COX
Cyclooxygenase (COX) catalyzes the conversion of arachidonic acid into prostaglandin G2 and prostaglandin H2, initiating prostanoid biosynthesis that regulates inflammation, vascular homeostasis, pain signaling, and tissue responses to injury[1][2]. Mechanistically, COX enzymes contain two major isoforms, COX-1 and COX-2, which catalyze the same biochemical reaction but differ in gene regulation, tissue distribution, intracellular localization, and substrate selectivity[1][2]. COX-1 is constitutively expressed in most tissues and contributes to gastric mucosal protection, platelet function, and renal hemodynamic maintenance, whereas COX-2 is rapidly induced by inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, and pathological stimuli[1][3]. In disease models, increased COX-2 expression is associated with chronic inflammatory disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and multiple cancer types, supporting its central role in inflammation-driven pathophysiology and tumor progression[1][2]. Compared with related isoforms, COX-2 contains a larger and more flexible substrate-binding channel that enables distinct inhibitor selectivity and broader fatty-acid utilization[1][4]. Therefore, selective and non-selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) remain important experimental tools for dissecting prostaglandin-dependent signaling pathways, while COX-2-selective inhibitors have been widely used to investigate inflammatory mechanisms and disease-associated prostanoid production[1][2][4].
References:
- [1]. Faki Y, et al. Different Chemical Structures and Physiological/Pathological Roles of Cyclooxygenases. Rambam Maimonides Med J. 2021 Jan 19;12(1):e0003. [Content Brief]
- [2]. Joanne P, et al. Lipid reorganization induced by membrane-active peptides probed using differential scanning calorimetry. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009 Sep;1788(9):1772-81. [Content Brief]
- [3]. Cyclooxygenase in sciencedirect topic.
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COX Related Products (740)
Related Products (740)
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Flurbiprofen axetil solution
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-FL101481CAS No.: 91503-79-6Flurbiprofen axetil solution is mainly composed of Flurbiprofen axetil (HY-101481). Flurbiprofen axetil is a non-selective COX inhibitor and a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent with anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. Flurbiprofen axetil inhibits basal-like breast cancer metastasis by inhibiting the MEK/ERK signaling pathway. Flurbiprofen axetil can promote neuroprotection after focal cerebral ischemia in rats by partially activating PPAR-γ. Flurbiprofen axetil alleviates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by reducing inflammation in a transient global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion rat model. Flurbiprofen axetil can alleviate inflammatory responses and cognitive function in a mild cognitive impairment (MCI) SD rat model through the AMPKα/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Naproxen ethyl ester
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-W339645CAS No.: 31220-35-6Synonyms: (S)-Naproxen ethyl esterNaproxen ethyl ester ((S)-Naproxen ethyl ester) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug with activity in relieving pain, fever, swelling and stiffness. Naproxen ethyl ester exerts its effects by inhibiting non-selective cyclooxygenase (COX). The R-(-)-isomer of Naproxen ethyl ester shows stronger immunogenicity, and the Michaelis-Menten parameter of its catalytic reaction is K(M)=6.67 mM, and the catalytic efficiency is 5.8 x 10^4 times higher than that of the non-catalytic reaction.
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Phenacetin-13C-1
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-B0476S3CAS No.: 286425-41-0Synonyms: Acetophenetidin-13C-1Phenacetin-13C-1 (Acetophenetidin-13C-1) is the 13C-labeled Phenacetin (HY-B0476). Phenacetin (Acetophenetidin) is a non-opioid analgesic/antipyretic agent. Phenacetin is a selective COX-3 inhibitor. Phenacetin is used as probe of cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP1A2 in human liver microsomes and in rats.
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Oxaprozin (Standard)
0 ImagesSynonyms: Oxaprozinum (Standard); Wy21743 (Standard)Oxaprozin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Oxaprozin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Oxaprozin is an orally active and potent COX inhibitor, with IC50 values of 2.2 μM for human platelet COX-1 and and 36 μM for IL-1-stimulated human synovial cell COX-2, respectively. Oxaprozin also inhibits the activation of NF-κB. Oxaprozin induces cell apoptosis. Oxaprozin shows anti-inflammatory activity. Oxaprozin-mediated inhibition of the Akt/IKK/NF-κB pathway contributes to its anti-inflammatory properties.
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Aurantio-obtusin (Standard)
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-N0261RCAS No.: 67979-25-3Aurantio-obtusin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Aurantio-obtusin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Aurantio-obtusin is a anthraquinone compound that can be extracted from cassia seed. Aurantio-obtusin has the effects of decreasing blood pressure, decreasing blood lipids and anti-inflammatory.Aurantio-obtusin is an orally active vasodilator. Aurantio-obtusin ameliorates hepatic steatosis through AMPK/ autophagy-and AMPK/TFEB mediated inhibition of lipid accumulation.
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7-O-Galloyl-D-sedoheptulose
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-N16527CAS No.: 233690-85-27-O-Galloyl-D-sedoheptulose is an orally effective polyphenolic compound. 7-O-Galloyl-D-sedoheptulose lowers the serum levels of glucose, leptin, insulin, C-peptide, resistin, TNF-α, IL-6, and increases the serum level of adiponectin. 7-O-Galloyl-D-sedoheptulose significantly reduces the levels of ROS and lipid peroxidation products (TBARS) by down-regulating the protein expression of NADPH oxidase subunit Nox-4 and p22phox. 7-O-Galloyl-D-sedoheptulose down-regulates NF-κB and related pro-inflammatory factors (COX-2, iNOS), inhibits the phosphorylation of JNK and the activity of its downstream AP-1. 7-O-Galloyl-D-sedoheptulose reduces the expression of TGF-β1 and fibronectin, indicating its potential in anti-tissue fibrosis. 7-O-Galloyl-D-sedoheptulose can be used for the study of type 2 diabetes and its hepatic and pancreatic complications.
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AHR-10037
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-119960CAS No.: 78281-73-9AHR-10037 is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with low gastric toxicity. AHR-10037 is a prodrug converted in vivo to a cyclooxygenase inhibitor.
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Flunoxaprofen
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-116873CAS No.: 66934-18-7
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Fenoprofen-13C6 sodium hydrate
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-B1456ASSynonyms: LILLY-53858-13C6 sodium hydrateFenoprofen-13C6 (LILLY-53858-13C6) sodium hydrate is the 13C labeled Fenoprofen (HY-B1456A).Fenoprofen (LILLY-53858) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) and inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX). Fenoprofen is a melanocortin receptors (MCRs) positive allosteric modulator (PAM). Fenoprofen also increases ERK1/2 activation in HEK293T cells. Fenoprofen has anti-arthritic activities and can be used for the study of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.
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COX-1/2-IN-4
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-155764CAS No.: 2967296-91-7COX-1/2-IN-4 (compound 2b) is anCOX inhibitorwith IC50 values of 0.239 μM and 0.191 μM for COX-1 enzyme and COX-2 enzyme , respectively. COX-1/2-IN-4showsmoderateanticanceractivity against COLO205 and B16F1 cancer cell lines with IC50 values of 30.79 and 74.15 μM, respectively.
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Tiaprofenic acid-d3
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-106579SCAS No.: 2740831-64-3Tiaprofenic acid-d3 is a deuterium labeled Tiaprofenic acid. Tiaprofenic acid is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) mainly used in the treatment of rheumatic diseases.
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Benoxaprofen-13C,d3
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-W778179CAS No.: 1329840-53-0Synonyms: LRCL 3794-13C,d3Benoxaprofen-13C, d3 is the 13C-labeled Benoxaprofen (HY-13568). Benoxaprofen (LRCL 3794) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent that blocks the biosynthesis of inflammatory mediators such as leukotrienes and prostaglandins by inhibiting 5-LOX, PGH2 synthase and cytochrome P-450. Benoxaprofen exhibits significant toxicity: it not only alters cellular redox status, uncouples oxidative phosphorylation and disrupts calcium ion homeostasis, but also causes liver injury through the formation of covalent adducts between its active metabolites and hepatic proteins. Benoxaprofen shows strong phototoxicity under ultraviolet irradiation, and induces erythrocyte lysis, mast cell degranulation and histamine release. Benoxaprofen is widely used in studies of urticaria and related phototoxic mechanisms.
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Oxyphenbutazone monohydrate (Standard)
0 ImagesOxyphenbutazone monohydrate (Standard) is the analytical standard of Oxyphenbutazone monohydrate. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Oxyphenbutazone monohydrate is a Phenylbutazone (HY-B0230) metabolite, with anti-inflammatory effect. Oxyphenbutazone monohydrate is an orally active non-selective COX inhibitor. Oxyphenbutazone monohydrate selectively kills non-replicating Mycobaterium tuberculosis.
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4H-Chromen-4-one-o-carborane
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-183187CAS No.: 3097646-96-0
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ZXX2-77
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-136720CAS No.: 304913-22-2ZXX2-77 is a cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) selective inhibitor belonging to the benzenesulfonylanilide class of compounds. It is reported as a novel analgesic that does not cause gastric damage. ZXX2-77 has a weak analgesic effect but exhibits potent COX-1 inhibitory activity in vitro. The low oral absorption rate of ZXX2-77 leads to its weak analgesic effect in vivo. At a dose of 30 mg/kg, the maximum plasma concentration of ZXX2-77 (1.2 mM) did not reach its COX-1 IC50 value (3.2 mM). In contrast, its derivative ZXX2-79, although weaker in vitro COX inhibitory activity, is better absorbed, exhibits stronger analgesic effect and hardly causes gastric damage. These findings suggest that ZXX2-77 and its derivatives as COX-1 selective inhibitors may become effective analgesics that do not cause gastric damage.
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Imidazole salicylate
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-W775009CAS No.: 36364-49-5Imidazole salicylate is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that can be used to study cirrhosis and ascites.
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Lixadesiran sodium scrambled negative control
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-177643BLixadesiran sodium scrambled negative control is the sequence scrambled negative control of Lixadesiran sodium.
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Methyl syringate-d6
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-W002116SCAS No.: 1182838-09-0Methyl syringate-d6 is the deuterium labeled Methyl syringate. Methyl syringate is a selective TRPA1 agonist. Methyl syringate regulates food intake and gastric emptying through a TRPA1-mediated pathway. Methyl syringate is an efficient phenolic mediator for bacterial and fungal laccases. Methyl syringate is a chemical marker of Asphodel monofloral honey. Methyl syringate contributes to the antibacterial activity of honey. Methyl syringate inhibits aflatoxin production. Methyl syringate can contribute to weight suppression. Methyl syringate can be studies for cancer prevention (e.g. lung cancer), suppression of hypoxia-induced inflammatory response and tumorigenesis.
