Drug Impurity Standards

Tranexamic acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of Tranexamic acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Tranexamic acid (cyclocapron), a cyclic analog of lysine, is an orally active antifibrinolytic agent. Tranexamic acid attenuates the effects of severe trauma, inhibits urokinase plasminogen activator and ameliorates dry wrinkles. Tranexamic acid can used for the research of hemostasis .

Enzalutamide (Standard) is the analytical standard of Enzalutamide. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Enzalutamide (MDV3100) is an androgen receptor (AR) antagonist with an IC₅₀ of 36 nM in LNCaP prostate cells. Enzalutamide is an autophagy activator.

Finerenone (Standard) is the analytical standard of Finerenone. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Finerenone (BAY 94-8862) is a third-generation, selective, and orally available nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) antagonist (IC₅₀=18 nM). Finerenone displays excellent selectivity versus glucocorticoid receptor (GR), androgen receptor (AR), and progesterone receptor (>500-fold). Finerenone has the potential for cardiorenal diseases research, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease.

Phenylacetylglycine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Phenylacetylglycine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Phenylacetylglycine is a gut microbial metabolite that can activate β2AR. Phenylacetylglycine protects against cardiac injury caused by ischemia/reperfusion.

4-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, a phenolic derivative of benzoic acid, could inhibit most gram-positive and some gram-negative bacteria, with an IC50 of 160 μg/mL.

Cytosine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Cytosine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Cytosine is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA. Cytosine modifications exhibit circadian oscillations that are involved in epigenetic diversity and aging.

Omeprazole (Standard) is the analytical standard of Omeprazole. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Omeprazole (H 16868) is an orally active H⁺,K⁺-ATPase inhibitor and a proton pump inhibitor. Omeprazole competitively inhibits CYP2C19, CYP3A4, and CYP2C9 activity. Omeprazole inhibits gastric acid secretion and can be used for acid-related gastrointestinal disorders. Omeprazole inhibits pancreatic cancer cell proliferation, induces apoptosis, autophagosome accumulation (elevated LC3-I and LC3-II levels), oxidative stress, and cytogenetic imbalance, modulates lysosomal transport, reduces inflammatory cytokines. Omeprazole alters small intestinal morphology and magnesium absorption, and induces gastric mucosa morphologic changes. Omeprazole also has neuroprotective and antibacterial effects.

6-Thioguanine (Standard) is the analytical standard of 6-Thioguanine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. 6-Thioguanine (Thioguanine; 2-Amino-6-purinethiol) is an anti-leukemia and immunosuppressant agent, acts as an inhibitor of SARS and MERS coronavirus papain-like proteases (PLpros) and also potently inhibits USP2 activity, with IC₅₀s of 25 μM and 40 μM for Plpros and recombinant human USP2, respectively.

Fluconazole (Standard) is the analytical standard of Fluconazole. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Fluconazole (UK-49858) is a triazole antifungal agent with excellent activities against a broad range of fungi, especially against Candida albicans. Fluconazole inhibits C. albicans and Candida kefyr with IC99s range from 0.20 μg/mL to 0.39 μg/mL.

Glimepiride (Standard) is the analytical standard of Glimepiride. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Glimepiride (Glimperide) is a medium-to-long acting sulfonylurea anti-diabetic compound with an ED50 of 182 μg/kg.

Amorolfine (hydrochloride) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Amorolfine (hydrochloride). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Amorolfine (Ro 14-4767/002) hydrochloride is a potent anti-fungal agent. Amorolfine hydrochloride inhibits ergosterol biosynthesis. Amorolfine hydrochloride has the potential for the research of Neoscytalidium dimidiatum onychomycosis.

3-Methylxanthine (Standard) is the analytical standard of 3-Methylxanthine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. 3-Methylxanthine is a blood-brain barrier-permeable cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor, with an IC₅₀ of 920 μM against guinea pig cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase. 3-Methylxanthine relaxes the spontaneous tension of isolated guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle preparations. Through a DRD1-dependent pathway, 3-Methylxanthine upregulates the expression of γH2AX and activated caspase-3, downregulates the expression of Bcl-2, and enhances Cisplatin-induced apoptosis (apoptosis) in ovarian cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. 3-Methylxanthine induces clonic convulsions in the central nervous system. 3-Methylxanthine is the major metabolite of Theophylline (HY-B0809). 3-Methylxanthine can be used in studies related to ovarian cancer and neurotoxic convulsions.

Emtricitabine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Emtricitabine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Emtricitabine is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with an EC₅₀ of 0.01 μM in PBMC cell. It is an antiviral agent for the treatment of HIV infection.

Apixaban (Standard) is the analytical standard of Apixaban. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Apixaban (BMS-562247-01) is a highly selective, reversible and orally active inhibitor of Factor Xa with K_i of 0.08 nM and 0.17 nM in human and rabbit, respectively. Apixaban is in development for the prevention and treatment of various thromboembolic diseases.

Erlotinib Hydrochloride Standard (CP-358774 hydrochloride Standard) is the analytical standard of Erlotinib Hydrochloride (HY-12008). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Erlotinib (CP-358774) Hydrochloride is a selective, orally active EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Erlotinib Hydrochloride also acts as a substrate and inhibitor of OATP2B1, with an IC₅₀ of approximately 0.079 μM for inhibiting OATP2B1-mediated uptake of estrone 3-sulfate. Erlotinib Hydrochloride blocks EGFR phosphorylation, downstream signal transduction, as well as the growth and proliferation of cancer cells. Erlotinib Hydrochloride inhibits MMP-10-mediated renal injury, fibrotic lesions, the ERK1/2, GSK-3β and β-catenin signaling pathways, as well as the deposition of fibronectin, α-SMA, collagen and renal injury markers. Erlotinib Hydrochloride is metabolized via CYP3A to produce the active metabolite OSI-420. Erlotinib Hydrochloride can be used in research related to non-small cell lung cancer, gastric cancer, papillary renal cell carcinoma, EGFR inhibitor resistance and renal fibrosis.

Gamma-glutamylcysteine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Gamma-glutamylcysteine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Gamma-glutamylcysteine (γ-Glu-Cys) is an orally active, blood-brain barrier permeable dipeptide. Gamma-glutamylcysteine activates AMPK, SIRT1, IL-4/STAT6, AC/cAMP/PI3K, IGF-1R/IRS1/PI3K, and Nrf2 signaling pathways; it inhibits NF-κB, JAK1/STAT1/3, MAPKs, cadmium-induced p38 MAPK, JNK, and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. Gamma-glutamylcysteine regulates macrophage polarization, modulates the trafficking of CD36 and GLUT4, induces glutathione synthesis, improves metabolic dysfunction, reduces lipid deposition, ameliorates glucose homeostasis, inhibits apoptosis (Apoptosis), stabilizes mitochondria, suppresses lipid peroxidation, iron accumulation and ferroptosis (Ferroptosis), reduces ds-HMGB1 levels, reverses mechanical hyperalgesia, and alleviates hepatic lipid droplet formation. Gamma-glutamylcysteine is applicable to research related to inflammatory bowel disease, type 2 diabetes, cadmium-induced neurotoxicity, Alzheimer's disease, cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, neuropathy, and alcoholic liver disease.

Glycoursodeoxycholic acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of Glycoursodeoxycholic acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Glycoursodeoxycholic acid, a acyl glycine and a bile acid-glycine conjugate, is a metabolite of ursodeoxycholic acid.

Thymine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Thymine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Thymine is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of DNA and can be a target for actions of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in cancer treatment, with a Km of 2.3 μM.

Capecitabine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Capecitabine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Capecitabine is an oral proagent that is converted to its active metabolite, 5-FU, by thymidine phosphorylase.

Alpha-Estradiol (Standard) is the analytical standard of Alpha-Estradiol. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Alpha-Estradiol is a weak estrogen and a 5α-reductase inhibitor which is used as a topical medication in the treatment of androgenic alopecia.