Phenoxyethanol has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial agent. Phenoxyethanol is an uncouple agent in oxidative phosphorylation from respiration and competitively inhibits malate dehydrogenase. Phenoxyethanol is used as a preservative in cosmetic, vaccine, and textile, et al .

HY-160496

STAT3-IN-25	STAT	Cancer
STAT3-IN-25 (Compound 2p) is a potent STAT3 inhibitor with a p-trifluoroethoxy benzyl substituent. STAT3-IN-25 shows STAT3 luciferase inhibition activity using HEK293T cells with an IC₅₀ of 22.3 nM and ATP production inhibition activity using BxPC-3 cells with an IC₅₀ of 32.5 nM. STAT3-IN-25 has the potential for pancreatic cancer research .

HY-161767

JWJ-01-306	Molecular Glues Oxidative Phosphorylation Ras	Cancer
JWJ-01-306 is a CRBN-recruiting ZBTB11 Molecular Glues degrader. JWJ-01-306 degrades ZBTB11 and reprograms cellular metabolism, thereby reducing the level of **Oxidative Phosphorylation and the activity of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. JWJ-01-306 enhances the response of organoids to K-Ras** inhibition. JWJ-01-306 inhibits the proliferation of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells and melanoma cells. JWJ-01-306 can be used in studies related to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and melanoma .

HY-100941R

CCCP (Standard) Carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone (Standard); Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenylhydrazone (Standard)	Oxidative Phosphorylation PINK1/Parkin Reference Standards STING IFNAR Mitochondrial Metabolism Bacterial Apoptosis	Inflammation/Immunology Cancer
CCCP (Standard) is the analytical standard of CCCP. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. CCCP is an oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) uncoupler. CCCP induces activation of PINK1 leading to Parkin Ser65 phosphorylation .

HY-159728

PROTAC PRMT3 degrader 1	PROTACs Histone Methyltransferase Apoptosis Early 2 Factor (E2F) c-Myc	Cancer
PROTAC PRMT3 degrader 1 is a selective PRMT3 PROTAC degrader with a DC₅₀ of 2.566 μM. PROTAC PRMT3 degrader 1 forms a ternary complex with MDM2 E3 ubiquitin ligase to induce proteasomal and neddylation-dependent degradation of PRMT3. PROTAC PRMT3 degrader 1 activates intrinsic apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling pathways. PROTAC PRMT3 degrader 1 downregulates E2F, MYC, oxidative phosphorylation pathways. PROTAC PRMT3 degrader 1 reduces cellular asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) levels. PROTAC PRMT3 degrader 1 inhibits acute leukemia cell growth. PROTAC PRMT3 degrader 1 acts with glycolysis inhibitor 2-DG to reduce ATP production, induce intrinsic apoptosis, drive synergistic antiproliferative effects. PROTAC PRMT3 degrader 1 can be used for the research of acute leukemia .

Cat. No.	Product Name

HY-L231

TCA Cycle Metabolite Compound Library

26 compounds

The TCA cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle)—is also known as the Krebs cycle or the citric acid cycle (CAC). The TCA cycle is a series of chemical reactions that release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA in carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

For decades, the TCA cycle has been considered as the central pathway for cell oxidative phosphorylation to produce energy and biosynthesis. Research shows that TCA cycle is associated with many diseases, especially cancer. In colon carcinoma, liver cancer and other cancers, there are mutations that lead to the imbalance of TCA cycle metabolites, indicating that TCA cycle may be related to the occurrence of cancer. Understanding the role and molecular mechanism of TCA cycle in inhibiting or promoting cancer progression will promote the development of new metabolite-based cancer treatment methods in the future.

MCE supplies a unique collection of 26 key intermediates of the TCA cycle, which can be utilized for TCA-related research and metabolomics identification studies.

HY-L148

TCA Cycle Compound Library

72 compounds

MCE supplies a unique collection of 72 compounds related to the TCA cycle. MCE TCA Cycle Compound Library is a useful tool for the TCA cycle related research and anti-cancer drug development.

HY-L092

Glucose Metabolism Compound Library

1,652 compounds

Glucose homeostasis is tightly regulated to meet the energy requirements of the vital organs and maintain an individual’s health. Glucose metabolism includes glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle, pentose phosphate pathway, oxidative phosphorylation and other metabolic pathways. Glucose is the major carbon source that provides the main energy for life. Glucose metabolism dysregulation is also implicated in many diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, neurodegenerative diseases and even cancer.

MCE offers a unique collection of 1,652 compounds related to glucose metabolism, which target glucose metabolism related targets, such as GLUT, Hexokinase, Pyruvate Kinase, IDH, etc. MCE glucose metabolism library is a powerful tool for studying glucose metabolism and drug discovery of diseases related to glucose metabolism.

Cat. No.	Product Name	Type

HY-113596A

Acetyl coenzyme A lithium

4 Publications Verification

Acetyl-CoA lithium

Biochemical Assay Reagents

Acetyl-coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA) lithium is a membrane-impermeant central metabolic intermediate, participates in the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation metabolism. Acetyl-coenzyme A lithium, regulates various cellular mechanisms by providing (sole donor) acetyl groups to target amino acid residues for post-translational acetylation reactions of proteins. Acetyl Coenzyme A lithium is also a key precursor of lipid synthesis .

HY-B2227D

Calcium 2-hydroxypropanoate pentahydrate

10+ Cited Publications

Biochemical Assay Reagents

Calcium 2-hydroxypropanoate (pentahydrate) is a hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1 (HCAR1) activator and an epigenetic modulator inducing lysine residues lactylation. Calcium 2-hydroxypropanoate (pentahydrate) is a glycolysis end-product, bridging the gap between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. Calcium 2-hydroxypropanoate (pentahydrate) is an oncometabolite and has immune protective role of lactate in anti-tumor immunity .

HY-W688732

2-Chloro-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane

Biochemical Assay Reagents

2-Chloro-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane is a biochemical reagent. 2-Chloro-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane serves as a phosphorylation reagent for alcohols and heteroatoms, which is used in the synthesis of glycosyl donors and ligands, and also applied in the analytical research of derivatized lignin samples. 2-Chloro-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaphospholane acts as a catalyst in copper oxide/titanium dioxide-catalyzed lignin oxidation studies .

HY-Y0396

N-Hydroxyphthalimide

Biochemical Assay Reagents

N-Hydroxyphthalimide is a blocking agent and catalyst. N-Hydroxyphthalimide promotes oxidation reactions by generating PINO free radicals and activating hydrogen atom transfer processes. N-Hydroxyphthalimide reduces the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins Survivin and Bcl-xL and activates caspase 9 and caspase 3. N-Hydroxyphthalimide induces Apoptosis. N-Hydroxyphthalimide inhibits the phosphorylation of mTOR (Ser2448, Ser2481) and Akt (Ser473). N-Hydroxyphthalimide has anticancer effects against breast and colon cancer .

HY-123115

Leucrose

5-O-α-D-Glucopyranosyl-D-fructose

Biochemical Assay Reagents

Leucrose (5-O-α-D-Glucopyranosyl-D-fructose) is an orally active Sucrose (HY-B1779) isomer naturally found in pollen and honey. Leucrose promotes phosphorylation of JAK1 and STAT6, reduces pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokinesas (TNFα, and IL-1β), increases M2 macrophage polarization and suppresses DSS (HY-116282C)-induced colitis. Leucrose suppresses hepatic triglyceride accumulation, improves fasting blood glucose levels, and regulates hepatic lipogenesis and fatty acid β-oxidation in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Leucrose is slowly hydrolyzed into glucose and fructose by α-glucosidase and acts as as a sugar substitute in diet .

HY-Y0396R

N-Hydroxyphthalimide (Standard)

Biochemical Assay Reagents

N-Hydroxyphthalimide (Standard) is the analytical standard of N-Hydroxyphthalimide (HY-Y0396). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. N-Hydroxyphthalimide is a blocking agent and catalyst. N-Hydroxyphthalimide promotes oxidation reactions by generating PINO free radicals and activating hydrogen atom transfer processes. N-Hydroxyphthalimide reduces the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins Survivin and Bcl-xL and activates caspase 9 and caspase 3. N-Hydroxyphthalimide induces Apoptosis. N-Hydroxyphthalimide inhibits the phosphorylation of mTOR (Ser2448, Ser2481) and Akt (Ser473). N-Hydroxyphthalimide has anticancer effects against breast and colon cancer .

Cat. No.	Product Name	Target	Research Area

HY-P3003

Cereulide	Potassium Channel Apoptosis Autophagy Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Mitochondrial Metabolism	Infection Neurological Disease Metabolic Disease Inflammation/Immunology
Cereulide is an orally active, blood-brain barrier-permeable emetic toxin. Cereulide acts as a potassium ionophore that inserts into membranes, forms complexes with K ⁺, and transports K ⁺ from the cytoplasm into the mitochondrial matrix. Cereulide disrupts the electrochemical gradient of the inner mitochondrial membrane, leading to mitochondrial swelling and dysfunction, uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation, inhibition of ATP synthesis, ROS accumulation, and ultimately triggering apoptosis and autophagy. Cereulide exhibits multi-organ toxicity and can be used for research on emetic food poisoning .

HY-P10586A

Macrophage-activating lipopeptide 2 TFA MALP-2 TFA	Toll-like Receptor (TLR) NO Synthase	Cardiovascular Disease Metabolic Disease
Macrophage-activating lipopeptide 2 TFA is an agonist of Toll like receptors TLR-2/TLR-6. Macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2 enhances endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) phosphorylation and endothelial cell release of NO, thereby improving vasodilation. Macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2 enhances endothelial adhesion of white blood cells and improve perfusion recovery and collateral growth in the hind limbs of hypercholesterolemic Apoe deficient mice undergoing experimental femoral artery ligation (FAL) .

HY-P10586

Macrophage-activating lipopeptide 2 MALP-2	Toll-like Receptor (TLR) NO Synthase	Cardiovascular Disease
Macrophage-activating lipopeptide 2 (MALP-2) is an agonist of Toll like receptors TLR-2/TLR-6. Macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2 can enhance endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) phosphorylation and endothelial cell release of NO, thereby improving vasodilation. Macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2 can enhance endothelial adhesion of white blood cells and improve perfusion recovery and collateral growth in the hind limbs of hypercholesterolemic Apoe deficient mice undergoing experimental femoral artery ligation (FAL) .

Cat. No.	Product Name	Target	Research Area	Image

HY-P991432

VTX-0811	TNF Receptor NF-κB c-Myc	Cancer
VTX-0811 is a human IgG4 monoclonal antibody (mAb) targeting PSGL1/CD162. VTX-0811 up-regulates TNF-α/NF-κB and chemokine-mediated signaling and down-regulates oxidative phosphorylation, fatty acid metabolism, and Myc signaling pathways. VTX-0811 increases the proportion of CD8+ T cells among infiltrating T cells. VTX-0811 has antitumor activity in a humanized mouse PDX model of melanoma .

Cat. No.	Product Name	Category	Target	Chemical Structure

HY-B2227

Lactic acid 50+ Cited Publications DL-Lactic acid; E-270	Human Gut Microbiota Metabolites Classification of Application Fields Anti-aging Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids Other Diseases Endogenous metabolite Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Environmental Pollutants Endogenous Metabolite Bacterial Hydroxycarboxylic Acid Receptor (HCAR)
Lactic acid (DL-Lactic acid) is a hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1 (HCAR1) activator and an epigenetic modulator inducing lysine residues lactylation. Lactic acid is a glycolysis end-product, bridging the gap between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. Lactic acid is an oncometabolite and has immune protective role of lactate in anti-tumor immunity . Lactic acid also has antimicrobial activity, which can be used as a food preservative .

HY-N6782

Oligomycin Maximum Cited Publications 105 Publications Verification	Infection Microorganisms Antifungal Macrolide Antibiotics Classification of Application Fields Antibiotics Disease Research Anticancer Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Oxidative Phosphorylation ATP Synthase Fungal Antibiotic
Oligomycin, an antifungal antibiotic, is an inhibitor of H ⁺-ATP-synthase. Oligomycin blocks oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain. Oligomycin inhibits HIF-1alpha expression in hypoxic tumor cells .

HY-N6687

Calcimycin 20+ Cited Publications A-23187; Antibiotic A-23187	Infection Structural Classification Microorganisms Classification of Application Fields Antibiotics Antibacterial Disease Research Disease Research Fields Polyether Antibiotics Source Classification	Oxidative Phosphorylation Bacterial Fungal Apoptosis Autophagy Antibiotic
Calcimycin (A-23187) is an antibiotic and a unique divalent cation ionophore (like calcium and magnesium). Calcimycin induces Ca ²⁺-dependent cell death by increasing intracellular calcium concentration. Calcimycin inhibits the growth of Gram-positive bacteria and some fungi. Calcimycin also inhibits the activity of ATPase and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) of mammalian cells. Calcimycin induces apoptosis and autophagy .

HY-113596

Acetyl Coenzyme A trisodium 4 Publications Verification Acetyl-CoA trisodium	Natural Products Classification of Application Fields Metabolic Disease Endogenous metabolite Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Oxidative Phosphorylation Endogenous Metabolite Autophagy
Acetyl-coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA) trisodium is a membrane-impermeant central metabolic intermediate, participates in the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation metabolism. Acetyl-coenzyme A trisodium, regulates various cellular mechanisms by providing (sole donor) acetyl groups to target amino acid residues for post-translational acetylation reactions of proteins. Acetyl Coenzyme A trisodium is also a key precursor of lipid synthesis .

HY-113076

Thiamine pyrophosphate 1 Publications Verification Cocarboxylase	Human Gut Microbiota Metabolites Classification of Application Fields Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids Metabolic Disease Endogenous metabolite Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Endogenous Metabolite
Thiamine pyrophosphate is the coenzyme form of Vitamin B1, and is a required intermediate in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and the ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. Thiamine pyrophosphate is necessary for oxidative phosphorylation and the pentose phosphate pathway by acting as a cofactor for α-ketoacid dehydrogenases .

HY-113491

3-Phosphoglyceric acid 3-PGA; 3-Glycerophosphoric acid	Structural Classification Human Gut Microbiota Metabolites Microorganisms Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids Endogenous metabolite Source Classification	Endogenous Metabolite
3-Phosphoglyceric acid is a metabolic intermediate in both glycolysis and the Calvin cycle. 3-Phosphoglyceric acid is involved in alveolar macrophage epigenetic regulation.

HY-N10574

Queuine 1 Publications Verification	Alkaloids Microorganisms Pyrrole Alkaloids Source Classification	Bacterial
Queuine is a selective substrate for tRNA guanine transglycosylase (TGT) and can be incorporated into eukaryotic tRNA. Queuine promotes tRNA modification, affecting mitochondrial function and Warburg metabolic phenotype. If Queuine is deficient, aerobic glycolysis can be enhanced, oxidative phosphorylation can be inhibited, and Warburg metabolism can be promoted, accompanied by increased ammonia and lactate production and increased lactate dehydrogenase activity. Queuine can be used for autoimmune diseases (such as experimental models of multiple sclerosis) and cancer metabolic regulation, and its deficiency is associated with low tRNA modification in tumor cells .

HY-B1092

Gluconate Calcium Calcium D-gluconate; Gluconic acid hemicalcium salt	Structural Classification Classification of Application Fields Other Diseases Endogenous metabolite Disease Research Fields Saccharides Monosaccharides Source Classification	Environmental Pollutants Endogenous Metabolite Interleukin Related NO Synthase ERK
Gluconate (D-Gluconic acid) Calcium is an orally active glucose derivative. Gluconate Calcium reduces nitric oxide and inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL-6). Gluconate Calcium inhibits ERK phosphorylation. Gluconate Calcium has antioxidant and antiplatelet activation activities. Gluconate Calcium has antitumor activity against colorectal cancer. Gluconate Calcium improves osteoarthritis, intestinal damage and acute lung injury .

HY-W012722

4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid 1 Publications Verification α-Ketoisocaproic acid	Human Gut Microbiota Metabolites Immune System Disorder Microorganisms Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids Disease markers Endogenous metabolite Source Classification	Endogenous Metabolite Autophagy mTOR SOD
4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid (α-Ketoisocaproic acid) is a metabolite of L-leucine and is involved in energy metabolism. 4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid increases endoplasmic reticulum stress, promotes lipid accumulation in preadipocytes and insulin resistance by impairing mTOR and autophagy signaling pathways. 4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid also causes oxidative damage, leading to cognitive deficits, inhibits α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase activity, acts as an oxidative phosphorylation uncoupler and metabolic inhibitor. 4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid acts as a nutrient signal and stimulates skeletal muscle protein synthesis. 4-Methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid can be used in the study of maple syrup urine disease .

HY-N2118

Bilobetin 2 Publications Verification	Flavonoids Ginkgoaceae Classification of Application Fields Phenols Polyphenols Metabolic Disease Plants Biflavones Ginkgo biloba Disease Research Fields Source Classification	PPAR PKA Akt p38 MAPK ERK
Bilobetin, an active component of Ginkgo biloba, can reduce blood lipids and improve the effects of insulin. Bilobetin ameliorated insulin resistance, increased the hepatic uptake and oxidation of lipids, reduced very-low-density lipoprotein triglyceride secretion and blood triglyceride levels, enhanced the expression and activity of enzymes involved in β-oxidation and attenuated the accumulation of triglycerides and their metabolites in tissues. Bilobetin also increased the phosphorylation, nuclear translocation and activity of PPARα accompanied by elevated cAMP level and PKA activity .

HY-B1092A

Gluconate sodium D-Gluconic acid sodium salt; Sodium D-gluconate; D-Gluconate sodium salt	Structural Classification other families Classification of Application Fields Anti-aging Other Diseases Plants Endogenous metabolite Disease Research Fields Saccharides Monosaccharides Source Classification	Environmental Pollutants ERK NO Synthase Endogenous Metabolite Interleukin Related
Gluconate sodium (D-Gluconic acid sodium salt) is an orally active glucose derivative. Gluconate sodium reduces nitric oxide and inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL-6). Gluconate sodium inhibits ERK phosphorylation. Gluconate sodium has antioxidant and antiplatelet activation activities. Gluconate sodium has antitumor activity against colorectal cancer. Gluconate sodium improves osteoarthritis, intestinal damage and acute lung injury .

HY-N0103

Sophocarpine 10+ Cited Publications	Infection Alkaloids Piperidine Alkaloids Classification of Application Fields Leguminosae Sophora flavescens Aiton Plants Inflammation/Immunology Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Autophagy Apoptosis NF-κB PI3K Akt MEK ERK PTEN
Sophocarpine is a PTEN activator and an inhibitor of PI3K/Akt, MEK/ERK, and NF-κB signaling pathways. Sophocarpine upregulates PTEN expression and inhibits PI3K/Akt phosphorylation, arrests tumor cell cycle and induces apoptosis. Sophocarpine inhibits MEK/ERK phosphorylation and VEGF secretion, reducing tumor cell migration. Sophocarpine can also inhibit NF-κB activation and p38 and JNK phosphorylation, reduce the expression of inflammatory factors such as iNOS and COX-2, and activate the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway to reduce oxidative stress. Sophocarpine has anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects, and can be used in the research of cancers such as glioblastoma and colorectal cancer, inflammation-related diseases, and Doxorubicin (HY-15142A)-induced cardiac damage .

HY-125848

Ginsenoside F2	Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer Triterpenes Structural Classification Classification of Application Fields Terpenoids Plants Endogenous metabolite Disease Research Fields Araliaceae Source Classification Cancer	Apoptosis AMPK PPAR p38 MAPK PI3K Akt GSK-3 Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) SOD Caspase
Ginsenoside F2 is an orally active bioactive compound that participates in the regulation of metabolism and inflammation. Ginsenoside F2 promotes the phosphorylation of AMPK and ACC, binds to PPARγ, inhibits the phosphorylation of MAPK, activates the PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β pathway, reduces GLRX expression, and regulates lipid metabolism. Ginsenoside F2 reduces ROS production and MDA levels, restores SOD activity in cells, and alleviates oxidative stress. Ginsenoside F2 induces cell apoptosis (Apoptosis) and increases the number of cleaved caspase-3-positive cells. Ginsenoside F2 reduces body weight gain, adipose tissue weight and serum lipid levels in obese mice, and activates the hepatic AMPK signaling pathway and the expression of antioxidant enzymes. Ginsenoside F2 alleviates atopic dermatitis in mice by inhibiting inflammation and reshaping the gut microbiota . Ginsenoside F2 is applicable to research related to insulin resistance, obesity, atopic dermatitis, liver cancer, glioblastoma and glioma .

HY-N2593

Isorhapontigenin 4 Publications Verification	Structural Classification Stilbenes Classification of Application Fields Gnetum cleistostachyum C. Y. Cheng Phenols Polyphenols Gnetaceae Plants Inflammation/Immunology Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase (CPT) Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Autophagy Apoptosis NF-κB PI3K Akt MMP Keap1-Nrf2
Isorhapontigenin is an orally active dietary polyphenol. Isorhapontigenin acts as a potent antioxidant that reduces the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Isorhapontigenin promotes the binding of JUN to the AP-1 site on the SESN2 promoter, induces SESN2 transcription, triggers MAPK8-dependent JUN activation, and upregulates the expression of PPAR-α, PGC-1α and CPT-1A to facilitate fatty acid oxidation. Isorhapontigenin induces autophagy, apoptosis and preadipocyte differentiation; it inhibits tumor growth, cell invasion, NF-κB transcriptional activity, the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, STAT1 phosphorylation and MMP-2 expression. Isorhapontigenin alleviates oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokine release and triglyceride accumulation; it increases intracellular ATP levels and promotes Nrf2 nuclear translocation. Isorhapontigenin improves insulin sensitivity in adipose tissue and glucose tolerance, and reduces postprandial blood glucose, insulin and free fatty acid levels. Isorhapontigenin is applicable to research on bladder cancer, liver injury, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, acute lung injury and type 2 diabetes .

HY-B1729

Phenoxyethanol	Source Classification	Environmental Pollutants Bacterial Fungal Oxidative Phosphorylation
Phenoxyethanol has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial agent. Phenoxyethanol is an uncouple agent in oxidative phosphorylation from respiration and competitively inhibits malate dehydrogenase. Phenoxyethanol is used as a preservative in cosmetic, vaccine, and textile, et al .

HY-N7056

4'-Hydroxychalcone 3 Publications Verification	Chalcones Monophenols Flavonoids Classification of Application Fields Leguminosae Phenols Plants Endogenous metabolite Inflammation/Immunology Disease Research Fields Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. Source Classification	Oxidative Phosphorylation Proteasome
4'-Hydroxychalcone is a chalcone isolated from licorice root, with hepatoprotective activity. 4'-Hydroxychalcone inhibits TNFα-induced NF-κB activation via proteasome inhibition. 4'-Hydroxychalcone induces a rapid potassium release from mitochondrial vesicles and causes deterioration of respiratory control and oxidative phosphorylation of isolated rat liver mitochondria .

HY-N2406

Dihydrocaffeic acid 2 Publications Verification 3,4-Dihydroxy-benzenepropanoic acid	Human Gut Microbiota Metabolites Classification of Application Fields Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids Phenols Polyphenols Endogenous metabolite Inflammation/Immunology Disease Research Fields Source Classification	p38 MAPK Endogenous Metabolite Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) NO Synthase
Dihydrocaffeic acid is a microbial metabolite of flavonoids. Dihydrocaffeic acid scavenges intracellular ROS and increases nitric oxide synthase activity. Dihydrocaffeic acid reduces phosphorylation of MAPK p38 and prevent UVB-induced skin damage. Dihydrocaffeic acid has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cartilage degradation activities .

HY-114293A

Acetyl coenzyme A trilithium Acetyl-CoA trilithium	Cardiovascular Disease Structural Classification Natural Products Classification of Application Fields Metabolic Disease Endogenous metabolite Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Oxidative Phosphorylation Endogenous Metabolite Autophagy
Acetyl-coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA) trilithium is a membrane-impermeant central metabolic intermediate, participates in the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation metabolism. Acetyl-coenzyme A trilithium regulates various cellular mechanisms by providing (sole donor) acetyl groups to target amino acid residues for post-translational acetylation reactions of proteins. Acetyl Coenzyme A trilithium is also a key precursor of lipid synthesis .

HY-N0493

Pectolinarigenin 2 Publications Verification	Structural Classification Flavonoids Classification of Application Fields Flavones Campylotropis hirtella (Franch.) Schindl. Phenols Polyphenols Plants Compositae Inflammation/Immunology Disease Research Fields Source Classification	COX Lipoxygenase NF-κB p38 MAPK ERK HIF/HIF Prolyl-Hydroxylase Keap1-Nrf2 PI3K Apoptosis Autophagy
Pectolinarigenin is an orally active dual inhibitor of COX-2/5-LOX with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor and neuroprotective activities. Pectolinarigenin exerts neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects on astrocyte inflammation via the NFκB and MAPK pathways. Pectolinarigenin inhibits LPS-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2, N-FκB and p38MAPK, directly inhibits the enzymatic activity or binding of COX-2, 5-LOX and HIF-1α, and reduces the level of XIAP. Pectolinarigenin modifies Keap1 to promote nuclear accumulation of Nrf2, induces ARE-mediated antioxidant enzyme expression, and possesses direct free radical scavenging activity. Pectolinarigenin reduces the release of NO, proinflammatory mediators and leukotrienes, and increases the level of IL-10. Pectolinarigenin induces G₂/M cell cycle arrest, apoptosis (Apoptosis) and autophagy (Autophagy) via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Pectolinarigenin reduces renal crystal deposition and inhibits melanin synthesis. Pectolinarigenin inhibits inflammation and alleviates allergy in mouse models of inflammation. Pectolinarigenin alleviates renal injury, inflammation and oxidative stress in mice by inhibiting HIF-1α activity. Pectolinarigenin can be used for the research of neurodegenerative diseases, inflammatory/allergic diseases, calcium oxalate nephrocalcinosis, gastric cancer, melasma, post-inflammatory diseases and chloasma .

HY-114293

Acetyl coenzyme A Acetyl-CoA	Cardiovascular Disease Structural Classification Natural Products Human Gut Microbiota Metabolites Microorganisms Classification of Application Fields Metabolic Disease Endogenous metabolite Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Oxidative Phosphorylation Endogenous Metabolite Autophagy
Acetyl-coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA) is a membrane-impermeant central metabolic intermediate, participates in the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation metabolism. Acetyl-coenzyme A, regulates various cellular mechanisms by providing (sole donor) acetyl groups to target amino acid residues for post-translational acetylation reactions of proteins. Acetyl Coenzyme A is also a key precursor of lipid synthesis .

HY-N1482

Methyl palmitate	Structural Classification Classification of Application Fields Verbenaceae Ranunculaceae Plants Thalictrum acutifolium (Hand.-Mazz.) Boivin Inflammation/Immunology Disease Research Fields Lipid Lantana camaraLinn. Source Classification	Environmental Pollutants Parasite
Methyl palmitate is a naturally occurring fatty acid ester. Methyl palmitate is a potent inhibitor of ΙκB phosphorylation. Methyl palmitate modulates macrophage activity and down-regulates pro-inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α and nitric oxide (NO). Methyl palmitate possesses anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects. Methyl palmitate can inhibit LPS (HY-D1056)-induced Kupffer cells and rat peritoneal macrophages. Methyl palmitate is able to inhibit the phagocytic function of RAW cells. Methyl palmitate is antagonistic to muscarinic receptors. Methyl palmitate exerts cardioprotective effects against ischemia/reperfusion injury in vivo. Methyl palmitate is highly toxic against adult T. cinnabarinus .

HY-121362

Evernic Acid	Structural Classification other families Classification of Application Fields Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids Plants Inflammation/Immunology Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Bacterial Endogenous Metabolite TrxR
Evernic Acid is an orally active thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1) inhibitor and antiproliferative agent. Evernic Acid inhibits the proliferation and migration of human breast cancer cells. Evernic Acid blocks the NF-κB pathway by inhibiting p65 nuclear translocation and IκBα phosphorylation, thereby suppressing downstream inflammatory mediators. Evernic Acid acts as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory agent and neuroprotective agent, protects neurons from cell death, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress damage, reduces astrocyte activation, and ameliorates dopaminergic neuron loss and neuroinflammation. Evernic Acid inhibits enoyl reductases FabI and FabZ of Plasmodium falciparum. Evernic Acid downregulates the expression of lasB and rhlA genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, inhibits quorum sensing and biofilm formation, and exerts antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. Evernic Acid is applicable to research related to breast cancer, Parkinson's disease, bacterial infections and fungal infections .

HY-N12586

Pheophytin a	Suaeda vermiculata Forssk. ex J.F.Gmel. Structural Classification Alkaloids Other Alkaloids Amaranthaceae Plants Source Classification	ERK Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) COX PGE synthase STAT HCV HCV Protease
Pheophytin a is a multi-target inhibitor, anticancer agent, antioxidant and antiviral agent. Pheophytin a directly binds to and inhibits HCV-NS3/4A protease (IC₅₀=0.89 μM) to block viral replication. Pheophytin a also scavenges free radicals, reduces ferric ions, and exhibits cytotoxic activity against breast cancer cells. Pheophytin a effectively inhibits LPS-induced production of nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2, NOS2 and COX-2, as well as various pro-inflammatory cytokines, by downregulating the transcription levels of inflammatory mediators and blocking the ERK1/2 and STAT-1 pathways. In a low nerve growth factor environment, Pheophytin a also enhances ERK1/2 phosphorylation and synergistically promotes neurite outgrowth through MAPK pathway. Pheophytin a can be used to investigate the pathogenic mechanisms of diseases including chronic hepatitis C, sepsis, breast cancer and Alzheimer's disease .

HY-B2227R

Lactic acid (Standard) DL-Lactic acid (Standard); E-270 (Standard)	Human Gut Microbiota Metabolites Microorganisms Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids Endogenous metabolite Source Classification	Reference Standards Endogenous Metabolite Hydroxycarboxylic Acid Receptor (HCAR) Bacterial
Lactic acid (Standard) (DL-Lactic acid (Standard)) is the analytical standard of Lactic acid (HY-B2227). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Lactic acid (DL-Lactic acid) is a hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1 (HCAR1) activator and an epigenetic modulator inducing lysine residues lactylation. Lactic acid is a glycolysis end-product, bridging the gap between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. Lactic acid is an oncometabolite and has immune protective role of lactate in anti-tumor immunity . Lactic acid also has antimicrobial activity, which can be used as a food preservative .

HY-P3003

Cereulide	Microorganisms Source Classification	Potassium Channel Apoptosis Autophagy Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Mitochondrial Metabolism
Cereulide is an orally active, blood-brain barrier-permeable emetic toxin. Cereulide acts as a potassium ionophore that inserts into membranes, forms complexes with K ⁺, and transports K ⁺ from the cytoplasm into the mitochondrial matrix. Cereulide disrupts the electrochemical gradient of the inner mitochondrial membrane, leading to mitochondrial swelling and dysfunction, uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation, inhibition of ATP synthesis, ROS accumulation, and ultimately triggering apoptosis and autophagy. Cereulide exhibits multi-organ toxicity and can be used for research on emetic food poisoning .

HY-113469

Cyclic GMP 1 Publications Verification	Natural Products Human Gut Microbiota Metabolites Microorganisms Endogenous metabolite Source Classification	Endogenous Metabolite
Cyclic GMP (cGMP), an important second messenger, is a major intracellular mediator of extracellular signals such as nitric oxide (NO) and natriuretic peptides (NPs). Effects of Cyclic GMP occur through three main groups of cellular targets: cGMP-dependent protein kinases (PKGs), cGMP-gated cation channels, and PDEs. Cyclic GMP can inhibit both platelet adhesion and aggregation. cGAMP (Cyclic-GMP-AMP) (HY-12512), a conjugate of Cyclic GMP and AMP, can induce IRF3 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation, enhancing antiviral immune responses .

HY-W010451

1,2,4-Trihydroxybenzene Hydroxyhydroquinone	Cardiovascular Disease Microorganisms Classification of Application Fields Phenols Polyphenols Disease Research Fields Source Classification	PERK Eukaryotic Initiation Factor (eIF) Potassium Channel Apoptosis
1,2,4-Trihydroxybenzene (Hydroxyhydroquinone) is an ER stress inducer that targets proteins such as PKR-like ER kinase PERK to induce cytotoxicity. 1,2,4-Trihydroxybenzene selectively activates eIF2α phosphorylation, activates the PERK-eIF2α signaling pathway and induces stress granule formation. 1,2,4-Trihydroxybenzene subsequently exacerbates oxidative stress and causes DNA double-strand breaks, destroying organelles such as mitochondria and ER, and inducing cell death. 1,2,4-Trihydroxybenzene also has the potential to exhibit anti-tumor effect, increase blood pressure, and relieve spasm .

HY-N0008

Orcinol glucoside	Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. Structural Classification Monophenols Phenols Plants Amaryllidaceae Source Classification	Wnt p38 MAPK mTOR Keap1-Nrf2 TGF-β Receptor
Orcinol glucoside is an orally active, blood-brain barrier permeable osteoblast proliferation promoter that targets the Nrf2/Keap1, mTOR and p38 signaling pathways. Orcinol glucoside promotes Nrf2 nuclear translocation, upregulates antioxidant enzyme levels, enhances the phosphorylation of mTOR and p70S6K, and inhibits the enzymatic activity of HAS2 as well as the nuclear translocation of GR. Orcinol glucoside also alleviates oxidative stress, inhibits autophagic flux, osteoclastogenesis and TGF-β1-induced M2 polarization, while reducing collagen deposition and effectively promoting the proliferation, differentiation and mineralization of osteoblasts. Orcinol glucoside also exhibits anti-pulmonary fibrosis, anxiolytic and antidepressant activities. Orcinol glucoside can be used in the research of senile and glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), anxiety and other related diseases .

HY-N1677

2,6-Dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone	Infection Quinones other families Classification of Application Fields Metabolic Disease Benzene Quinones Plants Endogenous metabolite Inflammation/Immunology Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Akt mTOR Bacterial Fungal AMPK
2,6-Dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone is a 1,4-benzoquinone derivative. 2,6-Dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone promotes phosphorylation of AKT, S6K, mTOR, 4E-BP1, and AMPK, and attenuates mTORC1 activity as part of the AKT/mTOR pathway. 2,6-Dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone stimulates myoblast differentiation, increases myotube size, elevates MHC protein expression, enhances mitochondrial biogenesis, respiration, and DNA content, and increases skeletal muscle weights, fiber size, grip strength, and treadmill performance. 2,6-Dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone exerts anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-adipogenic, antibacterial, and antimutagenic effects, inhibits adipogenic transcription factors, nitric oxide production, skin tumor development, Magnaporthe oryzae growth, spore germination, appressorium formation, and growth of select bacterial species, induces H₂O₂ generation and rice defense gene expression, and reduces rice blast lesion formation. 2,6-Dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone can be used for the research of obesity, skin tumorigenesis, rice blast disease, and food-borne illness .

HY-N1921

Edpetiline 2 Publications Verification	Triterpenes Structural Classification other families Classification of Application Fields Terpenoids Plants Inflammation/Immunology Disease Research Fields Source Classification	NF-κB p38 MAPK TNF Receptor Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) COX Interleukin Related
Edpetiline is an anti-inflammatory agent. Edpetiline inhibits the phosphorylation of IκB, nuclear transcription/translocation of NF-κB p65, as well as the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and ERK MAPK. Edpetiline reduces intracellular ROS levels, inhibits the expression of TNF-α, IL-6, iNOS, COX-2, and promotes the expression of IL-4. Edpetiline is applicable to the research of diseases associated with inflammation and oxidative stress .

HY-N7133

Diphenylamine hydrochloride N-Phenylaniline hydrochloride	Natural Products Classification of Application Fields Other Diseases Amberboa moschata (L.) DC. Umbelliferae Plants Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Fungal Bacterial
Diphenylamine hydrochloride (N-Phenylaniline hydrochloride) is an antihyperglycemic agent with oral activity and a common structure in non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that uncouples oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, leading to a decrease in hepatic cell ATP levels and causing liver cell damage. Diphenylamine hydrochloride is also an industrial antioxidant, a dyeing mordant, and is used in agriculture as an antifungal and antibacterial agent .

HY-N4205

Tetrahydropiperine	Alkaloids Piperidine Alkaloids Classification of Application Fields Piperaceae Plants Disease Research Fields Piper nigrum Linn. Source Classification Cancer	Cytochrome P450
Tetrahydropiperine is an orally effective, selective inhibitor of NF-κB and MAPKs<、b>, and an activator of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR<、b> pathway. Tetrahydropiperine reduces the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, and nitric oxide (NO) by inhibiting the nuclear translocation of NF-κB and the phosphorylation of MAPKs such as ERK, JNK, and p38. At the same time, Tetrahydropiperine inhibits excessive autophagy by activating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, protecting neurons from oxidative damage. Tetrahydropiperine has anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and neuroprotective effects, and is mainly used in the study of inflammatory diseases (such as endotoxemia, arthritis) and neurological diseases such as ischemic stroke .

HY-B1729R

Phenoxyethanol (Standard)	Microorganisms Source Classification	Oxidative Phosphorylation Reference Standards Bacterial Fungal
Phenoxyethanol (Standard) is the analytical standard of Phenoxyethanol. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Phenoxyethanol has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial agent. Phenoxyethanol is an uncouple agent in oxidative phosphorylation from respiration and competitively inhibits malate dehydrogenase. Phenoxyethanol is used as a preservative in cosmetic, vaccine, and textile, et al .

HY-N10574A

Queuine dihydrochloride 1 Publications Verification	Alkaloids Microorganisms Pyrrole Alkaloids Source Classification	Others
Queuine dihydrochloride is a selective substrate for tRNA guanine transglycosylase (TGT) and can be incorporated into eukaryotic tRNA. Queuine dihydrochloride promotes tRNA modification, affecting mitochondrial function and Warburg metabolic phenotype. If Queuine dihydrochloride is deficient, aerobic glycolysis can be enhanced, oxidative phosphorylation can be inhibited, and Warburg metabolism can be promoted, accompanied by increased ammonia and lactate production and increased lactate dehydrogenase activity. Queuine dihydrochloride can be used for autoimmune diseases (such as experimental models of multiple sclerosis) and cancer metabolic regulation, and its deficiency is associated with low tRNA modification in tumor cells .

HY-113469A

Cyclic GMP sodium 1 Publications Verification	Natural Products Classification of Application Fields Endogenous metabolite Inflammation/Immunology Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Endogenous Metabolite
Cyclic GMP (cGMP) sodium, an important second messenger, is a major intracellular mediator of extracellular signals such as nitric oxide (NO) and natriuretic peptides (NPs). Effects of Cyclic GMP sodium occur through three main groups of cellular targets: cGMP-dependent protein kinases (PKGs), cGMP-gated cation channels, and PDEs. Cyclic GMP can inhibit both platelet adhesion and aggregation. cGAMP (Cyclic-GMP-AMP) (HY-12512), a conjugate of Cyclic GMP and AMP, can induce IRF3 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation, enhancing antiviral immune responses .

HY-N0092R

Inosine (Standard)	Structural Classification Natural Products Human Gut Microbiota Metabolites Microorganisms Endogenous metabolite Source Classification	Reference Standards Adenosine Receptor Endogenous Metabolite
Inosine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Inosine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Inosine is an endogenous purine nucleoside produced by catabolism of adenosine. Inosine has anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, immunomodulatory and neuroprotective effects. Inosine is an agonist for adenosine A₁ (A₁R) and A_2A (A_2AR) receptors . In Vitro:Inosine dose-dependently stimulates cAMP production mediated through the A_2AR . Inosine dose-dependently induces hA_2AR-mediated ERK1/2 phosphorylation . Inosine (100 μM; 24 hours) reduces oxidative stress in MES 23.5 cells cultured with astrocytes . In Vivo:Inosine (10-100 mg/kg; i.p.) exhibits antinociceptive effect in mice .

HY-N10423

Cubebin (-)-Cubebin	Structural Classification Classification of Application Fields Lignans Piperaceae Piper cubeba L.f. Phenylpropanoids Plants Inflammation/Immunology Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Cholinesterase (ChE) Bacterial Fungal Parasite p38 MAPK
Cubebin ((-)-Cubebin), a dibenzyl butyrolactone lignan, is an orally active AChE inhibitor. Cubebin binds to active sites of NF-κB, TNF-α, and TGF-β1 via hydrogen and hydrophobic interactions, obstructing critical residues to inhibit pro-inflammatory or renal fibrosis-related activity. Cubebin enhances p38 MAPK phosphorylation to increase tyrosinase gene expression, stimulating melanogenesis via elevated tyrosinase activity, expression, and mRNA levels. Cubebin reduces oxidative stress via enhanced endogenous antioxidant enzyme activity and inhibited lipid peroxidation, regulates lipid metabolism, improves glycemic control, and exerts renoprotective effects via reduced renal dysfunction markers and improved renal architecture. Cubebin shows antimicrobial activity. Cubebin exerts larvicidal activity against Angiostrongylus cantonensis larvae, with no cytotoxicity toward monkey or human cell lines or Caenorhabditis elegans. Cubebin can be used for the research of diabetic nephropathy, melanoma, colon adenocarcinoma, neuroangiostrongyliasis, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and depression .

HY-142026

Vitisin A (+)-Vitisin A	Structural Classification Vitis vinifera cv. Zalema Phenols Polyphenols Plants Vitaceae Source Classification	Caspase ERK NF-κB Influenza Virus PAK LDLR PPAR PCSK9 Androgen Receptor Keap1-Nrf2 Monoamine Oxidase Cholinesterase (ChE) IKK Wnt β-catenin Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Apoptosis Cuproptosis
Vitisin A ((+)-Vitisin A) is an orally active natural product with multiple pharmacological activities including anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-oxidant, anti-pathogenic microorganism, hypoglycemic and lipid-regulating, anti-osteoporotic, neuroprotective and cardiovascular protective effects. Vitisin A exhibits inhibitory effects on human AChE and MAO-B with IC₅₀ values of 1.29 µM and 4.94 µM, respectively. Vitisin A inhibits the ERK, MAPK, NF-κB, STAT1, HMGCR and TRAF6 pathways, downregulates the related phosphorylation and protein expression, while activates the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and upregulates p21 expression. Vitisin A induces tumor cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, inhibits adipogenesis and lipid accumulation, while alleviates oxidative stress, suppresses inflammatory responses, blocks hepatic fibrosis, Cuproptosis and cholesterol synthesis, and increases the expression levels of central BDNF and TrkB. Vitisin A can be used in the research of tumors, infectious diseases, metabolic diseases, bone and joint diseases, liver diseases, skin injuries, as well as neurodegenerative and cognitive dysfunction-related diseases .

HY-N5073

Vitexin-4''-O-glucoside 4''-O-Glucosylvitexin	Cardiovascular Disease Structural Classification Flavonoids Classification of Application Fields Flavones Rosaceae Phenols Polyphenols Crataegus pinnatifida Bge. Plants Disease Research Fields Source Classification	JNK p38 MAPK Interleukin Related TNF Receptor Caspase Lactate Dehydrogenase Apoptosis
Vitexin-4''-O-glucoside (4''-O-Glucosylvitexin) is an orally active natural flavonoid component with multiple pharmacological effects including antioxidation, anti-inflammation, cytoprotection and anti-apoptosis. Vitexin-4''-O-glucoside regulates the MAPK signaling pathway by downregulating the phosphorylation levels of JNK and p38, thereby blocking endoplasmic reticulum stress responses. Vitexin-4''-O-glucoside alleviates oxidative stress by reducing MDA content and upregulating the activities of SOD and CAT, attenuates inflammation by downregulating the expressions of inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6, and also reduces LDH release and inhibits caspase-3 activation. Vitexin-4''-O-glucoside effectively improves drug-induced acute liver injury and exerts significant protective effects against myocardial hypoxia/reoxygenation injury. Vitexin-4''-O-glucoside can be used in studies on acute liver injury, cardiovascular diseases and myocardial hypoxia-reoxygenation injury .

HY-121811

Pongamol Lanceolatin C	Structural Classification Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre Leguminosae Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids Derris trifoliata Lour. Plants Source Classification	Glycosidase Phosphatase Interleukin Related TNF Receptor COX Beclin1 GLUT FAK Akt mTOR p38 MAPK Keap1-Nrf2 Apoptosis Amyloid-β Tau Protein Autophagy
Pongamol is an orally active flavonoid with an IC₅₀ of 75 μM and a K_i of 58 μM against PTPase-1B, and an IC₅₀ of 103.5 μM against intestinal α-Glycosidase. Pongamol reduces the release of IL‑1β, TNF‑α, COX‑2 and iNOS in cells, reverses the nuclear translocation of NF‑κB, and upregulates the levels of Beclin 1 and LC3 Ⅱ/LC3 Ⅰ. Pongamol promotes glucose uptake by increasing the level of GLUT4 on the surface of skeletal muscle cells. Pongamol inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition by suppressing the FAK/Akt-mTOR signaling pathway. Pongamol inhibits neuronal cytotoxicity, suppresses cell apoptosis and extends the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans by activating the MAPKs/Nrf2 signaling pathway. Pongamol exerts hypoglycemic effects in diabetic mouse models. Pongamol alleviates oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, Aβ deposition and excessive phosphorylation of Tau Protein, and restores autophagy function in Alzheimer's disease mouse models by inhibiting the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Pongamol is applicable to research related to Alzheimer's disease, type 2 diabetes, non-small cell lung cancer and postprandial hyperglycemia .

HY-113076R

Thiamine pyrophosphate (Standard) Cocarboxylase (Standard)	Structural Classification Human Gut Microbiota Metabolites Microorganisms Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids Endogenous metabolite Source Classification	Reference Standards Endogenous Metabolite
Thiamine pyrophosphate (Standard) is the analytical standard of Thiamine pyrophosphate. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Thiamine pyrophosphate is the coenzyme form of Vitamin B1, and is a required intermediate in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and the ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. Thiamine pyrophosphate is necessary for oxidative phosphorylation and the pentose phosphate pathway by acting as a cofactor for α-ketoacid dehydrogenases .

HY-111321

Fuscin	Quinones Microorganisms Classification of Application Fields Metabolic Disease Naphthalene Quinones Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Oxidative Phosphorylation CCR HIV Bacterial Mitochondrial Metabolism Endogenous Metabolite
Fuscin, a fungal metabolite, CCR5 receptor antagonist with anti-HIV effects. Fuscin is a respiration and **oxidative phosphorylation** inhibitor, and also a mitochondrial SH-dependent transport-linked functions inhibitor .

HY-N6908

Continentalic acid	Infection Structural Classification Classification of Application Fields Terpenoids Aralia continentalis Kitagawa Diterpenoids Plants Inflammation/Immunology Disease Research Fields Araliaceae Source Classification	Bacterial p38 MAPK Apoptosis PARP Bcl-2 Family Caspase Interleukin Related COX PERK JNK NF-κB NO Synthase SOD
Continentalic acid is a diterpenoid organic acid. Continentalic acid exhibits multiple activities including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective, antibacterial and antitumor effects. Continentalic acid alleviates oxidative stress, reduces pro-inflammatory cytokine production, inhibits MAPK phosphorylation and neutrophil infiltration, and induces growth inhibition and apoptosis of cancer cells. Continentalic acid can be used in research related to traumatic brain injury, cancer, inflammation and infections .

HY-N0103A

Sophocarpine monohydrate 10+ Cited Publications	Infection Alkaloids Piperidine Alkaloids Classification of Application Fields Leguminosae Sophora japonica L. Plants Inflammation/Immunology Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Autophagy Apoptosis NF-κB PI3K Akt MEK ERK
Sophocarpine monohydrate is a PTEN activator and an inhibitor of PI3K/Akt, MEK/ERK, and NF-κB signaling pathways. Sophocarpine monohydrate upregulates PTEN expression and inhibits PI3K/Akt phosphorylation, arrests tumor cell cycle and induces apoptosis. Sophocarpine monohydrate inhibits MEK/ERK phosphorylation and VEGF secretion, reducing tumor cell migration. Sophocarpine monohydrate can also inhibit NF-κB activation and p38 and JNK phosphorylation, reduce the expression of inflammatory factors such as iNOS and COX-2, and activate the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway to reduce oxidative stress. Sophocarpine monohydrate has anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects, and can be used in the research of cancers such as glioblastoma and colorectal cancer, inflammation-related diseases, and Doxorubicin (HY-15142A)-induced cardiac damage .

HY-113469R

Cyclic GMP (Standard)	Structural Classification Natural Products Human Gut Microbiota Metabolites Microorganisms Endogenous metabolite Source Classification	Endogenous Metabolite Reference Standards
Cyclic GMP (Standard) is the analytical standard of Cyclic GMP (HY-113469). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Cyclic GMP (cGMP), an important second messenger, is a major intracellular mediator of extracellular signals such as nitric oxide (NO) and natriuretic peptides (NPs). Effects of Cyclic GMP occur through three main groups of cellular targets: cGMP-dependent protein kinases (PKGs), cGMP-gated cation channels, and PDEs. Cyclic GMP can inhibit both platelet adhesion and aggregation. cGAMP (Cyclic-GMP-AMP) (HY-12512), a conjugate of Cyclic GMP and AMP, can induce IRF3 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation, enhancing antiviral immune responses .

HY-N12188

Stigmasta-3,5-dien-7-one	Structural Classification Harrisonia abyssinica Oliv. Cardiacglycosides Rutaceae Plants Steroids Source Classification	NF-κB TNF Receptor Interleukin Related p38 MAPK
Stigmasta-3,5-dien-7-one is a steroid compound that can be isolated from Harrisonia abyssinica. Stigmasta-3,5-dien-7-one blocks the NF-κB signaling pathway via down-regulation of phospho-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphorylation and degradation of inhibitor of NF-κB α. Stigmasta-3,5-dien-7-one reduces LPS (HY-D1056)-induced nitric oxide, PGE₂, and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in macrophages. Stigmasta-3,5-dien-7-one can be used for inflammation diseases .

HY-N11262

Sudachitin	Structural Classification Flavonoids Flavones Rutaceae Citrus sudachi Hort. ex Shirai. Plants Source Classification	Phosphodiesterase (PDE) Sirtuin PGC-1α p38 MAPK HSP TNF Receptor NO Synthase Apoptosis
Sudachitin is an orally active compound that potently inhibits mouse PDE1C and human PDE4B, with IC₅₀ values of 5.0 μM and 15.0 μM, respectively. Sudachitin upregulates Sirt1 and PGC‑1α expression in skeletal muscle to regulate energy metabolism and promote mitochondrial biogenesis. Sudachitin improves lipid metabolism, glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, energy expenditure, and fatty acid β‑oxidation. Sudachitin activates p38MAPK signaling, induces HSP27 phosphorylation and caspase‑dependent apoptosis, and blocks EGF‑driven keratinocyte migration and proliferation. Sudachitin suppresses LPS‑induced TNF‑α, NO, and iNOS expression in macrophages and shows potent anti‑inflammatory activity. Sudachitin can be used for the research of metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and psoriasis. .

HY-122949

Momordicine I 2 Publications Verification	Triterpenes Terpenoids Cucurbitaceae Plants Momordica charantia Linn. Source Classification	Apoptosis Autophagy DGK Mitochondrial Metabolism NO Synthase PI3K Akt Interleukin Related Src AMPK mTOR NF-κB c-Met/HGFR STAT Keap1-Nrf2 Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Oxidative Phosphorylation Endogenous Metabolite
Momordicine I is a cucurbitane-type triterpenoids. Momordicine I suppresses glioma growth by promoting apoptosis and impairing mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Momordicine I inhibits glycolysis, lipid metabolism, induces autophagy in HNC cells to suppress head and neck cancer growth. Momordicine I alleviates isoproterenol-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy through suppression of PLA2G6 and DGK-ζ. Momordicine I exerts its cardiovascular benefits by upregulating nitric oxide, inhibiting the activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), activating the PI3K/Akt pathway, reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. Momordicine I inhibits AKT1, IL-6, and SRC, suggesting its potential application in type 2 diabetes .

HY-N10133

Licoflavanone 3′-Prenylnaringenin	Structural Classification Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn. Flavonoids Leguminosae Flavonones Plants Source Classification	Bacterial mTOR Akt PI3K NF-κB Caspase JNK ERK COX NO Synthase Apoptosis
Licoflavanone (3′-Prenylnaringenin) is a flavanone with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities. Licoflavanone can be isolated from the leaf extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra. Licoflavanone downregulates the mTOR/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway to inhibit the proliferation, migration and invasion of cancer cells, while activates Bax, Bad and multiple caspase enzymes to induce apoptosis. Its anti-inflammatory effect is manifested by reducing the nuclear translocation of NF-κB, decreasing the phosphorylation levels of p38, JNK and ERK1/2, thereby inhibiting the expression of nitric oxide, proinflammatory cytokines, COX-2 and iNOS. Licoflavanone is used in studies on nasopharyngeal carcinoma and related mechanisms .

HY-165154

Cyclamidomycin Desdanine; Pyracrimycin A	Natural Products Microorganisms Source Classification	Antibiotic Bacterial Fungal Pyruvate Kinase Oxidative Phosphorylation
Cyclamidomycin (Desdanine) is an acrylamide antibiotic with antibacterial activity. Cyclamidomycin inhibits nucleoside diphosphate kinase and pyruvate kinase (in E. coli) and **oxidative phosphorylation** in rat liver mitochondria. Cyclamidomycin is active against S. aureus, M. flavus, S. lutea, B. subtilis, E. coli, S. flexneri, S. typhosa, P. vulgaris, and K. pneumoniae (MICs=3.12-25 mg/ml) .

Cat. No.	Product Name	Chemical Structure

HY-114293S

Acetyl coenzyme A-13C2 lithium

Acetyl coenzyme A- ¹³C₂ lithium is the ¹³C-labeled Acetyl coenzyme A (HY-114293). Acetyl-coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA) is a membrane-impermeant central metabolic intermediate, participates in the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation metabolism. Acetyl-coenzyme A, regulates various cellular mechanisms by providing (sole donor) acetyl groups to target amino acid residues for post-translational acetylation reactions of proteins. Acetyl Coenzyme A is also a key precursor of lipid synthesis .

HY-114293S5

Acetyl coenzyme A-d3

Acetyl coenzyme A-d₃ (Acetyl-CoA-d₃) is the deuterium labeled Acetyl coenzyme A (HY-114293). Acetyl-coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA) is a membrane-impermeant central metabolic intermediate, participates in the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation metabolism. Acetyl-coenzyme A, regulates various cellular mechanisms by providing (sole donor) acetyl groups to target amino acid residues for post-translational acetylation reactions of proteins. Acetyl Coenzyme A is also a key precursor of lipid synthesis .

HY-B2227BS

Lactic acid-d4 sodium (60% w/w in water)

Lactic acid-d₄ (DL-Lactic acid-d₄) sodium (60% in water) is the deuterium labeled Lactic acid sodium (60% in water) (HY-B2227B) . Lactic acid (DL-Lactic acid) sodium (60% w/w in water) is a hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1 (HCAR1) activator and an epigenetic modulator inducing lysine residues lactylation. Lactic acid sodium (60% w/w in water) is a glycolysis end-product, bridging the gap between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. Lactic acid sodium (60% w/w in water) is an oncometabolite and has immune protective role of lactate in anti-tumor immunity . Lactic acid sodium (60% w/w in water) also has antimicrobial activity, which can be used as a food preservative .

HY-B2227BS1

Lactic acid-d3 sodium (60% w/w in water)

Lactic acid-d₃ (DL-Lactic acid-d₃) sodium (60% in water) is the deuterium labeled Lactic acid sodium (60% in water) (HY-B2227B) . Lactic acid (DL-Lactic acid) sodium (60% w/w in water) is a hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1 (HCAR1) activator and an epigenetic modulator inducing lysine residues lactylation. Lactic acid sodium (60% w/w in water) is a glycolysis end-product, bridging the gap between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. Lactic acid sodium (60% w/w in water) is an oncometabolite and has immune protective role of lactate in anti-tumor immunity . Lactic acid sodium (60% w/w in water) also has antimicrobial activity, which can be used as a food preservative .

HY-P3003S

Cereulide-13C6

Cereulide- ¹³C₆ is a deuterated form of Cereulide. Cereulide is an orally active, blood-brain barrier-permeable emetic toxin. Cereulide acts as a potassium ionophore that inserts into membranes, forms complexes with K ⁺, and transports K ⁺ from the cytoplasm into the mitochondrial matrix. Cereulide disrupts the electrochemical gradient of the inner mitochondrial membrane, leading to mitochondrial swelling and dysfunction, uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation, inhibition of ATP synthesis, ROS accumulation, and ultimately triggering apoptosis and autophagy. Cereulide exhibits multi-organ toxicity and can be used for research on emetic food poisoning.

HY-W768336

Gluconate-13C6 sodium

Gluconate sodium- ¹³C₆ (D-Gluconic acid sodium salt- ¹³C₆) is the ¹³C-labeled Gluconate sodium (HY-B1092A). Gluconate sodium (D-Gluconic acid sodium salt) is an orally active glucose derivative. Gluconate sodium reduces nitric oxide and inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL-6). Gluconate sodium inhibits ERK phosphorylation. Gluconate sodium has antioxidant and antiplatelet activation activities. Gluconate sodium has antitumor activity against colorectal cancer. Gluconate sodium improves osteoarthritis, intestinal damage and acute lung injury .

HY-B1092AS

Gluconate-1-13C sodium

Gluconate-1- ¹³C (D-Gluconic acid-1- ¹³C) sodium is the ¹³C labeled Gluconate sodium (HY-B1092A). Gluconate (D-Gluconic acid) sodium is an orally active glucose derivative. Gluconate sodium reduces nitric oxide and inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL-6). Gluconate sodium inhibits ERK phosphorylation. Gluconate sodium has antioxidant and antiplatelet activation activities. Gluconate sodium has antitumor activity against colorectal cancer. Gluconate sodium improves osteoarthritis, intestinal damage and acute lung injury .

HY-B0831S

Buprofezin-d6

Buprofezin-d₆ is the deuterium labeled Buprofezin. Buprofezin is a broad-spectrum insecticide and chitin synthesis inhibitor that targets developmental stage coleopteran pests.Buprofezin promotes the conversion of energy metabolism from the aerobic tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and oxidative phosphorylation to anaerobic glycolysis. Buprofezin also promotes the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by inhibiting cytochrome c oxidase .

HY-W767865

Cyclic GMP sodium-13C5

Cyclic GMP sodium- ¹³C₅ is the ¹³C-labeled Cyclic GMP sodium (HY-113469A). Cyclic GMP (cGMP) sodium, an important second messenger, is a major intracellular mediator of extracellular signals such as nitric oxide (NO) and natriuretic peptides (NPs). Effects of Cyclic GMP sodium occur through three main groups of cellular targets: cGMP-dependent protein kinases (PKGs), cGMP-gated cation channels, and PDEs. Cyclic GMP can inhibit both platelet adhesion and aggregation. cGAMP (Cyclic-GMP-AMP) (HY-12512), a conjugate of Cyclic GMP and AMP, can induce IRF3 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation, enhancing antiviral immune responses .

HY-B1729S1

Phenoxyethanol-d4
Phenoxyethanol-d₄ is the deuterium labeled Phenoxyethanol. Phenoxyethanol has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial agent. Phenoxyethanol is an uncouple agent in oxidative phosphorylation from respiration and competitively inhibits malate dehydrogenase. Phenoxyethanol is used as a preservative in cosmetic, vaccine, and textile, et al .

HY-B1729S

Phenoxyethanol-d2
Phenoxyethanol-d₂ is the deuterium labeled Phenoxyethanol . Phenoxyethanol has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial agent. Phenoxyethanol is an uncouple agent in oxidative phosphorylation from respiration and competitively inhibits malate dehydrogenase. Phenoxyethanol is used as a preservative in cosmetic, vaccine, and textile, et al .

HY-W769991

Lactate sodium-13C2

Lactic acid- ¹³C₂ (DL-Lactic acid- ¹³C₂) sodium is the ¹³C-labeled Lactic acid sodium . Lactic acid (DL-Lactic acid) sodium is a hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1 (HCAR1) activator and an epigenetic modulator inducing lysine residues lactylation. Lactic acid sodium is a glycolysis end-product, bridging the gap between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. Lactic acid sodium is an oncometabolite and has immune protective role of lactate in anti-tumor immunity . Lactic acid sodium also has antimicrobial activity, which can be used as a food preservative .

HY-W654000

Cyclic GMP-13C,15N2

Cyclic GMP- ¹³C, ¹⁵N₂ is ¹³C and ¹⁵N labeled Cyclic GMP (HY-113469). Cyclic GMP (cGMP), an important second messenger, is a major intracellular mediator of extracellular signals such as nitric oxide (NO) and natriuretic peptides (NPs). Effects of Cyclic GMP occur through three main groups of cellular targets: cGMP-dependent protein kinases (PKGs), cGMP-gated cation channels, and PDEs. Cyclic GMP can inhibit both platelet adhesion and aggregation. cGAMP (Cyclic-GMP-AMP) (HY-12512), a conjugate of Cyclic GMP and AMP, can induce IRF3 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation, enhancing antiviral immune responses .

HY-W778179

Benoxaprofen-13C,d3

Benoxaprofen- ¹³C, d₃ is the ¹³C-labeled Benoxaprofen (HY-13568). Benoxaprofen (LRCL 3794) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent that blocks the biosynthesis of inflammatory mediators such as leukotrienes and prostaglandins by inhibiting 5-LOX, PGH2 synthase and cytochrome P-450. Benoxaprofen exhibits significant toxicity: it not only alters cellular redox status, uncouples oxidative phosphorylation and disrupts calcium ion homeostasis, but also causes liver injury through the formation of covalent adducts between its active metabolites and hepatic proteins. Benoxaprofen shows strong phototoxicity under ultraviolet irradiation, and induces erythrocyte lysis, mast cell degranulation and histamine release. Benoxaprofen is widely used in studies of urticaria and related phototoxic mechanisms .

HY-B1451S

Imidapril-d3 hydrochloride

Imidapril-d₃ hydrochloride (TA-6366-d₃) is the deuterium labeled Imidapril hydrochloride. Imidapril hydrochloride (TA-6366) is an orally active dual inhibitor of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and MMP-9. Imidapril hydrochloride inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced phosphorylation of c-Jun, MKK4 and JNK in monocytes, and downregulates the production of specific inflammatory factors such as TNF-α and IP-10, thereby exerting anti-inflammatory activity. Imidapril hydrochloride also effectively ameliorates mesangial expansion and reduces urinary albumin excretion by inhibiting angiotensin AngII production, lowering glomerular pressure and oxidative stress, thus delaying disease progression. Imidapril hydrochloride can also directly bind to the active site of MMP-9 to inhibit gelatinase activity, and suppress the enlargement of cerebral aneurysms without altering systemic blood pressure. Imidapril hydrochloride is widely applicable to related studies on autoimmune glomerulonephritis, diabetic nephropathy, cerebral aneurysms and other conditions .

HY-B1092AS2

Gluconate-d6 sodium

Gluconate-d₆ sodium (D-Gluconic acid sodium salt-d₆) is the deuterium labeled Gluconate sodium (HY-B1092A). Gluconate sodium (D-Gluconic acid sodium salt) is an orally active glucose derivative. Gluconate sodium reduces nitric oxide and inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL-6). Gluconate sodium inhibits ERK phosphorylation. Gluconate sodium has antioxidant and antiplatelet activation activities. Gluconate sodium has antitumor activity against colorectal cancer. Gluconate sodium improves osteoarthritis, intestinal damage and acute lung injury .

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oxidative phosphorylation

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