Fatty Acid Standards

Capsaicin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Capsaicin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Capsaicin ((E)-Capsaicin), an active component of chili peppers, is a TRPV1 agonist. Capsaicin induces a nociceptive response by binding to its receptors. Capsaicin has analgesic effects on neurological disorders. Capsaicin has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer effects.

Palmitic acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of Palmitic acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Palmitic acid is a long-chain saturated fatty acid commonly found in both animals and plants. PA can induce the expression of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) in in mouse granulosa cells.

Succinic acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of Succinic acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Succinic acid is an anti-anxiety agent with oral activity. Disodium succinate is the salt form of Succinic acid. Succinic acid is an intermediate product of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Succinic acid is an important platform chemical. Succinic acid can be used as surfactant, additive, ion chelating agent, flavoring agent and other applications in chemical, pharmaceutical and food fields.

Pyruvic acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of Pyruvic acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Pyruvic acid is an intermediate metabolite in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

Itaconic acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of Itaconic acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Itaconic acid, a precursor of polymers, chemicals, and fuels, can be synthesized by many fungi. Itaconic acid also is a macrophage-specific metabolite. Itaconic acid mediates crosstalk between macrophage metabolism and peritoneal tumors. Itaconic acid has anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial and immunomodulatory effect.

γ-Aminobutyric acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of γ-Aminobutyric acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. γ-Aminobutyric acid (4-Aminobutyric acid) is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the adult mammalian brain, binding to the ionotropic GABA receptors (GABAA receptors) and metabotropic receptors (GABAB receptors. γ-Aminobutyric acid shows calming effect by blocking specific signals of central nervous system.

Arachidonic acid (Immunocytophyt) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Arachidonic acid (HY-109590). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Arachidonic acid is an essential fatty acid and a major constituent of biomembranes.

Docosahexaenoic acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of Docosahexaenoic acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) is an omega-3 fatty acid abundantly present brain and retina. It can be obtained directly from fish oil and maternal milk. In Vitro: Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is essential for the growth and functional development of the brain in infants. DHA is also required for maintenance of normal brain function in adults. The inclusion of plentiful DHA in the diet improves learning ability and memory. DHA is an essential requirement in every step of brain development like neural cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, synaptogenesis. The multiple double bonds and unique structure allow DHA to impart special membrane characteristics for effective cell signaling. Many development disorders like dyslexia, autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, schizophrenia etc. are causally related to decreased level of DHA. DHA is a potent RXR ligand inducing robust RXR activation already at low micro molar concentrations. The EC₅₀ for RXRα activation by DHA is about 5-10 μM fatty acid. In Vivo: Docosahexaenoic acid administration over 10 weeks significantly reduces the number of reference memory errors, without affecting the number of working memory errors, and significantly increases the docosahexaenoic acid content and the docosahexaenoic acid/arachidonic acid ratio in both the hippocampus and the cerebral cortex. DHA treatment exerts neuroprotective actions on an experimental mouse model of PD. There is a decrease tendency in brain lipid oxidation of MPTP mice but it does not significantly.

Oxaloacetic acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of Oxaloacetic acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Oxaloacetic acid (2-Oxosuccinic acid) is a metabolic intermediate involved in several ways, such as citric acid cycle, gluconeogenesis, the urea cycle, the glyoxylate cycle, amino acid synthesis, and fatty acid synthesis, whereby Oxaloacetic acid facilitates the clearance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and improves mitochondrial function.

3-Methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of 3-Methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. 3-Methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid is a precursor of pantothenic acid in Escherichia coli.

Lactic acid (Standard) (DL-Lactic acid (Standard)) is the analytical standard of Lactic acid (HY-B2227). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Lactic acid (DL-Lactic acid) is a hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1 (HCAR1) activator and an epigenetic modulator inducing lysine residues lactylation. Lactic acid is a glycolysis end-product, bridging the gap between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. Lactic acid is an oncometabolite and has immune protective role of lactate in anti-tumor immunity. Lactic acid also has antimicrobial activity, which can be used as a food preservative.

L-Isoleucine (Standard) is the analytical standard of L-Isoleucine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. L-Isoleucine is an orally active branched chain amino acid, which is the L-enantiomer of isoleucine. L-Isoleucine has a role as a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a plant metabolite, a human metabolite, an algal metabolite and a mouse metabolite. L-Isoleucine regulates the inflammatory response to protect against pathogens in vivo and in vitro.

Stearic acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of Stearic acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Stearic acid is a long-chain dietary saturated fatty acid that can significantly reduce visceral fat by inducing apoptosis of preadipocytes. Stearic acid can be used in the study of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.

Eicosapentaenoic Acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of Eicosapentaenoic Acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) is an orally active Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (ω-3 LC-PUFA). Eicosapentaenoic Acid exhibits a DNA demethylating action that promotes the re-expression of the tumor suppressor gene CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein δ (C/EBPδ). Eicosapentaenoic Acid activates RAS/ERK/C/EBPβ pathway through H-Ras intron 1 CpG island demethylation in U937 leukemia cells. Eicosapentaenoic Acid can promote relaxation of vascular smooth muscle cells and vasodilation.

Valproic acid (Dipropylacetic Acid) (Standard) is an analytical standard for valproic acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Valproic acid is an orally active HDAC inhibitor (IC₅₀=0.5-2 mM), inhibits the activity of HDAC1 (IC₅₀=400 μM), and induces the degradation of HDAC2. Valproic acid activates Notch1 signaling and inhibits the proliferation of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cells. Valproic acid is used in the study of epilepsy, bipolar disorder, metabolic diseases, HIV infection, and migraine.

α-Linolenic acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of α-Linolenic acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. α-Linolenic acid, isolated from Perilla frutescens, is an essential fatty acid that cannot be synthesized by humans. α-Linolenic acid can affect the process of thrombotic through the modulation of PI3K/Akt signaling. α-Linolenic acid possess the anti-arrhythmic properties and is related to cardiovascular disease and cancer.

Methylmalonic acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of Methylmalonic acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Methylmalonic acid (Methylmalonate) is an indicator of Vitamin B-12 deficiency in cancer.

2-Oxobutanoic acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of 2-Oxobutanoic acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. 2-Oxobutanoic acid is a product in the enzymatic cleavage of cystathionine.

Linoleic acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of Linoleic acid (HY-N0729). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Linoleic acid is a common polyunsaturated (PUFA) found in plant-based oils, nuts and seeds. Linoleic acid is a part of membrane phospholipids, and functions as a structural component to maintain a certain level of membrane fluidity of the transdermal water barrier of the epidermis. Linoleic acid induces red blood cells and hemoglobin damage via oxidative mechanism .

3-Hydroxybutyric acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of 3-Hydroxybutyric acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. 3-Hydroxybutyric acid (β-Hydroxybutyric acid) is a metabolite that is elevated in type I diabetes. 3-Hydroxybutyric acid can modulate the properties of membrane lipids[1].