Hapten

Deoxynivalenol, an orally active mycotoxin of the trichothecenes family, crosses the intestinal mucosa by a paracellular pathway through the tight junctions. The Deoxynivalenol transport is not affected by P-glycoprotein (PgP) or multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs) inhibitors.

trans-Cinnamaldehyde can be used to prepare highly polyfunctionalized furan ring by reaction of alkyl isocyanides with dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylate. trans-Cinnamaldehyde can be used to synthesize trans-cinnamaldehyde -β-cyclodextrin complex, an antimicrobial edible coating that increases the shelf life of fresh-cut fruits.

Zearalenone is a mycotoxin produced mainly by fungi belonging to the genus Fusarium in foods and feeds. Possess oestrogenic activity in pigs, cattle and sheep, with low acute toxicity. Causes precocious development of mammae and other estrogenic effects in young gilts.

Enrofloxacin (BAY Vp 2674) is an effective antibiotic with an MIC₉₀ of 0.312 μg/mL for Mycoplasma bovis.

Fluorescein (Uranine) is widely used as a fluorescent tracer in medicinal and biological applications and tumor infected tissues tracer. Fluorescein (Uranine) is a representative green fluorophore that has been widely used as a scaffold of practically useful green fluorescent probes.

Farnesol is a sesquiterpene alcohol that modulates cell-to-cell communication in Candida albicans, and has the activity in inhibiting bacteria.

Cortodoxone (11-Deoxycortisol; cortexolone) is a glucocorticoid steroid hormone and also is a glucocorticoid antagonist. Cortodoxone increases tryptophan oxygenase (TO) activity and induces the secretion of corticosterone. Cortodoxone regulates T cell proliferation and activation.

Cotinine ((-)-Cotinine) is an orally active alkaloid found in tobacco and is the primary metabolite of nicotine. Cotinine is metabolized by CYP2A13 into trans-3'-hydroxycotinine. Cotinine is used as a biomarker to measure exposure to tobacco smoke components. Cotinine has vasodepressor activity. The mixture of cotinine and nicotine (Nicotine) has antiproliferative activity against pterygium. (S)-(-)-Cotinine activates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR) in a calcium-dependent manner, leading to the release of dopamine (Dopamine, HY-B0451). Cotinine ((-)-Cotinine) is used in research related to cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases.

Acetyl-6-formylpterin (Ac-6-FP) is a hapten that stabilizes MR1 on antigen-presenting cells, forming an MR1:A6FP complex that fails to activate MAIT cell TCR, thereby acting as a competitive inhibitor of MAIT cell activation. Acetyl-6-formylpterin exacerbates house dust mite-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and elevates circulating IgE levels. Acetyl-6-formylpterin reduces systemic MAIT cell activity and decreases the frequency of IL-17A⁺ and IFNγ⁺ MAIT cells in the spleen. Acetyl-6-formylpterin is useful for the study of allergic asthma.

5β-Cholanic acid is a hydrophobic modifier used to modify polymer carriers. 5β-Cholanic acid can improve the acid stability, cell penetration efficiency and drug sustained release ability of nanocarriers, and optimize the oral effectiveness of delivered molecules. 5β-Cholanic acid can covalently bind to Glycol chitosan (GC) to form a GC-CA conjugate, which optimizes the hydrophobic anchoring ability of nanoparticles and enables them to be stably adsorbed on the surface of PLGA nanoparticles. Such nanoparticles can resist dissociation in the gastric acid environment and maintain positive charge to enhance endocytic uptake by intestinal epithelial cells (such as Caco-2 cells). 5β-Cholanic acid can be used in the development of drug delivery systems.

Tetraxetan (DOTA) is a macrocyclic chelating agent. Tetraxetan can form stable coordination complexes with a variety of metal ions (e.g., ⁶⁸Ga, ¹¹¹In, ¹⁷⁷Lu). Tetraxetan can be conjugated with targeting molecules (e.g., RGD peptide, folic acid) to enable the complex to target specific biomolecules or cells. Tetraxetan can be used for imaging studies of tumors, including melanoma and folate receptor-positive tumors (e.g., cervical cancer) .

Hexadecanamide (Palmitamide) is a fatty acid amide that has orally active anti-allergic, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects. Hexadecanamide exerts protective effects in Staphylococcus aureus- and SARA-induced mastitis. Hexadecanamide suppresses S. aureus-induced activation of the NF-κB pathway and improves blood-milk barrier integrity. Hexadecanamide activates PPARα. Hexadecanamide enhances sperm motility in vitro. Hexadecanamide can be studied in research for mastitis and asthenozoospermia.

Geraniol is an olefin terpene with oral activity. Geraniol inhibits cell proliferation and promotes apoptosis. Geraniol has antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antitumor activities. Geraniol can be used to study diabetes.

Norfloxacin (MK-0366) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that is active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which functions by inhibiting DNA gyrase.

Citral is an orally active monoterpene compound in lemon grass essential oil and a natural ALDH1A inhibitor, which can induce apoptosis and cycle arrest in breast cancer cell lines, and has analgesic, anti-injurious and anti-inflammatory effects^[2][3].

Digoxigenin (DIG) is a steroid. DIG is used for situ hybridization as a labeling molecule probe due to long shelf life and fast detection and high sensitivity of DIG-labeled riboprobes.

Citronellol ((±)-Citronellol) is an orally active inducer of apoptosis. Citronellol can prevent oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis in the SH-SY5Y cell Parkinson's disease model induced by 6-OHDA by regulating the ROS-NO, MAPK/ERK, and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. Citronellol can induce necroptosis in human lung cancer cells through the TNF-α pathway and accumulation of ROS. Citronellol can reduce the levels of LC-3 and p62 to regulate the autophagy pathway, inhibit oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, and thus have neuroprotective effects on Parkinson's rats. Citronellol exhibits anti-fungal activity against Trichophyton rubrum by inhibiting ergosterol synthesis.

6-Formylpterin is an inhibitor of Xanthine Oxidase. 6-Formylpterin induces intracellular ROS generation and apoptosis in HL-60 cells. 6-Formylpterin suppresses cell proliferation in PanC-1 cells.

ARS-1620 is an atropisomeric selective KRAS^G12C inhibitor with desirable pharmacokinetics.

Chlorantraniliprole is an insecticide that potently and selectively activates insect ryanodine receptor, with EC₅₀s of 40 nM and 50 nM for Drosophila melanogaster and H. virescens ryanodine receptor, and ～300-fold more potent than that in the mouse myoblast cell line, C2C12 (EC₅₀, 14 μM).