2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-B0084S2
    Dienogest-d6
    		Inducer 99.92%
    Dienogest-d6 is deuterium labeled Dienogest (HY-B0084). Dienogest is an orally active progesterone receptor agonist that can be used in the study of endometriosis.
    Dienogest-d<sub>6</sub>
  • HY-13613R
    Dutasteride (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Dutasteride (Standard) is the analytical standard of Dutasteride. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Dutasteride (GG745) is a potent inhibitor of both 5α-reductase isozymes. Dutasteride may possess off-target effects on the androgen receptor (AR) due to its structural similarity to DHT.
    Dutasteride (Standard)
  • HY-Y1269D
    Ammonium chloride, for molecular biology
    		Inducer
    Ammonium chloride (Salmiac), for molecular biology is an inhibitor of Slc26a4 and SMAD2. Ammonium chloride, for molecular biology reduces the protein expression level of Slc26a4 in lung tissue, and attenuates ozone-induced increases in proinflammatory cytokines, inflammatory cells, pulmonary resistance, goblet cell hyperplasia, peribronchial inflammation and thiocyanate levels in mouse tissues and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Ammonium chloride, for molecular biology decreases the level of phosphorylated SMAD2, inhibits autophagy by reducing autophagy-related proteins, and enhances Cisplatin (HY-17394)-induced cancer cell apoptosis and DNA double-strand breaks. Ammonium chloride, for molecular biology also inhibits the TCA cycle, reduces ATP production, increases glucose utilization, regulates the levels of lactic acid, glutamic acid and ATP, and induces morphological degeneration of neuroblastoma cells. Ammonium chloride, for molecular biology can be used in studies related to ozone-induced airway injury, hepatocellular carcinoma, human cervical cancer, hepatic encephalopathy, Reye syndrome, epilepsy and neurodegenerative diseases.
    Ammonium chloride, for molecular biology
  • HY-152135
    TJ08
    		Inducer
    TJ08, a 1,2,5-trisubstituted benzimidazole derivative, efficiently induces G1/S phase arrest and promotes apoptosis in various cancer cells. TJ08 is an anticancer agent.
    TJ08
  • HY-161185
    Thalidomide-piperidine-O-azetidine-boc
    		Inducer
    Thalidomide-piperidine-O-azetidine-boc is a conjugate of E3 ubiquitin ligase ligand-Linker, which can be used to synthesize complete PROTACs molecules.
    Thalidomide-piperidine-O-azetidine-boc
  • HY-102010
    Pancratistatin
    		Inducer
    Pancratistatin is an isoquinoline alkaloid that can be isolated from Hymenocallis littoralis. Pancratistatin induces apoptosis of human melanoma cells. Pancratistatin can be used for the research of neuroblastoma, leukemia and breast cancer.
    Pancratistatin
  • HY-169076
    FLT3/HDAC-IN-1
    		Inducer
    FLT3/HDAC-IN-1 is a dual inhibitor of FLT3/HDAC, with IC50 values of 30.4, 52.4, and 14.7 nM for FLT3, HDAC1, and HDAC3, respectively. FLT3/HDAC-IN-1 can induce apoptosis in MV-4-11 cells and has anti-proliferative effects on FLT3 mutant-transformed BaF3 cells. FLT3/HDAC-IN-1 is being researched for its potential in treating hard-to-treat solid tumors and hematological malignancies.
    FLT3/HDAC-IN-1
  • HY-161825
    Tubulin polymerization-IN-66
    		Inducer
    Tubulin polymerization-IN-66 (Compound 13) inhibits colony formation and tubulin polymerization. Tubulin polymerization-IN-66 induces apoptosis. Tubulin polymerization-IN-66 inhibits cell viability of A549, A2780, SKOV3, HCC827 cells, with IC50s of 0.84, 0.38, 0.31, 0.34 nM respectively. Tubulin polymerization-IN-66 is also active against the Paclitaxel (HY-B0015)-resistant cancer cell line A2780/T and its parental cell line A2780.
    Tubulin polymerization-IN-66
  • HY-179020
    PARP/VEGFR3-IN-1
    		Inducer
    PARP/VEGFR3-IN-1 (Compound 18) is a dual PARP-VEGFR3 target inhibitor. Its IC50 values for PARP1, PARP2, and VEGFR3 are 0.0763, 0.0366, and 4.25 nM respectively. PARP/VEGFR3-IN-1 has no inhibitory effect on VEGFR1/2 and shows subtype selectivity. PARP/VEGFR3-IN-1 exhibits significant anti-proliferative activity in various cancer cells (leukemia, lung cancer, and triple-negative breast cancer). PARP/VEGFR3-IN-1 induces DNA damage and cell cycle arrest. PARP/VEGFR3-IN-1 triggers various forms of cell death by inducing apoptosis and autophagy. PARP/VEGFR3-IN-1 can be formulated into nanodelivery systems, significantly enhancing tumor targeting and therapeutic window.
    PARP/VEGFR3-IN-1
  • HY-136341R
    7,8-Dihydroneopterin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Sanguinarine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Sanguinarine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Sanguinarine (Sanguinarin), a benzophenanthridine alkaloid derived from the root of Sanguinaria Canadensis, can stimulate apoptosis via activating the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Sanguinarine-induced apoptosis is associated with the activation of JNK and NF-κB.
    7,8-Dihydroneopterin (Standard)
  • HY-174254
    AKT-IN-28
    		Inducer
    AKT-IN-28 is an Akt allosteric inhibitor, a derivative of Shikonin (HY-N0822). AKT-IN-28 effectively binds to the allosteric site of Akt through hydrophobic and hydrogen interactions with Kd of 2.07 μM. AKT-IN-28 significantly inhibits Akt activity, induces cell apoptosis, arrests cell cycle in G2/M phase, and suppresses proliferation, migration and metabolism of KRAS mutant colorectal cancer cells.
    AKT-IN-28
  • HY-B0780S
    Fimasartan-d6
    		Inducer
    Fimasartan-d6 is deuterium labeled Fimasartan.
    Fimasartan-d<sub>6</sub>
  • HY-172172
    TS-IN-6
    		Inducer
    TS-IN-6 (Compound 10) is a thymidylate synthase (TS) inhibitor with an IC50 value of 0.54  μM, demonstrating significant antiproliferative activity. TS-IN-6 induces G1 phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis (marked by substantial increases in both early and late apoptotic rates) and shows potential for research on cancers such as colon, breast, and liver cancers.
    TS-IN-6
  • HY-150615
    SphK1-IN-2
    		Inducer
    SphK1-IN-2 is a potent, selective SphK1 inhibitor with IC50 values of 19.81 nM and ＞10 μM for SphK1 and SphK2, respectively. SphK1-IN-2 exhibits anti-proliferative activities and induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. SphK1-IN-2 can be used for cancer research.
    SphK1-IN-2
  • HY-181716
    KRAS G12C-IN-74
    		Inducer
    KRAS G12C-IN-74 is an orally active, selective KRASG12C inhibitor with a target IC50 of 43.18 nM. KRAS G12C-IN-74 induces G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in KRASG12C-mutant cancer cells. KRAS G12C-IN-74 is applicable for the research of KRASG12C-mutant pancreatic cancer, colorectal cancer and lung cancer.
    KRAS G12C-IN-74
  • HY-N17632
    Moracin G
    		Inducer
    Moracin G is a plant-derived kinase modulator and receptor ligand that forms stable bindings with multiple key proteins (AKT1, COX2 and Estrogen receptor 1) and competitively inhibits the activity of specific kinases. By binding to MELK to disrupt cell cycle regulation, Moracin G impairs the survival and proliferation of cancer cells, induces cancer cell apoptosis, and thereby exerts anti-tumor potential. Moracin G can be used in research related to periodontitis and breast cancer.
    Moracin G
  • HY-117595
    PHM16
    		Inducer
    PHM16 is an ATP competitive inhibitor of FAK and FGFR2 (IC50: 0.4 μM and 0.37 μM, respectively), with direct potent anti-angiogenic activity.
    PHM16
  • HY-183069
    FKL-137
    		Inducer
    FKL-137 is a GLUT1 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathway inhibitor. FKL-137 binds to GLUT1, reduces glucose uptake and lactate secretion, downregulates glucose metabolism-related proteins, and inhibits erythroleukemia cell proliferation. FKL-137 downregulates PI3K, p-PI3K, AKT, p-AKT levels, disrupts the PI3K/AKT-GLUT1 positive feedback loop, and suppresses erythroleukemia cell proliferation. FKL-137 induces apoptosis via upregulated Bax, Cleaved-PARP and downregulated Bcl-2, PARP. FKL-137 can be used for the research of erythroleukemia.
    FKL-137
  • HY-13547
    ADPM06
    		Inducer
    ADPM06, a lead candidate azadipyrromethene, is a novel nonporphyrin photodynamic therapeutic (PDT) agent. ADPM06 exhibits IC50 values in the micro-molar range in human tumor cells and induces apoptosis.
    ADPM06
  • HY-P11289
    Intermedin1-53 (Human)
    		Inhibitor
    Intermedin1-53 (Human) is a 53-aa human calcitonin family peptide that reduces the vulnerability of atherosclerotic plaques by inhibiting CHOP-mediated macrophage apoptosis and inflammasome.
    Intermedin1-53 (Human)
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity