2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-N6810R
    Thymol (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Thymol (Standard) is the analytical standard of Thymol. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Thymol is a TRPA1 agonist. Thymol induces cancer cell apoptosis. Thymol is the main monoterpene phenol occurring in essential oils isolated from plants belonging to the Lamiaceae family, and other plants such as those belonging to the Verbenaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Ranunculaceae and Apiaceae families. Thymol has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antifungal effects.
    Thymol (Standard)
  • HY-N1579R
    Pyrogallol (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Pyrogallol (Standard) is the analytical standard of Pyrogallol. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Pyrogallol is a polyphenol compound, which has anti-fungal and anti-psoriatic properties. Pyrogallol is a reductant that is able to generate free radicals, in particular superoxide anions.
    Pyrogallol (Standard)
  • HY-W013175S2
    Uridine 5'-monophosphate-13C9,15N2 disodium
    		Activator 99.77%
    Uridine 5'-monophosphate-13C9,15N2 disodium is the 13C and 15N labeled Uridine 5'-monophosphate disodium salt (HY-W013175). Uridine 5'-monophosphate (5'-Uridylic acid) disodium salt is an orally active mitochondrial ATP-dependent potassium channel activator that has a protective effect on the heart. Uridine 5'-monophosphate disodium salt can promote the synthesis of CDP-choline and induce apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells, which is beneficial for gut development and reduces diarrhea.
    Uridine 5'-monophosphate-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>9</sub>,<sup>15</sup>N<sub>2</sub> disodium
  • HY-18712
    BG45
    		Inducer 99.95%
    BG45 is a potent HDAC3 inhibitor with IC50 values of 0.289, 2, 2.2 and ﹥20 μM for HDAC3, HDAC1, HDAC2 and HDAC6, respectively. BG45 selectively targets multiple myeloma (MM) cells and induces caspase-dependent apoptosis.
    BG45
  • HY-W010451
    1,2,4-Trihydroxybenzene
    		Inducer 99.96%
    1,2,4-Trihydroxybenzene (Hydroxyhydroquinone) is an ER stress inducer that targets proteins such as PKR-like ER kinase PERK to induce cytotoxicity. 1,2,4-Trihydroxybenzene selectively activates eIF2α phosphorylation, activates the PERK-eIF2α signaling pathway and induces stress granule formation. 1,2,4-Trihydroxybenzene subsequently exacerbates oxidative stress and causes DNA double-strand breaks, destroying organelles such as mitochondria and ER, and inducing cell death. 1,2,4-Trihydroxybenzene also has the potential to exhibit anti-tumor effect, increase blood pressure, and relieve spasm.
    1,2,4-Trihydroxybenzene
  • HY-125938
    Cycloartenyl ferulate
    		Inhibitor 99.15%
    Cycloartenyl ferulate (Cycloartenol ferulate; Cycloartenol ferulic acid ester) is a derivative of γ-oryzanol (HY-B2194) with multiple biological activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor properties. Cycloartenyl ferulate selectively binds to IFNγR1 (binding affinity Kd = 0.5 μM) to activate the canonical JAK1/2-STAT1 signaling pathway. Cycloartenyl ferulate inhibits paraquat (PQ)-triggered apoptosis and ROS in HK2 cells. Cycloartenyl ferulate enhances the activation and cytolytic activity of natural killer (NK) cells by upregulating the expression of NK cell activation receptors (NKG2D, NKp30, NKp44) and the release of cytotoxic molecules and cytokine IFNγ. Cycloartenyl ferulate exerts anti-cancer effects in tumor mice models. Cycloartenyl ferulate can be used for the study of cancer and allergic inflammation intervention.
    Cycloartenyl ferulate
  • HY-N0905
    Ginsenoside Rh4
    		Inducer 99.28%
    Ginsenoside Rh4 is a rare saponin obtained from Panax notoginseng. Ginsenoside Rh4 activates Bax, caspase 3, caspase 8, and caspase 9. Ginsenoside Rh4 also induces autophagy.
    Ginsenoside Rh4
  • HY-W011215
    Dihexyl phthalate
    		Inducer 98.0%
    Dihexyl phthalate is one of the commonly used phthalate esters in various plastics and consumer products. Dihexyl phthalate is classified as a priority pollutant and an endocrine disruptor. Dihexyl phthalate can induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, promote inflammation, and lead to significant increases in apoptosis and inflammation-related gene expression levels. Dihexyl phthalate can cause testicular atrophy and is a reproductive toxicant.
    Dihexyl phthalate
  • HY-164546
    WB436B
    		Inducer 99.93%
    WB436B is a highly selective STAT3 inhibitor. WB436B can selectively inhibit STAT3-Tyr705 phosphorylation and the expression of STAT3 target genes, showing cytotoxic effects on pancreatic cancer cells and inducing apoptosis. WB436B can suppress tumor growth and metastasis in pancreatic cancer mouse models, extending the survival of tumor-bearing mice.
    WB436B
  • HY-W099479
    Insect repellent M 3535
    		Activator 99.91%
    Insect repellent M 3535 (Ethyl butylacetylaminopropionate) is a broad-spectrum, mild insect repellent based on the structure of β-alanine. Insect repellent M 3535 exerts repellent effects by interfering with the olfaction of mosquitoes, but it poses risks of developmental and cardiac toxicity to aquatic organisms such as zebrafish embryos in aquatic environments, and can activate oxidative stress responses.
    Insect repellent M 3535
  • HY-W099479
    Insect repellent M 3535
    		Inducer 99.91%
    Insect repellent M 3535 (Ethyl butylacetylaminopropionate) is a broad-spectrum, mild insect repellent based on the structure of β-alanine. Insect repellent M 3535 exerts repellent effects by interfering with the olfaction of mosquitoes, but it poses risks of developmental and cardiac toxicity to aquatic organisms such as zebrafish embryos in aquatic environments, and can activate oxidative stress responses.
    Insect repellent M 3535
  • HY-34765
    Propiolamide
    		Inducer 99.94%
    Propiolamide is a monooxygenase (MMO) system activator and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) inhibitor. Propiolamide induces ROS production through interaction with the MMO system. Propiolamide promotes the accumulation of intracellular cytotoxic lipid peroxides and induces ferroptosis. Propiolamide induces programmed cell death via the apoptosis pathway. Propiolamide can be used in cancer research.
    Propiolamide
  • HY-19816A
    Avitinib maleate
    		Inducer 99.86%
    Avitinib (Abivertinib) maleate is a third-generation, irreversible and orally active selective EGFR inhibitor, with IC50 values of 0.18 nM, 0.18 nM, 7.68 nM and against EGFR L858R, EGFR T790M and wild-type EGFR. Avitinib maleate is also a BTK inhibitor that induces apoptosis and inhibits phosphorylation of BTK in mantle cell lymphoma. Avitinib maleate shows anticancer effects.
    Avitinib maleate
  • HY-13966S
    2-Deoxy-D-glucose-d
    		98.0%
    2-Deoxy-D-glucose-d is the deuterium labeled 2-Deoxy-D-glucose. 2-Deoxy-D-glucose is a glucose analog that acts as a competitive inhibitor of glucose metabolism, inhibiting glycolysis via its actions on hexokinase.
    2-Deoxy-D-glucose-d
  • HY-15472
    PRX-08066
    		Inducer
    PRX-08066 is a selective and orally active 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B (5-HT2BR) antagonist with a Ki of 3.4 nM. PRX-08066 inhibits the MAPK pathway, 5-HT release and fibrotic factor (TGFβ1, CTGF and FGF2) expression. PRX-08066 inhibits the proliferation of KRJ-I cells and induces apoptosis (caspase-3 activation). PRX-08066 inhibits pulmonary vascular remodeling. PRX-08066 can be used of pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) and neuroendocrine tumor (NET).
    PRX-08066
  • HY-15861
    Targapremir-210
    		Inducer 98.20%
    Targapremir-210 (TGP-210) is a potent and selective miR-210 (miRNA-210, microRNA-210) inhibitor. Targapremir-210 inhibits pre-miR-210 processing with high binding affinity (Kd~200 nM). Targapremir-210 is a click chemistry reagent, it contains an Azide group and can undergo copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction (CuAAc) with molecules containing Alkyne groups. It can also undergo strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloaddition (SPAAC) reactions with molecules containing DBCO or BCN groups.
    Targapremir-210
  • HY-133557
    XZ739
    		Inducer 99.08%
    XZ739, a Cereblon-dependent PROTAC BCL-XL (Bcl-2 family member) degrader with a DC50 value of 2.5 nM in MOLT-4 cells after 16 h treatment. XZ739 also induces cell death through caspase-mediated apoptosis.
    XZ739
  • HY-10204
    OSI-930
    		Inducer 98.33%
    OSI-930 is an orally selective inhibitor of Kit, KDR and CSF-1R (c-Fms) with IC50s of 80 nM, 9 nM and 15 nM, respectively. OSI-930 also moderately inhibits Flt-1, c-Raf, Lck and low activity against PDGFRα/β, Flt-3 and Abl. OSI-930 has antitumor activity.
    OSI-930
  • HY-12929
    NSC756093
    		Inducer 99.58%
    NSC756093 (SU093) is a GBP1:PIM1 interaction inhibitor. NSC756093 binds to GBP1-PIM1 with a Kd of 38 nM. NSC756093 suppresses proliferation, reduces migration, induces G1 phase cell-cycle arrest, and increases apoptotic cell death in ovarian cancer cells. NSC756093 reduces cellular proteasomal activity, induces accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins, and restrains tumor progression and lung metastasis in murine ovarian cancer xenograft models. NSC756093 increases sensitivity of prostate cancer cells to Docetaxel (HY-B0011) and sensitizes GBP1-overexpressing ovarian cancer cells to Paclitaxel (HY-B0015). NSC756093 can be used for the research of prostate cancer and ovarian cancer.
    NSC756093
  • HY-15038
    Diclofenac potassium
    		Inducer 99.85%
    Diclofenac potassium is a potent and nonselective anti-inflammatory agent, acts as a COX inhibitor, with IC50s of 4 and 1.3 nM for human COX-1 and COX-2 in CHO cells, and 5.1 and 0.84 μM for ovine COX-1 and COX-2, respectively. Diclofenac potassium induces apoptosis of neural stem cells (NSCs) via the activation of the caspase cascade.
    Diclofenac potassium
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity