Carboxylesterase (CES) Inhibitor

Bakuchiol is a phytoestrogen that can be obtained from psoralen seeds. Bakuchiol has been proven to be a non-competitive inhibitor of multiple enzymes, including UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7 (UGT2B7) and human carboxylesterase 2 (hCE2) , with IC₅₀s values of 40.9 μM and 7.28 μM, respectively. Bakuchiol exhibits significant research and application potential in areas such as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antitumor therapies, as well as drug metabolism regulation.

Bis(4-nitrophenyl) phosphate (BNPP) is an esterase inhibitor, inhibits the activity of esterases such as carboxylesterase. Bis(4-nitrophenyl) phosphate inhibits the degradation of Abiraterone in fresh plasma. Bis(4-nitrophenyl) phosphate can be used as a substrate to determine the enzymatic activity of phosphodiesterase in the roots of wetland plants. Bis(4-nitrophenyl) phosphate also acts as a catalyst for metallomicelles and a catalyst that promotes ring-opening polymerization (ROP).

Miltirone is an orally active natural compound found in the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza. Miltirone is a central benzodiazepine receptor partial agonist, with an IC₅₀ of 0.3 μM. Miltirone induces ROS - and-p53 dependent apoptosis. Miltirone inhibits carboxylesterase 2 (CES2; K_i = 0.04 μM) and SARS-CoV main protease (Mpro).

WWL113 is a selective and orally active Ces3 and Ces1f inhibitor, with IC₅₀ values of 120 nM and 100 nM for Ces3 and Ces1f, respectively. WWL113 appears to show excellent selectivity for the 60-kDa serine hydrolase (or hydrolases).

LP-935001 is a Notum carboxylesterase inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 0.4 nM.LP-935001 prevents palmitoleate group removal from Wnt proteins, restores Wnt/β-catenin signaling.LP-935001 enhances cortical bone thickness in rodent models.LP-935001 can be used for the research of bone loss/nonvertebral fractures.

Nevadensin (Lysionotin), a natural flavonoid, is a selective human carboxylesterase 1 (hCE1) inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 2.64 μM. Nevadensin is more selective for hCE1 than hCE2 (IC₅₀ of 132.8 μM). Nevadensin can induce apoptosis and DNA damage in cancer cells. Nevadensin has a variety of pharmacological effects such as anti-inflammatory, anti-tumour, anti-hypertensive, anti-tubercular, antitussive, antioxidant and anti-microbial activities.

GR148672X is an inhibitor of carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) and hepatic microsomal triglyceride hydrolase (TGH). GR148672X blocks the catalytic activity of CES1, impairs the functions of triglyceride and cholesteryl ester lipase, reduces triglyceride mobilization and secretion, and decreases apolipoprotein B-100 secretion in primary rat hepatocytes. Under low-glucose conditions, GR148672X inhibits the survival of colorectal cancer cells by reducing free fatty acid availability, inducing toxic triglyceride accumulation, ROS production, mitochondrial damage, ferroptosis and apoptosis. GR148672X can be used in studies related to colorectal cancer and atherosclerosis.

Dihydromethysticin is an orally active natural active ingredient. Dihydromethysticin can be extracted from Piper methysticum. Dihydromethysticin inhibits carboxylesterase 1 (K_i = 68.2 μM) and CYP2A5. Dihydromethysticin upregulates NLRC3 and induces Apoptosis. Dihydromethysticin exhibits anticancer activity against colorectal cancer and lung adenoma.

Carboxylesterase-IN-3 (compound 4y) is a potent inhibitor of Carboxylesterase Notum with an IC₅₀ less than or equal to 10 nM. Notum is a negative regulator of Wnt signaling acting through the hydrolysis of a palmitoleoylate ester, which is required for Wnt activity. Carboxylesterase-IN-3 has the potential for the research of cancer disease.

CES2-IN-1 (Compound 24) is a reversible and selective CES2 inhibitor (IC₅₀: 6.72 μM for human CES2). CES2-IN-1 reduces the level of CES2 in living cells. CES2-IN-1 is effective against Irinotecan (HY-16562)-induced delayed diarrhea and DSS-induced ulcerative colitis.

Ethyl phenylglyoxylate (Ethyl benzoylformate), the ethyl ester of phenylglyoxylic acid, is used as a synthetic reagent. Ethyl phenylglyoxylate is also a poor substrate but a potent inhibitor of chicken liver carboxylesterase. Additionally, Ethyl phenylglyoxylate exhibits photoreactivity, where its excited triplet carbonyl can initiate intermolecular hydrogen abstraction, radical coupling and cross-linking reactions.

Bis(4-nitrophenyl) phosphate sodium (BNPP sodium) is an esterase inhibitor, inhibits the activity of esterases such as carboxylesterase. Bis(4-nitrophenyl) phosphate sodium inhibits the degradation of Abiraterone in fresh plasma. Bis(4-nitrophenyl) phosphate sodium can be used as a substrate to determine the enzymatic activity of phosphodiesterase in the roots of wetland plants. Bis(4-nitrophenyl) phosphate sodium also acts as a catalyst for metallomicelles and a catalyst that promotes ring-opening polymerization (ROP).

CES2A-IN-2 (compound 14n) is an orally active, highly specific, irreversible and covalent CES2A inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 0.04 nM for human CES2A. CES2A-IN-2 covalently binds to CES2A by specifically targeting the catalytic serine residue (Ser-228). CES2A-IN-2 can significantly ameliorate Irinotecan-triggered gut toxicity (ITGT) without diminishing the anti-tumor effects of Irinotecan (HY-16562) in tumor-bearing mice.

Tanshinone IIA anhydride, present in root extracts of Salvia miltiorrhiza, acts as an inhibitor of human carboxylesterase (CE). Tanshinone IIA anhydride has a K_i value of 1.9 nM against hCE1 and a K_i value of 1.4 nM against hiCE. Tanshinone IIA anhydride forms a stable covalent complex with serine Ser221 at the active site of hCE1, blocking the catalytic cycle of carboxylesterase, and the activity of the inactivated enzyme cannot recover spontaneously. Tanshinone IIA anhydride is applicable in metabolism-related studies.

Alisol G (25-Anhydroalisol A) is a human carboxylesterase 2 (hCES2) inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 3.85 μM. Alisol G exhibits cytotoxic activity against human cancer cells, antibacterial activity against Gram-positive strains, and anti-hepatitis B virus activity. Alisol G can be used in research related to lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, bacterial infections, and HBV infections.

Carboxylesterase-IN-2 (compound 4u) is a potent inhibitor of Carboxylesterase Notum with an IC₅₀ less than or equal to 10 nM. Notum is a negative regulator of Wnt signaling acting through the hydrolysis of a palmitoleoylate ester, which is required for Wnt activity. Carboxylesterase-IN-2 has the potential for the research of cancer disease.

Dibromsalicil (Compound 31) is a carboxylesterase (CES) inhibitor with activity of 72.7 nM against hiCE (human intestinal carboxylesterase) and 53.5 nM against rCE (rabbit liver carboxylesterase). Dibromsalicil has almost no activity against hCE1 (human liver carboxylesterase) and cholinesterase.

PMPMEase-IN-1 is an allylated methylated protein methylesterase inhibitor with the property of inhibiting PMPMEase activity. PMPMEase-IN-1 may provide a useful strategy for cancer inhibition by enhancing its affinity for polyisoprenyl derivatives. PMPMEase-IN-1 showed the potential to have an effective concentration (EC50) value in causing degeneration of human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Specific inhibition of PMPMEase-IN-1 may help regulate the metabolism of polyisoprenyl proteins and thus maintain normal cell survival. Further development and application of PMPMEase-IN-1 may open up new avenues for inhibiting degenerative diseases and cancer.

Oseltamivir acid methyl ester is a precursor form of the neuraminidase inhibitor and antiviral oseltamivir acid. Oseltamivir acid methyl ester is converted to oseltamivir acid by carboxylesterase 1 (CES1).

Benz-AP is a potent photosensitizer. Benz-AP produces singlet oxygen, with a negative correlation with hCES2 (Human carboxylesterase 2) activity. Benz-AP displays a higher photocytotoxicity potency in cancer cells under low hCES2 environments. Upon TPE (Two-photon excitation), Benz-AP produces ROS and kills cancer cells and tumor spheroids.