Others

Substance P (Neurokinin P) is a CNS-penetrant neuropeptide, acting as a neurotransmitter and as a neuromodulator in the CNS. The endogenous receptor for substance P is neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1-receptor, NK1R).

Pronase E (Activity ≥ 7000 U/g) is a mixture of proteolytic enzymes that is obtained from Streptomyces griseus and could digest protein into individual amino acids.

Aprotinin is a bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) inhibitor which inhibits trypsin and chymotrypsin with K_is of 0.06 pM and 9 nM, respectively.

Dimethyl 2-oxoglutarate (Dimethyl α-ketoglutarate) is a cell-permeable derivative of 2-oxoglutarate and tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolite with antioxidant properties. Dimethyl 2-oxoglutarate inhibits Autophagy. Dimethyl 2-oxoglutarate prevents mitochondrial damage and reduces ROS production. Dimethyl 2-oxoglutarate alleviates Carbon tetrachloride (HY-Y0298)-induced liver fibrosis. Dimethyl-2-oxoglutaric acid can be used in the research of diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, and cardiomyopathy.

Acetylcholine chloride (ACh chloride), a neurotransmitter, is a potent and BBB-permeable cholinergic agonist. Acetylcholine chloride is a modulator of the activity of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons through the stimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Acetylcholine chloride inhibits p53 mutant peptide aggregation in vitro.

2',3'-cGAMP (2'-3'-cyclic GMP-AMP) is a endogenous cGAMP in mammalian cells. 2',3'-cGAMP binds to STING with a high affinity and is a potent inducer of interferon-β (IFNβ). 2',3'-cGAMP is produced in mammalian cells in response to DNA in the cytoplasm.

L-Carnitine ((R)-Carnitine), a highly polar, small zwitterion, is an essential co-factor for the mitochondrial β-oxidation pathway. L-Carnitine functions to transport long chain fatty acyl-CoAs into the mitochondria for degradation by β-oxidation. L-Carnitine is an antioxidant. L-Carnitine can ameliorate metabolic imbalances in many inborn errors of metabolism.

Cytochalasin D (Zygosporin A) is a potent actin polymerization inhibitor, could be derived from fungus. Cytochalasin D has cell-permeable activity. Cytochalasin D inhibits the G-actin–cofilin interaction by binding to G-actin. Cytochalasin D also inhibits the binding of cofilin to F-actin and decreases the rate of both actin polymerization and depolymerization in living cells. Cytochalasin D can reduce exosome release, in turn reducing the amount of survivin present in the tumour environment. Cytochalasin D induces phosphorylation and cytoplasmic retention of Yap.

Papain is a cysteine protease of the peptidase C1 family. Papain enhances red cell agglutination by anti-D and anti-A, and increases red cell sensitivity to K cell-mediated lysis in ADCC assays. Papain can induce pulmonary emphysema. Papain can be used for the researches of Rh haemolytic disease of the newborn and pulmonary emphysema.

Histamine is the agonist for histamine receptor and a vasodilator. Histamine is an organic nitrogen compound that participates in local immune responses, regulates intestinal physiological functions, and acts as a neurotransmitter. Histamine affects p38 MAPK/Akt signaling pathway, exhibits antitumor, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Histamine can be used in the research of acute myeloid leukemia, malignant melanoma, and renal cell carcinoma.

Uridine (β-Uridine) is a nucleoside compound composed of uracil and a ribose ring, which are connected by a β-N1-glycosidic bond.

Propranolol is a nonselective and BBB-permeable β-adrenergic receptor (βAR) antagonist, has high affinity for the β1AR and β2AR with K_i values of 1.8 nM and 0.8 nM, respectively. Propranolol inhibits [³H]-DHA binding to rat brain membrane preparation with an IC₅₀ of 12 nM. Propranolol is used for the study of hypertension, pheochromocytoma, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

β-Glycerophosphate disodium salt pentahydrate is a bioactive endogenous metabolite and a phosphatase inhibitor. β-Glycerophosphate disodium salt pentahydrate plays an important role in inducing and maintaining osteoblast differentiation, mineral metabolism and signal transduction, and can be used as a drug carrier to form heat-sensitive hydrogels. β-Glycerophosphate disodium salt hydrate accelerates the calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells.

Neutral protease, Paenibacillus polymyxa (Dispase II, Dispase) is a neutral protease and potent fibronectinase and type IV collagenase. Neutral protease, Paenibacillus polymyxa can be used to separate the intact epidermis from the dermis and intact epithelial sheets in culture from the substratum.

Spermine is a natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. Spermine is known to inhibit some bacterial cultures, especially strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Spermine can reversibly inhibits DNA synthetic response, mixed lymphocyte response and the induction of cytolytic lymphocyte response in primary cultures of murine spleen cells. Spermine is a polyamine nitric oxide donor that can provide nitric oxide to platelets and inhibit platelet activation to a certain extent concentration-dependently. Spermine occurs in mammalian tissues, plants, bacteria, ribosomes and bacteriophage. Spermine inhibits primary human embryo lung fibroblasts in vitro.

Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is an orally active and brain-penetrant Nrf2 activator and induces upregulation of antioxidant gene expression. Dimethyl fumarate induces necroptosis in colon cancer cells through GSH depletion/ROS increase/MAPKs activation pathway, and also induces cell autophagy. Dimethyl fumarate can be used for multiple sclerosis research.

β-Aminopropionitrile (BAPN) is a specific, irreversible and orally active lysyl oxidase (LOX) inhibitor. β-Aminopropionitrile targets the active site of LOX or LOXL isoenzymes. β-Aminopropionitrile can be used for the study of obesity.

L-Leucyl-L-Leucine methyl ester (LLOMe) hydrobromide, a dipeptide condensation product of L-leucine methyl ester generated by human monocytes or polymorphonuclear leukocytes, selectively eliminates lymphocytes with cytotoxic potential. L-Leucyl-L-Leucine methyl ester hydrobromide also can induce endolysosomal pathway stress.

NADH disodium salt (Disodium NADH) is an orally effective reduced coenzyme. NADH disodium salt plays a role in regenerating electron donors during cellular energy metabolism, including glycolysis, β-oxidation, and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. NADH disodium salt regulates calcium homeostasis by promoting the opening of IP3-gated Ca²⁺ channels and inhibiting Ryanodine receptor, and affects mitochondrial function through direct interaction with VDAC. NADH disodium salt is used in cytoprotective studies related to cerebral ischemic injury, neurodegenerative diseases, aging, and signal transduction.

L-Ascorbic acid sodium salt (Sodium ascorbate), an electron donor, is an endogenous antioxidant agent. L-Ascorbic acid sodium salt selectively inhibits Ca_v3.2 channels with an IC₅₀ of 6.5 μM. L-Ascorbic acid sodium salt is also a collagen deposition enhancer and an elastogenesis inhibitor.