2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-11095
    NPS 2390
    		Inhibitor 99.90%
    NPS 2390 is an allosteric antagonist of calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) and mGluR1/5. NPS 2390 inhibits the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, reduces hypoxia-induced intracellular calcium elevation, decreases the expression of autophagy (autophagy) proteins, regulates the expression of phenotypic marker proteins, and inhibits the proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. NPS 2390 attenuates the endogenous apoptosis (apoptosis) pathway, increases the expression level of Bcl-2, downregulates the expression levels of Bax, cytochrome c and caspase-3, alleviates cerebral edema and improves neurological function in rat models. NPS 2390 can be used in studies related to hypoxic pulmonary hypertension, traumatic brain injury, stroke and pain.
    NPS 2390
  • HY-132242
    DL-Sulforaphane N-acetyl-L-cysteine
    		Inducer 99.90%
    DL-Sulforaphane N-acetyl-L-cysteine (SFN-NAC) is an orally active HDAC inhibitor and metabolite of sulforaphane (HY-13755) with longer half-life and better blood-brain barrier permeability. DL-Sulforaphane N-acetyl-L-cysteine activates autophagy-mediated downregulation of α-tubulin expression through the ERK pathway and can be used in cancer research.
    DL-Sulforaphane N-acetyl-L-cysteine
  • HY-147291
    VPC-70063
    		Inducer 99.92%
    VPC-70063 is a potent Myc-Max inhibitor with an IC50 value of 8.9 μM for Myc-Max transcriptional activity inhibition. VPC-70063 reduces UBE2C promotor activity and AR-V7 levels, and induces PARP cleavage. VPC-70063 induces apoptosis and blocks Myc-Max interactions with DNA. VPC-70063 can be used for researching anticancer.
    VPC-70063
  • HY-N6033
    Ferruginol
    		Inducer
    Ferruginol ((+)-Ferruginol), a natural diterpenoid, is an inhibitor of the activation of Epstein-Barr virus early antigen (EBV-EA). Ferruginol inhibits the growth of thyroid cancer cells through the induction of mitochondrial apoptosis. Ferruginol has antitumor, cardioprotective, antioxidant, gastroprotective, and neuroprotective activities.
    Ferruginol
  • HY-157164
    PROTAC EZH2 Degrader-2
    		Inducer 98.77%
    PROTAC EZH2 Degrader-2 is a PROTAC EZH2 inhibitor. PROTAC EZH2 Degrader-2 degrades EZH2 in SU-DHL-6 cells in a dose-dependent manner. PROTAC EZH2 Degrader-2 induces apoptosis and reduces mitochondrial membrane potential in SU-DHL-6 cells. PROTAC EZH2 Degrader-2 has anti-cancer and anti-proliferative activity.
    PROTAC EZH2 Degrader-2
  • HY-12538
    Graveoline
    		Inducer 99.93%
    Graveoline (Rutamine) is an orally active alkaloid with various activities such as antifungal, antiparasitic, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor effects. Graveoline can induce tumor cell apoptosis and autophagy through a reactive oxygen species-mediated pathway. Graveoline has an MIC of 500 μg/mL for Candida albicans. Graveoline can be used in the research of various diseases such as tumors and liver injury.
    Graveoline
  • HY-N0565BR
    Doxycycline hyclate (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Doxycycline hyclate (Standard) is the analytical standard of Doxycycline hyclate (HY-N0565B). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Doxycycline hyclate is an orally active highly lipophilic, tissue-permeable MMP inhibitor with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. Doxycycline hyclate is also a semi-synthetic antibiotic with chelating properties, which blocks bacterial protein synthesis and inhibits extracellular matrix degradation through interactions with zinc and calcium atoms. Doxycycline hyclate also inhibits mitochondrial biogenesis, translation, and the expression of respiratory chain proteins. Doxycycline hyclate induces apoptosis, inhibits autophagy and EMT, downregulates stem cell markers, and activates the PI3K-AKT pathway, thereby effectively inhibiting the viability and proliferation of cancer cells such as breast cancer cells. Doxycycline hyclate also promotes the survival and self-renewal of embryonic stem cells and neural stem cells, and reduces the frequency of medium changes in culture. Doxycycline hyclate has been applied in studies related to breast cancer, prostate cancer, bladder cancer, and other cancers.
    Doxycycline hyclate (Standard)
  • HY-160765
    WNTinib
    		Inducer 99.95%
    WNTinib (APS-8-100-2) is a multi-kinase inhibitor that selectively antagonizes β-catenin (CTNNB1) mutated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). WNTinib downregulates oncogenicWntsignaling by inhibiting KIT/MAPK and downstream EZH2 activation.
    WNTinib
  • HY-N6777
    Penicillic acid
    		Inhibitor 99.83%
    Penicillic acid is a polyketide mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium. Penicillic acid exhibits cytotoxicity in rat alveolar macrophages (AM) in vitro. Penicillic acid inhibits Fas ligand-induced apoptosis by blocking self-processing of caspase-8.
    Penicillic acid
  • HY-156437
    NBI-961
    		Inducer 99.73%
    NBI-961 is a potent NEK2 inhibitor that inhibits proteasomal degradation. NBI-961 induces G2/mitosis arrest and apoptosis in diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cells.
    NBI-961
  • HY-143490
    PAK4-IN-2
    		Inducer 99.42%
    PAK4-IN-2 is a highly potent PAK4 inhibitor with IC50 value of 2.7 nM. PAK4-IN-2 can arrest MV4-11 cells at G0/G1 phase and induce cell apoptosis. PAK4-IN-2 can be used for researching cancer.
    PAK4-IN-2
  • HY-N6694
    4-Bromo A23187
    		Inducer ≥99.0%
    4-Bromo A23187 is a halogenated analog of the highly selective calcium ionophore A-23187. 4-Bromo A23187, a calcium modulator, induces apoptosis in different cells, including HL-60 cells.
    4-Bromo A23187
  • HY-N0667S3
    L-Asparagine-13C4 monohydrate
    		98.9%
    L-Asparagine-13C4 monohydrate is the 13C-labeled L-Asparagine monohydrate (HY-W017443). L-Asparagine monohydrate is an essential amino acid for leukemic cells and a substrate for L-Asparaginase. L-Asparaginase is a potent anti-leukemic enzyme that promotes asparagine (Asn) and glutamine (Gln) depletion and inhibits protein biosynthesis in lymphoblasts. Removal of L-asparagine from plasma by L-Asparaginase results in inhibition of RNA and DNA synthesis and subsequent apoptosis. L-Asparaginase has cell-killing ability in vitro and in vivo, and selectively inhibits the growth of cancer cells with low asparagine synthetase (AASNS) expression. L-Asparagine monohydrate can be used as a biomarker and sensor for the study of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
    L-Asparagine-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>4</sub> monohydrate
  • HY-111237
    Butyrolactone I
    		Inhibitor 99.80%
    Butyrolactone I is an orally active and ATP-competitive inhibitor of CDK1. Butyrolactone I inhibits NF-κB, cdc2 kinase, Bax, ROS production, modulates the PERK/CHOP. Butyrolactone I mitigates heat-stress-induced Apoptosis. Butyrolactone I shows anti-inflammatory and intestinal protective activity. Butyrolactone I has antitumor effects against non-small cell lung, small cell lung, prostate cancer and leukemia. Butyrolactone I can be used in NASH research.
    Butyrolactone I
  • HY-149007
    STAT3-IN-11
    		Inducer 98.29%
    STAT3-IN-11 (7a) is a selective STAT3 inhibitor that inhibits the phosphorylation of STAT3 at site pTyr705. STAT3-IN-11 inhibits the phosphorylation of downstream genes (Survivin and Mcl-1) without affecting its upstream tyrosine kinases (Src and JAK2) levels and p-STAT1 expression. STAT3-IN-11 can induce cancer cell apoptosis, which is potential for the discovery of effective STAT3 inhibitors and antitumor agents against cancers.
    STAT3-IN-11
  • HY-147858
    PROTAC EGFR degrader 7
    		Inducer 99.48%
    PROTAC EGFR degrader 7 (compound 13b) is a potent and selective CRBN-recruiting PROTAC EGFRL858R/T790M degrader, with a DC50 of 13.2 nM. PROTAC EGFR degrader 7 inhibits NCI–H1975 cells proliferation, with an IC50 of 46.82 nM. PROTAC EGFR degrader 7 significantly induces apoptosis and G2/M phase arrest in NCI–H1975 cell. PROTAC EGFR degrader 7 shows antitumor activity, and can be used for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) research. PROTAC EGFR degrader 7 is a click chemistry reagent, it contains an Alkyne group and can undergo copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc) with molecules containing Azide groups.
    PROTAC EGFR degrader 7
  • HY-N3031
    Grosvenorine
    		Inducer 99.64%
    Grosvenorine is an orally active flavonoid glycoside found in S. grosvenorii. Grosvenorine exhibits antibacterial, antioxidant and antiinflammation activities. Grosvenorine can induce apoptosis and increases anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein expression and reduces pro-apoptotic P53 protein expression in gastric tissues. Grosvenorine enhances mucin/glycoprotein secretion, regulates gastric pH, and reduces gastric lesion incidence.Grosvenorine increases glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and SOD levels, reduces lipid peroxidation (MDA), and lowers TNF-α and IL-6 levels. Grosvenorine can be used for the researches of bacterial infection and Gastric ulcer.
    Grosvenorine
  • HY-116568
    Prothioconazole
    		Inducer 99.52%
    Prothioconazole is an orally active broad-spectrum fungicide. Prothioconazole weakly inhibits CaCYP51 activity in Candida albicans, with an apparent IC50 of approximately 120 μM. Prothioconazole disrupts Microtubule stability by reducing the acetylation level of α-tubulin. Prothioconazole induces Mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, DNA damage, and Apoptosis. Prothioconazole accumulates 14-methylated sterols and depletes ergosterol in cells, culture media, plants, and animals. Prothioconazole interferes with pyruvate metabolism and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis processes in mouse liver, downregulates Fasn mRNA expression, and induces hepatotoxicity and renal metabolic disorders. Prothioconazole reduces the fertility of female mice. Prothioconazole inhibits body weight gain and increases liver/kidney indices in mice. Prothioconazole can be used in studies related to candidiasis.
    Prothioconazole
  • HY-10529R
    Betulinic acid (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Betulinic acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of Betulinic acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Betulinic acid is a natural pentacyclic triterpenoid, acts as a eukaryotic topoisomerase I inhibitor, with an IC50 of 5 μM, and possesses anti-HIV, anti-malarial, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties. Betulinic acid can cross the blood-brain barrier.
    Betulinic acid (Standard)
  • HY-117738
    Benarthin
    		Inhibitor
    Benarthin is an orally active Pyroglutamyl peptidase inhibitor, THY1 inhibitor (with a Kd value of 5.13e-08 M) and competitive PGP-1 inhibitor (Ki = 1.2 µM). Benarthin is isolated from the culture broth of Streptomyces xanthophaeus MJ244-SF1. Benarthin disrupts the THY1-SFRP1 interaction, inhibits the activation of the GSK3α/β-β-catenin pathway, and reduces the upregulation of FASLG. Benarthin attenuates urothelial anoikis and reduces cell Apoptosis. Benarthin possesses iron-chelating activity. Benarthin maintains urothelial barrier integrity and blocks the pathological cascade of renal interstitial fibroblasts induced by HAP stimulation. Benarthin can be used in studies related to kidney stones.
    Benarthin
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity