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Results for "

excitotoxic

" in MedChemExpress (MCE) Product Catalog:

By Targets:	Aminopeptidase (1) Amyloid-β (2) Apoptosis (12) ATP Synthase (3) Autophagy (1) Bacterial (6) Bcl-2 Family (1) Calcium Channel (4) CaMK (1) COX (4) Cytochrome P450 (1) DAPK (1) Drug Derivative (1) EAAT (2) Endogenous Metabolite (8) ERK (1) FAAH (1) Ferroptosis (1) Fluorescent Dye (1) Fungal (2) GABA Receptor (8) Glycine Receptor (GlyR) (1) HDAC (1) HSP (1) iGluR (25) Interleukin Related (1) Isotope-Labeled Compounds (3) JNK (1) Keap1-Nrf2 (1) MAGL (1) mGluR (5) Mitochondrial Metabolism (2) MMP (2) Monoamine Oxidase (1) mTOR (3) Neprilysin (1) NO Synthase (6) Oxidative Phosphorylation (1) p38 MAPK (3) Potassium Channel (7) Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) (12) Reference Standards (10) TNF Receptor (3) Trk Receptor (1) Wnt (1)
By Research Areas:	Cancer (14) Cardiovascular Disease (7) Infection (3) Inflammation/Immunology (16) Metabolic Disease (4) Neurological Disease (59)
Click Chemistry:	Alkynes (2)

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Click Chemistry

Cat. No.	Product Name	Target	Research Areas	Chemical Structure

HY-N2309

Kainic acid Maximum Cited Publications 35 Publications Verification	EAAT	Neurological Disease
Kainic acid is a potent excitotoxic agent. Kainic acid hydrate also is an agonist for a subtype of ionotropic glutamate receptor. Kainic acid induces seizures .

HY-W013375

Thiorphan 3 Publications Verification	Neprilysin	Neurological Disease
Thiorphan is a selective neprilysin (NEP) inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 6.9 nM. Thiorphan competitively binds to NEP and blocks its activity, preventing the degradation of neuropeptides such as substance P (SP) and neurokinin NKA. In the field of neonatal brain injury research, Thiorphan can increase the levels of SP and NKA, activate NK1 and NK2 receptors and downstream transduction pathways, and inhibit excessive activation of NMDA receptors. Thus, Thiorphan can protect neocortical neurons from excitotoxic cell death. Thiorphan may also inhibit NEP from enhancing bronchoconstriction and can be used in the study of respiratory diseases .

HY-100542

D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium 4 Publications Verification Disodium (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate	Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) ATP Synthase mTOR Endogenous Metabolite	Neurological Disease Inflammation/Immunology Cancer
D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium (Disodium (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate) is the principal metabolite accumulating in neurometabolic disease D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria. D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium is a weak competitive antagonist of α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) and inhibits multiple α-KG-dependent dioxygenases with a K_i of 10.87 mM. D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium binds and inhibits ATP synthase and inhibits mTOR signaling .

HY-17001A

Flupirtine 1 Publications Verification D 9998	Potassium Channel iGluR GABA Receptor	Neurological Disease Inflammation/Immunology
Flupirtine (D 9998) is an orally active, blood-brain barrier-crossing non-opioid analgesic and neuroprotective agent. Flupirtine is a neuronal potassium channel opener (Kv7 activator), a NMDA receptor antagonist and a GABA receptor activator. Flupirtine stabilizes blood-brain-barrier integrity, reduces oxidative stress and brain leukocyte infiltration, enhances angioneurogenesis, suppresses calcium influx, stabilizes neuronal resting membrane potential, and counteracts focal cerebral ischemia. Flupirtine exhibits analgesic, muscle relaxant properties, protects neurons from excitotoxic, ischemic, or cytokine-mediated death. Flupirtine functions as a non-opioid analgesic without antipyretic or antiphlogistic properties, shows no relevant affinity to opiate receptor. Flupirtine can be used for the research of focal cerebral ischemia, pain, Alzheimer’s disease, or multiple sclerosis .

HY-12688A

Succinyl phosphonate trisodium salt 10+ Cited Publications	Mitochondrial Metabolism Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Amyloid-β	Neurological Disease Inflammation/Immunology
Succinyl phosphonate trisodium salt is a α-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase Complex (KGDHC) modulator with neuroprotective activity. Succinyl phosphonate trisodium salt protects this complex, reduces cellular succinyl-CoA concentration, downregulates protein succinylation levels, and inhibits the activity of the α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. Succinyl phosphonate trisodium salt corrects hypoxic or ethanol-induced behavioral impairments, modulates exploratory behavior and emotional stress responses, and improves hypoxia tolerance. Succinyl phosphonate trisodium salt reduces glutamate excitotoxicity, restores the activity of the α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, reverses the changes in glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamine synthetase activities induced by β-amyloid (Amyloid-β), modulates cognitive function, and prevents β-amyloid-induced neuronal damage. Succinyl phosphonate trisodium salt improves microglial senescence, alleviates neuroinflammation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, lipid peroxidation, and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Succinyl phosphonate trisodium salt can be used in the research of Alzheimer's disease, aging-related neuroinflammation, and Parkinson's disease .

HY-113038

D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid 4 Publications Verification (R)-2-Hydroxyglutarate; (R)-2-Hydroxyglutaric acid; (R)-2-Hydroxypentanedioic acid	Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) ATP Synthase mTOR Endogenous Metabolite	Neurological Disease Inflammation/Immunology Cancer
D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid ((R)-2-Hydroxyglutarate) is the principal metabolite accumulating in neurometabolic disease D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria. D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid is a weak competitive antagonist of α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) and inhibits multiple α-KG-dependent dioxygenases with a K_i of 10.87 mM. D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid binds and inhibits ATP synthase and inhibits mTOR signaling .

HY-17001

Flupirtine Maleate 1 Publications Verification D 9998 Maleate	Potassium Channel iGluR GABA Receptor	Neurological Disease Inflammation/Immunology
Flupirtine (D 9998) Maleate is an orally active, blood-brain barrier-crossing non-opioid analgesic and neuroprotective agent. Flupirtine Maleate is a neuronal potassium channel opener (Kv7 activator), a NMDA receptor antagonist and a GABA receptor activator. Flupirtine Maleate stabilizes blood-brain-barrier integrity, reduces oxidative stress and brain leukocyte infiltration, enhances angioneurogenesis, suppresses calcium influx, stabilizes neuronal resting membrane potential, and counteracts focal cerebral ischemia. Flupirtine Maleate exhibits analgesic, muscle relaxant properties, protects neurons from excitotoxic, ischemic, or cytokine-mediated death. Flupirtine Maleate functions as a non-opioid analgesic without antipyretic or antiphlogistic properties, shows no relevant affinity to opiate receptor. Flupirtine Maleate can be used for the research of focal cerebral ischemia, pain, Alzheimer’s disease, or multiple sclerosis .

HY-105321

PBT 1033 PBT 2	Bacterial	Neurological Disease
PBT 1033 (PBT 2) is an orally active copper/zinc ionophore. PBT 1033 restores cognition in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD). PB 1033 also has antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria .

HY-N6746

Citrinin NSC 186	Bacterial Fungal Endogenous Metabolite Apoptosis	Infection Neurological Disease Cancer
Citrinin (NSC 186) is a mycotoxin that causes food contamination and has different toxic effects. Citrinin is an effective oral anticancer agent. Citrinin has various regulatory effects on mouse immune system, including regulating the number of immune cells, inducing apoptosis and autophagy of immune cells, altering toll-like receptor expression and cytokine production. Citrinin can induce oxidative stress and lead to early apoptosis of oocytes. Low doses of Citrinin have neuroprotective effects against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in rat cortical neurons. In addition, Citrinin also has antibacterial activity .

HY-N2309A

Kainic acid hydrate Maximum Cited Publications 35 Publications Verification	mGluR	Neurological Disease
Kainic acid hydrate is a potent excitotoxic agent. Kainic acid hydrate also is an agonist for a subtype of ionotropic glutamate receptor. Kainic acid hydrate induces seizures .

HY-P10638

TAT-CN21	CaMK	Cardiovascular Disease Neurological Disease
TAT-CN21 is a potent CaMKII inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 77.2 nM. TAT-CN21 inhibits both calcium/calmodulin-dependent and autonomously activated CaMKII, blocks glutamate-induced translocation of CaMK IIα, and reverses the enhanced phosphorylation of CaMKII at Thr286 following excitotoxic injury. TAT-CN21 shows application potential in studies related to ischemic stroke by reducing neuronal excitotoxicity and exacerbating pre-existing long-term neuronal death prior to injury. TAT-CN21 improves definitive behaviors in rats with residual nerve injury without altering indicators such as mechanical/thermal hyperalgesia or spatial memory. TAT-CN21 can also be used in studies related to neuropathic pain .

HY-W040045

Callistephin chloride 1 Publications Verification Pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside chloride	Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) COX NO Synthase p38 MAPK TNF Receptor Apoptosis	Neurological Disease Metabolic Disease Inflammation/Immunology Cancer
Callistephin (Pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside) chloride is an anthocyanin. Callistephin chloride regulates the expression of inflammatory (reducing iNOS/TNF-α/COX-2) and apoptosis-related proteins by inhibiting p38 phosphorylation, and enhances the protective effect of Isoflurane (HY-A0134) on microglial cell damage. Callistephin chloride significantly reduces ROS levels, eliminates DPPH free radicals, protects retinal pigment epithelial cells, and inhibits lipid peroxidation. Callistephin chloride can alleviate glutamate excitotoxicity, reduce neuronal apoptosis, and protect cerebellar granule neurons. Callistephin chloride can inhibit the proliferation and metastasis of breast cancer cells by inducing apoptosis .

HY-113439

12-HETE 2 Publications Verification	Apoptosis	Cardiovascular Disease Inflammation/Immunology
12-HETE, a major metabolic product of arachidonic acid using 12-LOX catalysis, inhibits cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. 12-HETE promotes the activation and nuclear translocation of NF-κB through the integrin-linked kinase (ILK) pathway .12-HETE has both anti-thrombotic and pro-thrombotic effects . 12-HETE is a neuromodulator .

HY-14608R

L-Glutamic acid (Standard)	Reference Standards Endogenous Metabolite iGluR Ferroptosis Apoptosis	Neurological Disease
L-Glutamic acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of L-Glutamic acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. L-Glutamic acid is an excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter that acts as an agonist for all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabolic rhodophylline, NMDA, and AMPA). L-Glutamic acid has an agonist effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic nerve endings. L-Glutamic acid can be used in the study of neurological diseases . IC₅₀ & Target:DA . In Vitro: L-Glutamic acid (120, 500, 750, 1000 mg/dL) can reduce the harmful effect of lithium on the embryonic development of Xenopus Xenopus . L-Glutamic acid (2, 5, 10, 20 mM, 24-48 h) can induce neuroexcitotoxicity in neuroblastoma . In Vivo: L-Glutamic acid (3 g/kg, subcutaneous injection) can promote excitotoxic degeneration of retinal ganglion cells in mice . L-Glutamic acid (750 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection) can reduce and inhibit oxidative stress induced by chlorpyrifos (CPF) in rats .

HY-113285

Ureidopropionic acid 3-Ureidopropionic acid	Oxidative Phosphorylation	Metabolic Disease
Ureidopropionic acid is a mitochondrial respiratory chain complex V inhibitor that selectively inhibits the activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex V, with no effect on respiratory chain complexes I-IV or mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation. Ureidopropionic acid induces the production of reactive oxygen species, delayed elevation of intracellular calcium concentration, secondary energy-dependent excitotoxicity and neurodegeneration in neurons. Ureidopropionic acid promotes neuropathological changes by impairing mitochondrial energy metabolism, oxidative stress and excitotoxicity pathways. Ureidopropionic acid can be used in studies related to 3-ureidopropionase deficiency and severe propionic aciduria .

HY-129692

Withanone 1 Publications Verification	iGluR	Neurological Disease Cancer
Withanone is an active ingredient from the roots of Withania somnifera and a GRP75 inhibitor. Withanone has multifunctional neuroprotective effects in alleviating cognitive dysfunction. In neuron-like cells, Withanone can inhibit NMDA-induced excitotoxicity. Withanone can inhibit white adipose tissue browning by blocking the formation of the GRP75-ANT2-UCP1 complex, thereby alleviating cancer-related cachexia. Withanone can be used in the research of tumors and nervous system diseases .

HY-D1631

Calcium Green-5N AM	Fluorescent Dye Calcium Channel	Neurological Disease
Calcium Green-5N AM is a Ca ²⁺-sensitive fluorescent probe (K_d = 14 μM). Calcium Green-5N AM shows enhanced fluorescence intensity upon binding to Ca ²⁺, and it can monitor free Ca ²⁺ in neurons .

HY-109097

Otaplimastat SP-8203	MMP iGluR	Neurological Disease Inflammation/Immunology Cancer
Otaplimastat (SP-8203), a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor, blocks N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated excitotoxicity in a competitive manner. Otaplimastat also exhibits anti-oxidant activity. Otaplimastat can be used for the research of brain ischemic injury .

HY-77491

FAAH/MAGL-IN-5	FAAH MAGL	Neurological Disease
AM6701 is a potent FAAH/MAGL inhibitor (equipotent inhibitory IC₅₀: 1.2 nM) with neuroprotective effects .

HY-130553

β-Spaglumic acid 1 Publications Verification β-NAAG; β-N-Acetylaspartylglutamic acid	Aminopeptidase mGluR	Neurological Disease
β-Spaglumic acid (β-NAAG) is a competitive NAAG peptidase inhibitor (K_i=1 µM) that protects spinal cord neurons from excitotoxicity and hypoxic damage. β-Spaglumic acid is also a selective mGluR3 antagonist (mGluR3 receptor functions to regulate activity-dependent synaptic potentiation in the hippocampus). β-Spaglumic acid can be used in neuroprotection-related studies .

HY-W014504

DL-Kynurenine	Endogenous Metabolite	Metabolic Disease
DL-Kynurenine is a key metabolite in the tryptophan metabolic pathway and can cross the blood-brain barrier. DL-Kynurenine has a bidirectional regulatory effect on neural excitability. DL-Kynurenine can enhance the convulsive and lethal effects caused by strychnine. DL-Kynurenine is the precursor of Kynurenic acid (HY-100806), which is an antagonist at the glycine site of NMDA receptors and can counteract excitatory toxins. DL-Kynurenine can be used for research on neurotoxicity .

HY-15703

QNZ46 1 Publications Verification	iGluR	Neurological Disease
QNZ46 is a highly selective noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist targeting GluN2C/D (IC₅₀=3.9 μM), GluN1/GluN2C (IC₅₀=7.1 μM), and GluN1/GluN2D (IC₅₀=182 μM) subunits. QNZ46 inhibits glutamate-mediated calcium influx, thereby blocking excitotoxicity. QNZ46 is membrane permeable and can cross the blood-brain barrier, where it inhibits myelin damage and axonal degeneration .

HY-120553

B-355252 1 Publications Verification	Apoptosis	Neurological Disease
B355252, a phenoxy thiophene sulfonamide small molecule, is a potent NGF receptor agonist. B355252 potentiates NGF-induced neurite outgrowth. B355252 protects ischemic neurons from neuronal loss by attenuating DNA damage, reducing ROS production and the LDH level, and preventing neuronal apoptosis. B355252 has anti-apoptotic effects in glutamate-induced excitotoxicity, as well as in a murine hippocampal cell line (HT22) model of Parkinson disease (PD) .

HY-163097

ZCAN262	iGluR	Neurological Disease
ZCAN262 (compound 6 ) is an AMPA modulator. ZCAN262 prevents AMPA-mediated excitotoxicity by targeting an allosteric binding site .

HY-107515A

LY367385 hydrochloride 3 Publications Verification	mGluR	Neurological Disease
LY367385 hydrochloride is a highly selective and potent mGluR1a antagonist. LY367385 hydrochloride has an IC₅₀ of 8.8 μM for inhibiting of quisqualate-induced phosphoinositide (PI) hydrolysis, compared with >100 μM for mGlu5a. LY367385 hydrochloride has neuroprotective, anticonvulsant and antiepileptic effects .

HY-120079

MSN-125 4 Publications Verification	Bcl-2 Family Apoptosis	Cancer
MSN-125 is a potent Bax and Bak oligomerization inhibitor. MSN-125 prevents mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) with an IC₅₀ of 4 μM. MSN-125 potently inhibits Bax/Bak-mediated apoptosis in HCT-116, BMK Cells, and primary cortical neurons, protects primary neurons against glutamate excitotoxicity .

HY-12688

Succinyl phosphonate	Mitochondrial Metabolism Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Amyloid-β	Neurological Disease Inflammation/Immunology
Succinyl phosphonate is a α-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase Complex (KGDHC) modulator with neuroprotective activity. Succinyl phosphonate protects this complex, reduces cellular succinyl-CoA concentration, downregulates protein succinylation levels, and inhibits the activity of the α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. Succinyl phosphonate corrects hypoxic or ethanol-induced behavioral impairments, modulates exploratory behavior and emotional stress responses, and improves hypoxia tolerance. Succinyl phosphonate reduces glutamate excitotoxicity, restores the activity of the α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, reverses the changes in glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamine synthetase activities induced by β-amyloid (Amyloid-β), modulates cognitive function, and prevents β-amyloid-induced neuronal damage. Succinyl phosphonate improves microglial senescence, alleviates neuroinflammation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, lipid peroxidation, and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Succinyl phosphonate can be used in the research of Alzheimer's disease, aging-related neuroinflammation, and Parkinson's disease .

HY-120419

PF9601N	Monoamine Oxidase	Neurological Disease
PF9601N, an monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitor, possesses neuroprotective properties in several in vitro and in vivo models of Parkinson's disease (PD). PF9601N can be used for the research of neurodegenerative diseases mediated by excitotoxicity . PF9601N is a click chemistry reagent, it contains an Alkyne group and can undergo copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc) with molecules containing Azide groups.

HY-107515

LY367385 3 Publications Verification	mGluR	Neurological Disease
LY367385 is a highly selective and potent mGluR1a antagonist. LY367385 has an IC₅₀ of 8.8 μM for inhibiting of quisqualate-induced phosphoinositide (PI) hydrolysis, compared with >100 μM for mGlu5a. LY367385 has neuroprotective, anticonvulsant and antiepileptic effects .

HY-118783

2-Hexyl-4-pentynoic acid (±)-2-Hexyl-4-pentynoic acid	HDAC HSP	Neurological Disease Cancer
2-Hexyl-4-pentynoic acid ((±)-2-Hexyl-4-pentynoic acid), a Valproic acid (HY-10585) derivative, exhibits potential roles of HDAC inhibition (IC₅₀ = 13 μM) and HSP70 induction. 2-Hexyl-4-pentynoic acid causes histone hyperacetylation and protect against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in cultured neurons. 2-Hexyl-4-pentynoic acid can be used for the study of breast carcinoma. 2-Hexyl-4-pentynoic acid is a click chemistry reagent, it contains an Alkyne group and can undergo copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc) with molecules containing Azide groups .

HY-172876

FLY26	iGluR Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Trk Receptor	Cardiovascular Disease
FLY26 is a selective partial GluN2B antagonist with an IC₅₀ value of 0.64 μM. FLY26 partially inhibits the GluN2B subunit of NMDA receptors, reduces calcium ion influx and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and activates the BDNF/TrkB/CREB neuroprotective signaling pathway to alleviate neuronal excitotoxicity and mitochondrial dysfunction. FLY26 is promising for research of neurological deficits caused by cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury .

HY-106969A

ZD 9379 sodium	Glycine Receptor (GlyR) iGluR	Cardiovascular Disease Neurological Disease
ZD 9379 sodium is a competitive glycine/NMDA receptor antagonist, with an IC₅₀ value of 75 nM (glutamate site). ZD 9379 sodium selectively antagonizes the glycine binding site (GlyB site) on the NMDA receptor, inhibiting the binding of glycine to the NMDA receptor and alleviating excitotoxicity. ZD 9379 sodium reduces the frequency of cortical spreading depression (SDs), alleviates energy depletion in the ischemic penumbra, and delays the expansion of infarction. ZD 9379 sodium reduces the infarct volume and improves neurological function in mouse models. ZD 9379 sodium can be used in studies of acute ischemic stroke, etc .

HY-110230

Flupirtine-d4 hydrochloride D 9998-d4 hydrochloride	Isotope-Labeled Compounds Potassium Channel iGluR GABA Receptor	Neurological Disease Inflammation/Immunology
Flupirtine-d₄ (D 9998-d₄) hydrochloride is the deuterium labeled Flupirtine hydrochloride (HY-W709349). Flupirtine hydrochloride is an orally active, blood-brain barrier-crossing non-opioid analgesic and neuroprotective agent. Flupirtine hydrochloride is a neuronal potassium channel opener (Kv7 activator), a NMDA receptor antagonist and a GABA receptor activator. Flupirtine hydrochloride stabilizes blood-brain-barrier integrity, reduces oxidative stress and brain leukocyte infiltration, enhances angioneurogenesis, suppresses calcium influx, stabilizes neuronal resting membrane potential, and counteracts focal cerebral ischemia. Flupirtine hydrochloride exhibits analgesic, muscle relaxant properties, protects neurons from excitotoxic, ischemic, or cytokine-mediated death. Flupirtine hydrochloride functions as a non-opioid analgesic without antipyretic or antiphlogistic properties, shows no relevant affinity to opiate receptor. Flupirtine hydrochloride can be used for the research of focal cerebral ischemia, pain, Alzheimer’s disease, or multiple sclerosis .

HY-114975

EGIS-8332	iGluR	Neurological Disease
EGIS-8332 is a non-competitive AMPA receptor antagonist. EGIS-8332 inhibits AMPA currents in rat cerebellar Purkinje cells and inhibited the AMPA- and Quisqualate-induced excitotoxicity in primary cultures of telencephalon neurons (IC₅₀ = 5.1-9.0 μM). EGIS-8332 exhibits anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effects. EGIS-8332 can be used for the research of neurological disease .

HY-105321A

PBT 1033 hydrochloride PBT 2 hydrochloride	Bacterial	Neurological Disease
PBT 1033 hydrochloride is an orally active copper/zinc ionophore. PBT 1033 hydrochloride restores cognition in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD). PB 1033 also has antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria .

HY-W040045R

Callistephin chloride (Standard) Pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside chloride (Standard)	Reference Standards Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) COX NO Synthase p38 MAPK Apoptosis TNF Receptor	Neurological Disease Inflammation/Immunology Cancer
Callistephin (Pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside) chloride (Standard) is the analytical standard of Callistephin chloride (HY-W040045). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Callistephin chloride is an anthocyanin. Callistephin chloride regulates the expression of inflammatory (reducing iNOS/TNF-α/COX-2) and apoptosis-related proteins by inhibiting p38 phosphorylation, and enhances the protective effect of Isoflurane (HY-A0134) on microglial cell damage. Callistephin chloride significantly reduces ROS levels, eliminates DPPH free radicals, protects retinal pigment epithelial cells, and inhibits lipid peroxidation. Callistephin chloride can alleviate glutamate excitotoxicity, reduce neuronal apoptosis, and protect cerebellar granule neurons. Callistephin chloride can inhibit the proliferation and metastasis of breast cancer cells by inducing apoptosis.

HY-163772

Fraxinellone analog 1	Keap1-Nrf2	Neurological Disease
Fraxinellone analog 1 (compound 2) is a potent and rapid activator of the Nrf2 mediated antioxidant defense system, which protects against glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity and induces the expression of antioxidant genes Gpx4, Sod1, and Nqo1. Fraxinellone analog 1 has neuroprotective effects and regulatory effects against oxidative stress and inflammation, and can be used in the study of neurodegenerative diseases .

HY-N12635

Levinoid C	Cytochrome P450	Neurological Disease
Levinoid C is a Cytochrome P450-modified bacterial terpenoid. Levinoid C shows moderate neuroprotective activity against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity cell model with an EC₅₀ of 21 μM .

HY-149094

Neuroprotective agent 1	Drug Derivative	Cardiovascular Disease
Neuroprotective agent 1 (2), a promising neuroprotective agent for the study of ischemic stroke, shows promising neuroprotective activity with the EC₅₀ value of 16.07 μM in the model of glutamate-induced excitotoxicity and 19.30 μM in the model of H₂O₂-induced oxidative damage .

HY-P2307

Tat-NR2Baa	iGluR NO Synthase	Neurological Disease
Tat-NR2BAA is the control peptide of Tat-NR2B9c (HY-P0117), inactive. The sequence of Tat-NR2BAA is similar to Tat-NR2B9c, but it has a double-point mutation in the COOH terminal tSXV motif, making it incapable of binding PSD-95. Tat-NR2B9c is a membrane-permeant peptide and disrupts PSD-95/NMDAR binding, correlate with uncoupling NR2B- and/or NR2A-type NMDARs from PSD-95 .

HY-P2307A

Tat-NR2Baa TFA	iGluR NO Synthase	Neurological Disease
Tat-NR2BAA TFA is the control peptide of Tat-NR2B9c (HY-P0117), inactive. The sequence of Tat-NR2BAA TFA is similar to Tat-NR2B9c, but it has a double-point mutation in the COOH terminal tSXV motif, making it incapable of binding PSD-95. Tat-NR2B9c is a membrane-permeant peptide and disrupts PSD-95/NMDAR binding, correlate with uncoupling NR2B- and/or NR2A-type NMDARs from PSD-95 .

HY-161062

TAOA AM Ester trimethyl lock	EAAT	Neurological Disease
TAOA AM Ester trimethyl lock is a high-affinity fluorescent prodrug-like inhibitor of the excitatory amino acid transporter (EAAT). It can penetrate the cell membrane and be activated by hydrolysis by endogenous cell esterases to form active EAAT inhibitors. TAOA AM Ester trimethyl lock can be used to study neurodegeneration and neuronal cell death .

HY-P5277

TAT-GluN2BCTM	DAPK	Neurological Disease
TAT-GluN2BCTM is a membrane-permeable DAPK1-targeting peptide. TAT-GluN2BCTM targets active DAPK1 to lysosomes for degradation. TAT-GluN2BCTM protects neurons from oxidative stress and NMDAR-mediated excitotoxicity by knocking down DAPK1. TAT-GluN2BCTM can be used in the study of neuroprotection .

HY-100542R

D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium (Standard) Disodium (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate (Standard)	Reference Standards Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) ATP Synthase mTOR Endogenous Metabolite	Neurological Disease Inflammation/Immunology Cancer
D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid (disodium) (Standard) is the analytical standard of D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid (disodium). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium (Disodium (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate) is the principal metabolite accumulating in neurometabolic disease D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria. D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium is a weak competitive antagonist of α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) and inhibits multiple α-KG-dependent dioxygenases with a Ki of 10.87 mM. D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium binds and inhibits ATP synthase and inhibits mTOR signaling .

HY-105321R

PBT 1033 (Standard) PBT 2 (Standard)	Bacterial Reference Standards	Neurological Disease
PBT 1033 (Standard) is the analytical standard of PBT 1033. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. PBT 1033 (PBT 2) is an orally active copper/zinc ionophore. PBT 1033 restores cognition in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD). PB 1033 also has antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria .

HY-100458

SCR-4026	NO Synthase	Neurological Disease
SCR-4026 is a neuroprotective agent with blood-brain barrier penetration ability. SCR-4026 exerts neuroprotective effects by disrupting the interaction between neuronal nNOS and PSD9, with an IC₅₀ of 6.3 μM. SCR-4026 alleviates N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-induced excitotoxic damage in primary cortical neurons, and also protects neurons in the oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) model. SCR-4026 can reduce the cerebral infarct volume in the rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) reperfusion model. SCR-4026 can be used for the study of stroke .

HY-129692R

Withanone (Standard)	Reference Standards iGluR	Neurological Disease Cancer
Withanone (Standard) is the analytical standard of Withanone (HY-129692). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Withanone is an active ingredient from the roots of Withania somnifera and a GRP75 inhibitor. Withanone has multifunctional neuroprotective effects in alleviating cognitive dysfunction. In neuron-like cells, Withanone can inhibit NMDA-induced excitotoxicity. Withanone can inhibit white adipose tissue browning by blocking the formation of the GRP75-ANT2-UCP1 complex, thereby alleviating cancer-related cachexia. Withanone can be used in the research of tumors and nervous system diseases .

HY-15076

SPD-502 sodium NS-1209 sodium	iGluR	Neurological Disease
SPD-502 sodium is a novel glutamate antagonist with potential neuroprotective properties, particularly in brain ischemia. It selectively targets the AMPA receptor, showing high affinity (IC₅₀ = 0.043 μM) and competitive inhibition of AMPA-induced effects in rat cortical membranes and cultured mouse cortical neurons. In vivo, SPD-502 sodium effectively blocks AMPA-evoked spike activity in the hippocampus after intravenous administration, significantly increasing the seizure threshold in mice and demonstrating robust protection against ischemia-induced damage to hippocampal neurons in gerbils. These findings suggest SPD-502 sodium may be promising for studying neurodegenerative conditions associated with glutamate excitotoxicity .

HY-15074

SPD-502 NS-1209	iGluR	Neurological Disease
SPD-502 is a novel glutamate antagonist with potential neuroprotective properties, particularly in brain ischemia. It selectively targets the AMPA receptor, showing high affinity (IC₅₀ = 0.043 μM) and competitive inhibition of AMPA-induced effects in rat cortical membranes and cultured mouse cortical neurons. In vivo, SPD-502 effectively blocks AMPA-evoked spike activity in the hippocampus after intravenous administration, significantly increasing the seizure threshold in mice and demonstrating robust protection against ischemia-induced damage to hippocampal neurons in gerbils. These findings suggest SPD-502 may be promising for studying neurodegenerative conditions associated with glutamate excitotoxicity .

HY-W005255R

3-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid (Standard)	Reference Standards Endogenous Metabolite	Cardiovascular Disease
Citrinin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Citrinin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Citrinin (NSC 186) is a mycotoxin that causes food contamination and has different toxic effects. Citrinin is an effective oral anticancer agent. Citrinin has various regulatory effects on mouse immune system, including regulating the number of immune cells, inducing apoptosis and autophagy of immune cells, altering toll-like receptor expression and cytokine production. Citrinin can induce oxidative stress and lead to early apoptosis of oocytes. Low doses of Citrinin have neuroprotective effects against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in rat cortical neurons. In addition, Citrinin also has antibacterial activity .

Cat. No.	Product Name	Target	Research Area

HY-P10638

TAT-CN21	CaMK	Cardiovascular Disease Neurological Disease
TAT-CN21 is a potent CaMKII inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 77.2 nM. TAT-CN21 inhibits both calcium/calmodulin-dependent and autonomously activated CaMKII, blocks glutamate-induced translocation of CaMK IIα, and reverses the enhanced phosphorylation of CaMKII at Thr286 following excitotoxic injury. TAT-CN21 shows application potential in studies related to ischemic stroke by reducing neuronal excitotoxicity and exacerbating pre-existing long-term neuronal death prior to injury. TAT-CN21 improves definitive behaviors in rats with residual nerve injury without altering indicators such as mechanical/thermal hyperalgesia or spatial memory. TAT-CN21 can also be used in studies related to neuropathic pain .

HY-P2307

Tat-NR2Baa	iGluR NO Synthase	Neurological Disease
Tat-NR2BAA is the control peptide of Tat-NR2B9c (HY-P0117), inactive. The sequence of Tat-NR2BAA is similar to Tat-NR2B9c, but it has a double-point mutation in the COOH terminal tSXV motif, making it incapable of binding PSD-95. Tat-NR2B9c is a membrane-permeant peptide and disrupts PSD-95/NMDAR binding, correlate with uncoupling NR2B- and/or NR2A-type NMDARs from PSD-95 .

HY-P2307A

Tat-NR2Baa TFA	iGluR NO Synthase	Neurological Disease
Tat-NR2BAA TFA is the control peptide of Tat-NR2B9c (HY-P0117), inactive. The sequence of Tat-NR2BAA TFA is similar to Tat-NR2B9c, but it has a double-point mutation in the COOH terminal tSXV motif, making it incapable of binding PSD-95. Tat-NR2B9c is a membrane-permeant peptide and disrupts PSD-95/NMDAR binding, correlate with uncoupling NR2B- and/or NR2A-type NMDARs from PSD-95 .

HY-P5277

TAT-GluN2BCTM	DAPK	Neurological Disease
TAT-GluN2BCTM is a membrane-permeable DAPK1-targeting peptide. TAT-GluN2BCTM targets active DAPK1 to lysosomes for degradation. TAT-GluN2BCTM protects neurons from oxidative stress and NMDAR-mediated excitotoxicity by knocking down DAPK1. TAT-GluN2BCTM can be used in the study of neuroprotection .

HY-175824

PSD-95/nNOS PPI-IN-1	iGluR NO Synthase Apoptosis Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)	Neurological Disease
PSD-95/nNOS PPI-IN-1 is a inhibitor targeting the PSD-95/nNOS interaction with potential blood-brain barrier penetration. PSD-95/nNOS PPI-IN-1 binds to the PSD-95 PDZ2 domain with high affinity (K_i = 19.45 μM). PSD-95/nNOS PPI-IN-1 inhibits glutamate-induced excitotoxicity by reducing intracellular ROS levels and inhibiting apoptosis. PSD-95/nNOS PPI-IN-1 significantly reduces cerebral infarct volume in rat tMCAO models. PSD-95/nNOS PPI-IN-1 can be used for the study of acute ischemic stroke .

Cat. No.	Product Name	Category	Target	Chemical Structure

HY-N2309

Kainic acid Maximum Cited Publications 35 Publications Verification	Alkaloids Structural Classification other families Pyrrole Alkaloids Neurological Disease Classification of Application Fields Plants Disease Research Fields Biological Pesticide Research Source Classification Agricultural Research	EAAT
Kainic acid is a potent excitotoxic agent. Kainic acid hydrate also is an agonist for a subtype of ionotropic glutamate receptor. Kainic acid induces seizures .

HY-100542

D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium 4 Publications Verification Disodium (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate	Structural Classification Human Gut Microbiota Metabolites Classification of Application Fields Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids Endogenous metabolite Inflammation/Immunology Disease Research Fields Source Classification Cancer	Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) ATP Synthase mTOR Endogenous Metabolite
D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium (Disodium (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate) is the principal metabolite accumulating in neurometabolic disease D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria. D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium is a weak competitive antagonist of α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) and inhibits multiple α-KG-dependent dioxygenases with a K_i of 10.87 mM. D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium binds and inhibits ATP synthase and inhibits mTOR signaling .

HY-12688A

Succinyl phosphonate trisodium salt 10+ Cited Publications	Structural Classification Classification of Application Fields Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids Metabolic Disease Endogenous metabolite Disease Research Fields Source Classification Cancer	Mitochondrial Metabolism Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Amyloid-β
Succinyl phosphonate trisodium salt is a α-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase Complex (KGDHC) modulator with neuroprotective activity. Succinyl phosphonate trisodium salt protects this complex, reduces cellular succinyl-CoA concentration, downregulates protein succinylation levels, and inhibits the activity of the α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. Succinyl phosphonate trisodium salt corrects hypoxic or ethanol-induced behavioral impairments, modulates exploratory behavior and emotional stress responses, and improves hypoxia tolerance. Succinyl phosphonate trisodium salt reduces glutamate excitotoxicity, restores the activity of the α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, reverses the changes in glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamine synthetase activities induced by β-amyloid (Amyloid-β), modulates cognitive function, and prevents β-amyloid-induced neuronal damage. Succinyl phosphonate trisodium salt improves microglial senescence, alleviates neuroinflammation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, lipid peroxidation, and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Succinyl phosphonate trisodium salt can be used in the research of Alzheimer's disease, aging-related neuroinflammation, and Parkinson's disease .

HY-113038

D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid 4 Publications Verification (R)-2-Hydroxyglutarate; (R)-2-Hydroxyglutaric acid; (R)-2-Hydroxypentanedioic acid	Classification of Application Fields Neurological Disease Anti-aging Endocrine diseases Endogenous metabolite Immune System Disorder Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids Disease markers Nervous System Disorder Disease Research Fields Inflammation/Immunology Cancer Source Classification	Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) ATP Synthase mTOR Endogenous Metabolite
D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid ((R)-2-Hydroxyglutarate) is the principal metabolite accumulating in neurometabolic disease D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria. D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid is a weak competitive antagonist of α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) and inhibits multiple α-KG-dependent dioxygenases with a K_i of 10.87 mM. D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid binds and inhibits ATP synthase and inhibits mTOR signaling .

HY-N6746

Citrinin NSC 186	Infection Microorganisms Neurological Disease Classification of Application Fields Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Bacterial Fungal Endogenous Metabolite Apoptosis
Citrinin (NSC 186) is a mycotoxin that causes food contamination and has different toxic effects. Citrinin is an effective oral anticancer agent. Citrinin has various regulatory effects on mouse immune system, including regulating the number of immune cells, inducing apoptosis and autophagy of immune cells, altering toll-like receptor expression and cytokine production. Citrinin can induce oxidative stress and lead to early apoptosis of oocytes. Low doses of Citrinin have neuroprotective effects against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in rat cortical neurons. In addition, Citrinin also has antibacterial activity .

HY-W040045

Callistephin chloride 1 Publications Verification Pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside chloride	Anthocyans Flavonoids Classification of Application Fields Rosaceae Other Diseases Phenols Polyphenols Plants Disease Research Fields Fragaria × ananassa Duch. Source Classification	Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) COX NO Synthase p38 MAPK TNF Receptor Apoptosis
Callistephin (Pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside) chloride is an anthocyanin. Callistephin chloride regulates the expression of inflammatory (reducing iNOS/TNF-α/COX-2) and apoptosis-related proteins by inhibiting p38 phosphorylation, and enhances the protective effect of Isoflurane (HY-A0134) on microglial cell damage. Callistephin chloride significantly reduces ROS levels, eliminates DPPH free radicals, protects retinal pigment epithelial cells, and inhibits lipid peroxidation. Callistephin chloride can alleviate glutamate excitotoxicity, reduce neuronal apoptosis, and protect cerebellar granule neurons. Callistephin chloride can inhibit the proliferation and metastasis of breast cancer cells by inducing apoptosis .

HY-113439

12-HETE 2 Publications Verification	Microorganisms Source Classification	Apoptosis
12-HETE, a major metabolic product of arachidonic acid using 12-LOX catalysis, inhibits cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. 12-HETE promotes the activation and nuclear translocation of NF-κB through the integrin-linked kinase (ILK) pathway .12-HETE has both anti-thrombotic and pro-thrombotic effects . 12-HETE is a neuromodulator .

HY-14608R

L-Glutamic acid (Standard)	Structural Classification Microorganisms Disease markers Endocrine diseases Amino acids Nervous System Disorder Endogenous metabolite Cardiovascular System Disorder Cancer Source Classification	Reference Standards Endogenous Metabolite iGluR Ferroptosis Apoptosis
L-Glutamic acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of L-Glutamic acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. L-Glutamic acid is an excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter that acts as an agonist for all subtypes of glutamate receptors (metabolic rhodophylline, NMDA, and AMPA). L-Glutamic acid has an agonist effect on the release of DA from dopaminergic nerve endings. L-Glutamic acid can be used in the study of neurological diseases . IC₅₀ & Target:DA . In Vitro: L-Glutamic acid (120, 500, 750, 1000 mg/dL) can reduce the harmful effect of lithium on the embryonic development of Xenopus Xenopus . L-Glutamic acid (2, 5, 10, 20 mM, 24-48 h) can induce neuroexcitotoxicity in neuroblastoma . In Vivo: L-Glutamic acid (3 g/kg, subcutaneous injection) can promote excitotoxic degeneration of retinal ganglion cells in mice . L-Glutamic acid (750 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection) can reduce and inhibit oxidative stress induced by chlorpyrifos (CPF) in rats .

HY-113285

Ureidopropionic acid 3-Ureidopropionic acid	Structural Classification Classification of Application Fields Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids Other Diseases Endogenous metabolite Disease Research Fields	Oxidative Phosphorylation
Ureidopropionic acid is a mitochondrial respiratory chain complex V inhibitor that selectively inhibits the activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex V, with no effect on respiratory chain complexes I-IV or mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation. Ureidopropionic acid induces the production of reactive oxygen species, delayed elevation of intracellular calcium concentration, secondary energy-dependent excitotoxicity and neurodegeneration in neurons. Ureidopropionic acid promotes neuropathological changes by impairing mitochondrial energy metabolism, oxidative stress and excitotoxicity pathways. Ureidopropionic acid can be used in studies related to 3-ureidopropionase deficiency and severe propionic aciduria .

HY-129692

Withanone 1 Publications Verification	Withania somnifera Solanaceae Plants Steroids Source Classification	iGluR
Withanone is an active ingredient from the roots of Withania somnifera and a GRP75 inhibitor. Withanone has multifunctional neuroprotective effects in alleviating cognitive dysfunction. In neuron-like cells, Withanone can inhibit NMDA-induced excitotoxicity. Withanone can inhibit white adipose tissue browning by blocking the formation of the GRP75-ANT2-UCP1 complex, thereby alleviating cancer-related cachexia. Withanone can be used in the research of tumors and nervous system diseases .

HY-W014504

DL-Kynurenine	Structural Classification Human Gut Microbiota Metabolites Classification of Application Fields Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids Metabolic Disease Endogenous metabolite Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Endogenous Metabolite
DL-Kynurenine is a key metabolite in the tryptophan metabolic pathway and can cross the blood-brain barrier. DL-Kynurenine has a bidirectional regulatory effect on neural excitability. DL-Kynurenine can enhance the convulsive and lethal effects caused by strychnine. DL-Kynurenine is the precursor of Kynurenic acid (HY-100806), which is an antagonist at the glycine site of NMDA receptors and can counteract excitatory toxins. DL-Kynurenine can be used for research on neurotoxicity .

HY-12688

Succinyl phosphonate	Structural Classification Neurological Disease Classification of Application Fields Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids Endogenous metabolite Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Mitochondrial Metabolism Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Amyloid-β
Succinyl phosphonate is a α-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase Complex (KGDHC) modulator with neuroprotective activity. Succinyl phosphonate protects this complex, reduces cellular succinyl-CoA concentration, downregulates protein succinylation levels, and inhibits the activity of the α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. Succinyl phosphonate corrects hypoxic or ethanol-induced behavioral impairments, modulates exploratory behavior and emotional stress responses, and improves hypoxia tolerance. Succinyl phosphonate reduces glutamate excitotoxicity, restores the activity of the α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, reverses the changes in glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamine synthetase activities induced by β-amyloid (Amyloid-β), modulates cognitive function, and prevents β-amyloid-induced neuronal damage. Succinyl phosphonate improves microglial senescence, alleviates neuroinflammation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, lipid peroxidation, and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Succinyl phosphonate can be used in the research of Alzheimer's disease, aging-related neuroinflammation, and Parkinson's disease .

HY-W040045R

Callistephin chloride (Standard) Pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside chloride (Standard)	Anthocyans Flavonoids Rosaceae Phenols Polyphenols Plants Fragaria × ananassa Duch. Source Classification	Reference Standards Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) COX NO Synthase p38 MAPK Apoptosis TNF Receptor
Callistephin (Pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside) chloride (Standard) is the analytical standard of Callistephin chloride (HY-W040045). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Callistephin chloride is an anthocyanin. Callistephin chloride regulates the expression of inflammatory (reducing iNOS/TNF-α/COX-2) and apoptosis-related proteins by inhibiting p38 phosphorylation, and enhances the protective effect of Isoflurane (HY-A0134) on microglial cell damage. Callistephin chloride significantly reduces ROS levels, eliminates DPPH free radicals, protects retinal pigment epithelial cells, and inhibits lipid peroxidation. Callistephin chloride can alleviate glutamate excitotoxicity, reduce neuronal apoptosis, and protect cerebellar granule neurons. Callistephin chloride can inhibit the proliferation and metastasis of breast cancer cells by inducing apoptosis.

HY-N12635

Levinoid C	Microorganisms Terpenoids Sesquiterpenes Source Classification	Cytochrome P450
Levinoid C is a Cytochrome P450-modified bacterial terpenoid. Levinoid C shows moderate neuroprotective activity against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity cell model with an EC₅₀ of 21 μM .

HY-100542R

D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium (Standard) Disodium (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate (Standard)	Structural Classification Human Gut Microbiota Metabolites Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids Endogenous metabolite Source Classification	Reference Standards Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) ATP Synthase mTOR Endogenous Metabolite
D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid (disodium) (Standard) is the analytical standard of D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid (disodium). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium (Disodium (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate) is the principal metabolite accumulating in neurometabolic disease D-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria. D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium is a weak competitive antagonist of α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) and inhibits multiple α-KG-dependent dioxygenases with a Ki of 10.87 mM. D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. D-α-Hydroxyglutaric acid disodium binds and inhibits ATP synthase and inhibits mTOR signaling .

HY-129692R

Withanone (Standard)	Withania somnifera Solanaceae Plants Steroids Source Classification	Reference Standards iGluR
Withanone (Standard) is the analytical standard of Withanone (HY-129692). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Withanone is an active ingredient from the roots of Withania somnifera and a GRP75 inhibitor. Withanone has multifunctional neuroprotective effects in alleviating cognitive dysfunction. In neuron-like cells, Withanone can inhibit NMDA-induced excitotoxicity. Withanone can inhibit white adipose tissue browning by blocking the formation of the GRP75-ANT2-UCP1 complex, thereby alleviating cancer-related cachexia. Withanone can be used in the research of tumors and nervous system diseases .

HY-W005255R

3-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid (Standard)	Structural Classification Monophenols Microorganisms Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids Phenols Endogenous metabolite Source Classification	Reference Standards Endogenous Metabolite
Citrinin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Citrinin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Citrinin (NSC 186) is a mycotoxin that causes food contamination and has different toxic effects. Citrinin is an effective oral anticancer agent. Citrinin has various regulatory effects on mouse immune system, including regulating the number of immune cells, inducing apoptosis and autophagy of immune cells, altering toll-like receptor expression and cytokine production. Citrinin can induce oxidative stress and lead to early apoptosis of oocytes. Low doses of Citrinin have neuroprotective effects against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in rat cortical neurons. In addition, Citrinin also has antibacterial activity .

HY-N6746R

Citrinin (Standard) NSC 186 (Standard)	Structural Classification Microorganisms Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids Source Classification	Reference Standards Bacterial Fungal Endogenous Metabolite Apoptosis
Citrinin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Citrinin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Citrinin (NSC 186) is a mycotoxin that causes food contamination and has different toxic effects. Citrinin is an effective oral anticancer agent. Citrinin has various regulatory effects on mouse immune system, including regulating the number of immune cells, inducing apoptosis and autophagy of immune cells, altering toll-like receptor expression and cytokine production. Citrinin can induce oxidative stress and lead to early apoptosis of oocytes. Low doses of Citrinin have neuroprotective effects against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in rat cortical neurons. In addition, Citrinin also has antibacterial activity .

HY-179519

Umbelopsisin A	Structural Classification Alkaloids Microorganisms Indole Alkaloids Source Classification	GABA Receptor Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
Umbelopsisin A is a GABA_A and GABA_B non-selective agonist. Umbelopsisin A activates the GABAergic pathway, including notch signaling and fatty acid metabolism. Umbelopsisin A shows dual neuroprotection against glutamate excitotoxicity in vitro (reducing ROS and cell death) and in vivo. Umbelopsisin A can be used for the study of glaucoma and broader neurodegenerative disease applications .

HY-N12696

Cistanoside H	Structural Classification Labiatae Phenols Polyphenols Ageratina altissima (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob. Plants Source Classification	Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
Cistanoside H is a phenylethanoid glycoside neuroprotective agent that can be isolated from the leaves and twigs of Callicarpa dichotoma. Cistanoside H can alleviate glutamate-induced oxidative stress and protect rat cortical cells from neurotoxic damage. Cistanoside H protects nerve cells against excitotoxic damage and can be applied in research related to neurodegenerative diseases (such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease).

HY-118817

Evariquinone	Quinones Structural Classification Microorganisms Anthraquinones Source Classification	Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Calcium Channel JNK ERK p38 MAPK Apoptosis
Evariquinone is an anthraquinone compound isolated from the endophytic fungus Colletotrichum sp. JS-0367 of mulberry. Evariquinone possesses direct antioxidant activity. It inhibits excessive phosphorylation of the JNK, ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK signaling pathways by suppressing ROS and Ca ²⁺, thereby reducing neuronal apoptosis. Evariquinone can be used to study glutamate excitotoxicity-related neurological disorders (such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cerebral ischemia, etc.) .

Cat. No.	Product Name	Chemical Structure

HY-N6746S1

Citrinin-13C13

Citrinin- ¹³C₁₃ (NSC 186- ¹³C₁₃) is the ¹³C labeled Citrinin (HY-N6746). Citrinin (NSC 186) is a mycotoxin that causes food contamination and has different toxic effects. Citrinin is an effective oral anticancer agent. Citrinin has various regulatory effects on mouse immune system, including regulating the number of immune cells, inducing apoptosis and autophagy of immune cells, altering toll-like receptor expression and cytokine production. Citrinin can induce oxidative stress and lead to early apoptosis of oocytes. Low doses of Citrinin have neuroprotective effects against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in rat cortical neurons. In addition, Citrinin also has antibacterial activity .

HY-W709349S

Flupirtine-d6 hydrochloride

Flupirtine-d₆ (D 9998-d₆) hydrochloride is the deuterium labeled Flupirtine hydrochloride (HY-W709349). Flupirtine hydrochloride is an orally active, blood-brain barrier-crossing non-opioid analgesic and neuroprotective agent. Flupirtine hydrochloride is a neuronal potassium channel opener (Kv7 activator), a NMDA receptor antagonist and a GABA receptor activator. Flupirtine hydrochloride stabilizes blood-brain-barrier integrity, reduces oxidative stress and brain leukocyte infiltration, enhances angioneurogenesis, suppresses calcium influx, stabilizes neuronal resting membrane potential, and counteracts focal cerebral ischemia. Flupirtine hydrochloride exhibits analgesic, muscle relaxant properties, protects neurons from excitotoxic, ischemic, or cytokine-mediated death. Flupirtine hydrochloride functions as a non-opioid analgesic without antipyretic or antiphlogistic properties, shows no relevant affinity to opiate receptor. Flupirtine hydrochloride can be used for the research of focal cerebral ischemia, pain, Alzheimer’s disease, or multiple sclerosis .

Cat. No.	Product Name		Classification

HY-120419

PF9601N		Alkynes
PF9601N, an monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitor, possesses neuroprotective properties in several in vitro and in vivo models of Parkinson's disease (PD). PF9601N can be used for the research of neurodegenerative diseases mediated by excitotoxicity . PF9601N is a click chemistry reagent, it contains an Alkyne group and can undergo copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc) with molecules containing Azide groups.

HY-118783

2-Hexyl-4-pentynoic acid (±)-2-Hexyl-4-pentynoic acid		Alkynes
2-Hexyl-4-pentynoic acid ((±)-2-Hexyl-4-pentynoic acid), a Valproic acid (HY-10585) derivative, exhibits potential roles of HDAC inhibition (IC₅₀ = 13 μM) and HSP70 induction. 2-Hexyl-4-pentynoic acid causes histone hyperacetylation and protect against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in cultured neurons. 2-Hexyl-4-pentynoic acid can be used for the study of breast carcinoma. 2-Hexyl-4-pentynoic acid is a click chemistry reagent, it contains an Alkyne group and can undergo copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc) with molecules containing Azide groups .

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