Adrenergic Receptor Inhibitor

LY 78335 (DCMB) is a brain-penetrant phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT) inhibitor with a K_i of 0.09 μM. LY 78335 acts as an α₂-adrenoceptor inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 10 μM. LY 78335 increases spontaneous locomotor activity in rats. LY 78335 increases extracellular concentration of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) in rat hypothalamus. LY 78335 prevents growth hormone (GH) secretion in rats. LY 78335 can be used for the research of depression.

Clozapine (HF 1854) is an antipsychotic used for the research of schizophrenia. Clozapine has high affinity for a number of neuroreceptors. Clozapine is a potent antagonist of dopamine D2 with a K_i of 75 nM. Clozapine inhibits the muscarinic M1 receptor and serotonin 5HT2A receptor with K_is of 9.5 nM and 4 nM, respectively. Clozapine is also a potent and selective agonist at the muscarinic M4 receptor (EC₅₀=11 nM).

Carvedilol (BM 14190) is a non-selective β/α-1 blocker. Carvedilol inhibits lipid peroxidation in a dose-dependent manner with an IC₅₀ of 5 μM. Carvedilol is a multiple action antihypertensive agent with potential use in angina and congestive heart failure. Carvedilol is an autophagy inducer that inhibits the NLRP3 inflammasome.

Nebivolol (R 065824) hydrochloride is an orally active beta receptor blocker and has the high beta(1)-receptor affinity.Nebivolol hydrochloride has direct vasodilator properties and adrenergic blocking characteristics. Nebivolol hydrochloride can be used for the research of kinds of diseases such as hypertension, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure and ischemic heart disease.

2',5'-Dideoxyadenosine is a potent and non-competitive adenylyl cyclase inhibitor via binding the P-site with an IC₅₀ of 3 µM . 2',5'-Dideoxyadenosine is a nucleoside analog and exerts a potent antiadrenergic action in heart.

Ritanserin (R 55667) is a highly potent, relatively selective, orally active, long acting antagonist of 5-HT₂ receptor, with an IC₅₀ of 0.9 nM, less active on Histamine H₁, Dopamine D₂, Adrenergic α₁, Adrenergic α₂ receptors.

L748337 is a potent β3-adrenergic receptor antagonist and displays selectivity over β1 and β2 receptors. The K_i values of L748337 for β3-, β2- and β1-adrenoceptors are 4.0 nM, 204 nM and 390 nM, respectively. L748337 couples predominantly to G_i to activate MAPK signaling and increases phosphorylation of Erk1/2 with pEC₅₀ value of 11.6. L748337 can be used for the research of cancer, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and cardiovascular related diseases.

Harmane is a benzodiazepine receptor inhibitor (IC₅₀=7 μM), with IC₅₀ values for mACh, Opioid Receptor, MAO-A/B, and α2-adrenergic receptor of 24 μM, 2.8 μM, 0.5 μM, 5 μM, and 18 μM, respectively. Harmane inhibits the I1 imidazoline receptor (IC₅₀ = 30 nM) to reduce blood pressure and has antidepressant, anti-anxiety, anticonvulsant, and analgesic effects. Harmane inhibits dopamine biosynthesis by decreasing tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity and enhancing L-DOPA-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells. Additionally, Harmane can increase the mutagenic effect induced by 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF).

Isoferulic acid (3-Hydroxy-4-methoxycinnamic acid) is an orally active cinnamic acid derivative. Isoferulic acid exhibits hypoglycemic, antiviral, and antioxidant activities. Isoferulic acid can also inhibit fructose- and glucose-mediated protein glycation. Isoferulic acid can be used in the research of diseases such as diabetes.

Nebivolol (R 065824) is an orally active beta receptor blocker and has the high beta(1)-receptor affinity. Nebivolol has direct vasodilator properties and adrenergic blocking characteristics. Nebivolol can be used for the research of kinds of diseases such as hypertension, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure and ischemic heart disease.

Fusaric acid is an orally active multi-pathway inhibitor with the activity of inducing oxidative stress and apoptosis. Fusaric acid can chelate divalent metal cations, damage mitochondrial membrane structure, and activate apoptosis-related proteases such as Caspase-3/7, -8, and -9. Fusaric acid also regulates Bax/Bcl-2 protein, inhibits fibrosis-related signaling pathways such as NF-κB, TGF-β₁/SMADs, and PI3K/AKT/mTOR, and reduces collagen deposition. Fusaric acid is also a dopamine β-hydroxylase inhibitor, which reduces endogenous levels of norepinephrine and epinephrine in the brain, heart, spleen, and adrenal glands. Fusaric acid can play a role in myocardial fibrosis and improve cardiac hypertrophy in heart disease, and can also be used in the study of esophageal cancer and liver cancer.

Bisoprolol hemifumarate is a potent, selective and orally active β1-adrenergic receptor blocker with little activity on β2-receptor. Bisoprolol hemifumarate has the potential for hypertension, coronary artery disease and stable ventricular dysfunction research.

Bisoprolol is a potent, selective and orally active β1-adrenergic receptor blocker with little activity on β2-receptor. Bisoprolol has the potential for hypertension, coronary artery disease and stable ventricular dysfunction research.

Butaxamine (Butoxamin) hydrochloride is a specific β2-adrenergic receptor blocker. Butaxamine hydrochloride inhibits the decreases in urine volume in ethanol-anesthetized, water-diuretic rats.

Hydroxybupropion is the major active metabolite of Bupropion. Hydroxybupropion is metabolized by CYP2B6. Bupropion is an atypical antidepressant and smoking-cessation agent. Hydroxybupropion inhibits norepinephrine uptake with an IC₅₀ value of 1.7 μM. Hydroxybupropion is also a nACh receptor antagonist .

Scoulerine ((-)-Scoulerine; Discretamine) hydrochloride is a multi-target inhibitor with anti-tumor and antioxidant activities. Scoulerine mainly targets the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling axis and α1D-adrenergic receptor, disrupts microtubule structure, and induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Scoulerine effectively inhibits mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity, targets GABA receptors and BACE1, and suppresses the proliferation, migration, invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and stem cell properties of cancer cells. Scoulerine also exhibits multiple pharmacological activities including anti-Plasmodium falciparum, antibacterial, antiemetic and antitussive effects, and regulates endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial function (modulates Bax, Bcl-2 and cytochrome c). Scoulerine is applicable to research related to leukemia, ovarian cancer, and colorectal cancer.

Dronedarone (SR 33589), a derivative of amiodarone (HY-14187), is a class III antiarrhythmic agent for the study of atrial fibrillation (AF) and atrial flutter. Dronedarone is a potent blocker of multiple ion currents, including potassium current, sodium current, and L-type calcium current, and exhibits antiadrenergic effects by noncompetitive binding to β-adrenergic receptors. Dronedarone is a substrate for and a moderate inhibitor of CYP3A4.

(R)-Carvedilol ((R)-BM 14190) is the orally active R-isomer of Carvedilol (HY-B0006). (R)-Carvedilol has α-receptor blocking activity but no β-receptor blocking activity. (R)-Carvedilol inhibits spontaneous Ca²⁺ waves. (R)-Carvedilol inhibits stress-induced ventricular tachycardia and delays the development of UV-induced skin tumors and reduces their malignancy.

(S)-Carvedilol, the S-enantiomer of Carvedilol, is a non-selective β/α-1 blocker. (S)-Carvedilol exerts protection against the vascular or cardiac toxicity of Doxorubicin (DOX).

Reboxetine mesylate (FCE20124 mesylate) is a potent, selective, and specific noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (NARI) for the research of depression. Reboxetine mesylate inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine, with a K_i of 8 nM.