2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Immunology/Inflammation
  4. COX

COX

Cyclooxygenase

COX

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Cyclooxygenase (COX), officially known as prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase (PTGS), is an enzyme that is responsible for formation of important biological mediators called prostanoids, including prostaglandins, prostacyclin and thromboxane. Pharmacological inhibition of COX can provide relief from the symptoms of inflammation and pain. Drugs, like Aspirin, that inhibit cyclooxygenase activity have been available to the public for about 100 years. Two cyclooxygenase isoforms have been identified and are referred to as COX-1 and COX-2. Under many circumstances the COX-1 enzyme is produced constitutively (i.e., gastric mucosa) whereas COX-2 is inducible (i.e., sites of inflammation). Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), such as aspirin and ibuprofen, exert their effects through inhibition of COX. The main COX inhibitors are the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

COX Isoform Specific Products:

COX Isoform Comparison
Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-N0001S2
    (-)-Epicatechin-13C3
    		Inhibitor
    (-)-Epicatechin-13C3 ((-)-Epicatechol-13C3) is 13C labeled (-)-Epicatechin. (-)-Epicatechin inhibits cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) with an IC50 of 3.2 μM. (-)-Epicatechin inhibits the IL-1β-induced expression of iNOS by blocking the nuclear localization of the p65 subunit of NF-κB.
    (-)-Epicatechin-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-N2106R
    Dehydroevodiamine (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Dehydroevodiamine is a major bioactive quinazoline alkaloid isolated from Evodiae Fructus, has an antiarrhythmic effect in guinea-pig ventricular myocytes. Dehydroevodiamine inhibits LPS-induced iNOS, COX-2, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) expression in murine macrophage cells.
    Dehydroevodiamine (Standard)
  • HY-B0482S1
    Acemetacin-13C6
    		Inhibitor
    Acemetacin-13C6 (TVX 1322-13C6) is 13C labeled Acemetacin. Acemetacin (TVX 1322) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and a glycolic acid ester of indometacin that is a cyclooxygenase inhibitor.
    Acemetacin-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>6</sub>
  • HY-B0288BR
    Fenoprofen Calcium hydrate (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Fenoprofen (LILLY-53858 (Standard)) (Standard) Calcium hydrate is the analytical standard of Fenoprofen Calcium hydrate (HY-B0288B). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Fenoprofen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) and inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX). Fenoprofen is a melanocortin receptors (MCRs) positive allosteric modulator (PAM). Fenoprofen also increases ERK1/2 activation in HEK293T cells. Fenoprofen has anti-arthritic activities and can be used for the study of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.
    Fenoprofen Calcium hydrate (Standard)
  • HY-B0580S2
    Ketorolac-13C6
    		Inhibitor
    Ketorolac-13C6 (RS37619-13C6) is 13C labeled Ketorolac. Ketorolac (RS37619) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), acting as a nonselective COX inhibitor, with IC50s of 20 nM for COX-1 and 120 nM for COX-2. Ketorolac tromethamine is used as 0.5% ophthalmic solution for the research of allergic conjunctivitis, cystoid macular edema, intraoperative miosis, and postoperative ocular inflammation and pain. Ketorolac tromethamine is also a DDX3 inhibitor that can be used for cancer research.
    Ketorolac-<sup>13</sup>C<sub>6</sub>
  • HY-W018643A
    (E)-Ferulic acid methyl ester
    		99.95%
    (E)-Ferulic acid methyl ester (Methyl (E)-ferulate) exhibits strong DPPH and ABTS+ radical scavenging activities.
    (E)-Ferulic acid methyl ester
  • HY-W008833R
    3-Aminobutanoic acid (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    3-Aminobutanoic acid is a β-amino acid. 3-Aminobutanoic acid can protect plant against a challenge infection with P. infestans. 3-Aminobutanoic acid has various levels of susceptibility for the pathogen.
    3-Aminobutanoic acid (Standard)
  • HY-76383R
    LR-90 (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    LR-90 (Standard) is the analytical standard of LR-90. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. LR-90 is an advanced glycation end product (AGE) inhibitor, inhibits inflammatory responses in human monocytes. LR-90 is also used in the research of diabetic animal model.
    LR-90 (Standard)
  • HY-106449R
    Recoflavone (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Recoflavone (Standard) is the analytical standard of Recoflavone (HY-106449). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Recoflavone (DA-6034 (free acid)), a synthetic derivative of the flavonoid Eupatilin (HY-N0783), is orally active. Recoflavone can inhibit the NF-κB pathway and induce [Ca(2+)]i increase in epithelial cells. Recoflavone exhibits activities such as anti-inflammation, anti-tumor effects, protection of gastric and intestinal mucosa, and promotion of secretion in the ocular surface and salivary glands. Recoflavone can be used for the research of diseases such as dry eye, gastric injury, and intestinal injury.
    Recoflavone (Standard)
  • HY-100125A
    Timegadine hydrochloride
    		Inhibitor
    Timegadine hydrochloride (SR1368 hydrochloride) is the hydrochloride salt form of Timegadine (HY-100125). Timegadine hydrochloride is an orally active inhibitor for COX and lipo-oxygenase, that inhibits COX in washed rabbit platelets and rat brain with IC50 of 5 nM and 20 μM, inhibits lipo-oxygenase in in horse and washed rabbit platelets with IC50 of 100 μM. Timegadine hydrochloride exhibits anti-arthritis activity.
    Timegadine hydrochloride
  • HY-N1508R
    Ecliptasaponin A (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Ecliptasaponin A (Standard) is the analytical standard for Ecliptasaponin A (HY-N1508). Ecliptasaponin A is an orally active pentacyclic triterpenoid saponin. Ecliptasaponin A exerts anti-tumor activity by activating ASK1/JNK pathway, inducing apoptosis and autophagy in lung cancer cells. Ecliptasaponin A exerts anti-inflammatory/anti-fibrotic effects and protects the cardiovascular system by inhibiting the HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB pathway, and the expression of COX-2 and MMP-9. Ecliptasaponin A can enhance SOD activity, reduce MDA levels, and alleviate oxidative stress damage. Ecliptasaponin A exerts chondroprotective effects by inhibiting the expression of MMP13 and regulating inflammatory factors. Ecliptasaponin A improves ovarian function and regulates sex hormones by upregulating the expression of ESR1 receptors.
    Ecliptasaponin A (Standard)
  • HY-126114R
    Lupeol acetate (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Lupeol acetate (Standard) is the analytical standard of Lupeol acetate. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Lupeol acetate is a derivative of Lupeol. Lupeol acetate is an anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-trypanosomic and anticancer agent with oral activity. Lupeol acetate significantly improves the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis by down-regulating the expression of inflammatory cytokines and osteoclast production. Lupeol acetate inhibits spermatogenesis in male rats and eventually led to infertility.
    Lupeol acetate (Standard)
  • HY-N0346
    4-Methoxycinnamic acid ethyl ester
    		Inhibitor 98.72%
    4-Methoxycinnamic acid ethyl ester (Ethyl p-methoxycinnamate) is an orally active natural compound found. 4-Methoxycinnamic acid ethyl ester exerts anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX-1 (IC50 = 1.12 μM) and COX-2 (IC50 = 0.83 μM)), NF-κB (IC50 = 88.7 μM) and cytokine production (TNF-α (IC50 = 96.84 μg/mL) and IL-1β (IC50 = 166.4 μg/mL)). 4-Methoxycinnamic acid ethyl ester inhibits tumor cell proliferation, migration and cancer metabolism and induces apoptosis.4-Methoxycinnamic acid ethyl ester inhibits VEGF expression, thereby inhibiting angiogenesis. 4-Methoxycinnamic acid ethyl ester has a significant inhibitory effect on dengue virus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. 4-Methoxycinnamic acid ethyl ester has analgesic effects in rats.
    4-Methoxycinnamic acid ethyl ester
  • HY-N0920R
    Dihydrokavain (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Dihydrokavain (Standard) (7,8-Dihydrokawain (Standard)) is the analytical standard of Dihydrokavain (HY-N0920). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Dihydrokavain is a natural kavalactone compound. Dihydrokavain inhibits COX-1, COX-2, CYP2C9 (IC50 = 130.95 μM), CYP2C19 (IC50 = 10.05 μM) and CYP3A4 (IC50 = 78.59 μM). Dihydrokavain reduces TNFα secretion. Dihydrokavain shows analgesic and anxiolytic effects.
    Dihydrokavain (Standard)
  • HY-14397S3
    Indomethacin-13C6
    		Inhibitor
    Indomethacin-13C6 (Indometacin-13C6) is 13C labeled Indomethacin. Indomethacin (Indometacin) is a potent, orally active COX1/2 inhibitor with IC50 values of 18 nM and 26 nM for COX-1 and COX-2, respectively. Indomethacin has anticancer activity and anti-infective activity. Indomethacin can be used for cancer, inflammation and viral infection research.
    Indomethacin-</sub><sup>13</sup>C<sub>6</sub>
  • HY-17474S1
    Parecoxib-d5
    		Inhibitor
    Parecoxib-d5 (SC 69124-d5) is deuterium labeled Parecoxib. Parecoxib (SC 69124) is a highly selective and orally active COX-2 inhibitor, the proagent of Valdecoxib (HY-15762). Parecoxib Sodium is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) and inhibits prostaglandin (PG) synthesis. Parecoxib can be used for the relief of acute postoperative pain and symptoms of chronic inflammatory conditions such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis in vivo.
    Parecoxib-d<sub>5</sub>
  • HY-N3989
    Haplopine
    		Inhibitor 99.49%
    Haplopine is a substance with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and photoactivated antibacterial activities. It also acts as an inhibitor of UGT1A7 and a photoactivated restriction endonuclease inhibitor. Haplopine inhibits the mRNA/protein expression of IL-6, TSLP, GM-CSF, G-CSF, IL-4, IL-13 and COX-2, while upregulating the mRNA/protein expression of SOD, CAT and HO-1. Haplopine inhibits the glucuronidation reaction catalyzed by UGT1A7 through competitive hydrophobic binding. Haplopine exerts photoactivated restriction endonuclease inhibitory effects by binding to DNA. Haplopine exhibits photoactivated activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Haplopine alleviates symptoms of atopic dermatitis. Haplopine can be used in research related to atopic dermatitis and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections.
    Haplopine
  • HY-B0641R
    Felbinac (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Felbinac (Standard) is the analytical standard of Felbinac. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Felbinac is a potent non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, used to treat muscle inflammation and arthritis.
    Felbinac (Standard)
  • HY-171470
    RS-57067
    		Inhibitor
    RS-57067 is a COX-2 inhibitor with a Ki of 16.9 μM. RS-57067 reduces the production of prostaglandins (such as PGE2) by inhibiting COX-2, thereby alleviating the inflammatory response. RS-57067 can be used in the research of inflammatory and immune diseases.
    RS-57067
  • HY-B1179R
    Dipyrocetyl (Standard)
    		Inhibitor
    Dipyrocetyl (Standard) is the analytical standard of Dipyrocetyl. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Dipyrocetyl is a Salicylic Acid (HY-B0167) derivative, exhibiting analgesic and antipyretic activity. Dipyrocetyl can be used for inflammation diseases and pain.
    Dipyrocetyl (Standard)
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
COX Isoform Comparison

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