ROS Dyes

Dihydroethidium, also known as DHE, is a peroxide indicator. Dihydroethidium penetrates cell membranes to form a fluorescent protein complex with blue fluoresces. After entering the cells, Dihydroethidium is mainly localized in the cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus, and the staining effect is the strongest in the nucleus. Dihydroethidium produces inherent blue fluorescence with a maximum excitation wavelength of 370 nm and a maximum emission wavelength of 420 nm; after dehydrogenation, Dihydroethidium combines with RNA or DNA to produce red fluorescence with a maximum excitation wavelength of 300 nm and a maximum emission wavelength of 610 nm. 535 nm can also be used as the excitation wavelength for actual observation.

BODIPY 581/591 C11 is a BODIPY borofluoroprene derivative with good light stability and low fluorescence artifacts. BODIPY 581/591 C11 can be used for study lipid peroxidation and antioxidant properties in living cells, or detect ferroptosis by reaction with hydroxyl radicals. BODIPY 581/591 C11 is emitted at 591 nm (reduced prototype), or redshifted to 510 nm (oxidized type). The excitation wavelengths were 581 nm (reduced prototype) and 500 nm (oxidized type).

Hydroxyphenyl Fluorescein (HPF) is a stable ROS fluorescent probe dye. Hydroxyphenyl Fluorescein has stronger specificity and stability than H2DCFDA (HY-D0940). Hydroxyphenyl Fluorescein can produce strong green fluorescence through hydroxyl radical reaction with intracellular peroxynitroso. Hydroxyphenyl Fluorescein can be applied for fluorescence microscopy, high-throughput imager, luciferase microplate reader or flow cytometry. Ex/Em=490/515 nm.

1,3-Diphenylisobenzofuran (DPBF) has been developed as a selective probe for the detection and quantitative determination of hydrogen peroxide in samples containing different reactive nitrogen and oxygen species (RNOS). DPBF is a fluorescent probe which, for almost 20 years, was believed to react in a highly specific manner toward some reactive oxygen species such as singlet oxygen and hydroxy, alkyloxy or alkylperoxy radicals.

2′,7′-Dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH2-DA) is a cell-permeable fluorescent probe. 2′,7′-Dichlorofluorescein diacetate can be used to detect the generation of reactive oxygen intermediates and for assessing the overall oxidative stress in toxicological phenomenon.

MitoCLox is a mitochondria-targeted ratiometric fluorescent probe for measuring mitochondrial inner membrane lipid peroxidation.

6-Carboxy-H2DCFDA (6-Carboxy-2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein) is a non-fluorescent, cell-permeable intracellular ROS indicator. 6-Carboxy-H2DCFDA undergoes oxidation to highly fluorescent carboxy-dichlorofluorescein (Ex/Em = 488/520 nm).

ADHP is a fluorogenic peroxidase substrate (λ_ex=530 nm, λ_em=590 nm).

Lucigenin is a chemiluminescence probe. Lucigenin can be used to detect the production of endogenous superoxide anion radical (O^2-). Lucigenin is extremely sensitive to chloride ions, while it combined with chloride ions, the fluorescence will be quenched. Lucigenin also can be used as a chloride indicator. Ex/Em=455/505 nm.

Peroxy Orange 1 (PO1) is a new H₂O₂ specific probe that can bind to green fluorescent highly reactive oxygen species (hROS) probe APF. Peroxy Orange 1 is also a living cell dye.

Resorufin (NSC 12097) is a highly fluorescent pink dye. Resorufin shows favorable properties such as water solubility, red-shifted absorption/emission signals. Resorufin is used for the detection of ROS/RNS and a second analyte.

HKOH-1r is a highly sensitive green fluorescent probe for the specific detection of ·OH in living cells with a maximum excitation wavelength and emission wavelength of 500 nm and 520 nm, respectively.

2',7'-Dichlorofluorescein is an important fluorescent product in the detection of oxidative stress and can be used to measure reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Ex=503 nm and Em=523 nm).

2-Thiobarbituric acid is a commonly used colorimetric reagent for the detection of malondialdehyde (MDA), a marker of lipid peroxidation. 2-Thiobarbituric acid forms a complex with MDA that can be quantified by colorimetric detection at 532 nm as a measure of lipid peroxidation.

5 (6)-Carboxy-2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate is a fluorescein-based reactive oxygen species (ROS) probe and also a MRP2 substrate. 5 (6)-Carboxy-2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate serves as a substrate for intracellular esterases, which cleave its acetate groups to generate a fluorescent product capable of detecting intracellular ROS. 5 (6)-Carboxy-2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate is ATP-dependent and is transported via a single MRP2 binding site; it competes with LTC₄ for MRP2 binding sites and inhibits MRP2-mediated LTC₄ transport (Ex/Em = 496/525 nm).

HKOCl-3 is a highly sensitive and selective fluorescent probe for detecting hypochlorous acid.E_x: 490 nm; E_m 527 nm.

HKOH-1 is a highly sensitive green fluorescent probe for the specific detection of ·OH in living cells with a maximum excitation wavelength and emission wavelength of 500 nm and 520 nm, respectively.

Diphenyl-1-pyrenylphosphine (DPPP) is a functional organic molecule with both fluorescent properties and metal coordination ability, which is commonly used in materials and coordination chemistry research. Upon exposure to ultraviolet light, Diphenyl-1-pyrenylphosphine undergoes photoinduced phosphorus atom oxidation to form O-DPPP, triggering a transition from aggregation-induced emission (AIE) to aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ). Diphenyl-1-pyrenylphosphine reacts stoichiometrically with lipid hydroperoxides to produce fluorescent diphenyl-1-pyrenylphosphine oxide. Diphenyl-1-pyrenylphosphine can insert into cell membranes to monitor lipid peroxidation processes in living cells.

Dihydrofluorescein diacetate is a fluorimetric probe mainly used for oxidative stress measurements, in both cell-free systems and cellular models.