Phenylpropanoids

Methoxsalen (8-Methoxypsoralen) is a furanocoumarin compound used in psoralen, used in studies of psoriasis, eczema, vitiligo and some sun-exposed cutaneous lymphomas, and is a P450 inhibitor.

Arctigenin ((-)-Arctigenin), a biologically active lignan, can be used as an antitumor agent. Arctigenin exhibits potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiviral (influenza A virus) activities. Arctigenin can be used for the research of metabolic disorders, and central nervous system dysfunctions.

Isoacteoside is a natural product that can significantly inhibit the formation of glycation end products. Isoacteoside regulates the AKT/PI3K/m-TOR/NF-κB signaling pathway, induces apoptosis in OVCAR-3 cell. Isoacteoside exhibits antitumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity and neuroprotective activities.

Forsythoside B is a phenylethanoid glycoside isolated from Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl, a Chinese folk medicinal plant for treating inflammatory diseases and promoting blood circulation. Forsythoside B could inhibit TNF-alpha, IL-6, IκB and modulate NF-κB.

Danshensu (Dan shen suan A), an orally active phenolic compound, can induce Nrf2/HO-1 activation and inhibition of NF-κB pathway. Danshensu reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, upregulates antioxidant defense mechanism and inhibits intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Danshensu displays a potent antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 with EC₅₀ of 0.97 μM. Danshensu has anti-oxidation, anti-apoptosis, anti-lung inflammatory and has the potential for COVID-19, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases research.

Imperatorin is an effective of NO synthesis inhibitor (IC₅₀=9.2 μmol), which also is a BChE inhibitor (IC₅₀=31.4 μmol). Imperatorin is a weak agonist of TRPV1 with EC₅₀ of 12.6±3.2 μM.

Ginkgolic Acid is a natural compound that inhibits SUMOylation with an IC₅₀ of 3.0 μM in in vitro assay.

Bergapten is a natural anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor agent. Bergapten is inhibitory towards mouse and human CYP isoforms.

Sesamin, abundant lignan found in sesame oil, is a potent and selective delta 5 desaturase inhibitor in polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis. Sesamin exerts effective neuroprotection against cerbral ischemia.

Schisandrin A inhibits CYP3A activity with an IC₅₀ of 6.60 μM and K_i of 5.83 μM, respectively.

Umbelliferone (7-Hydroxycoumarin), a natural orally active product of the coumarin family, is a fluorescing compound which can be used as a sunscreen agent. Umbelliferone induces cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and DNA fragmentation in HepG2 cells. Umbelliferone exhibits significant anticancer effects. Umbelliferone attenuates the alteration characteristics of allergic airway inflammation. Umbelliferone displays the neuroprotective effects and cross the blood-brain barrier. Umbelliferone exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in chronic alcohol-fed rats.

Chicoric acid (Cichoric acid), an orally active dicaffeyltartaric acid, induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Chicoric acid inhibits cell viability and induces mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes through ROS-mediated PI3K/Akt and MAPK signaling pathways. Chicoric acid increases glucose uptake, improves insulin resistance, and attenuates glucosamine-induced inflammation. Chicoric acid has antidiabetic properties and antioxidant, anti-inflammatory effects.

Cinnamic acid has potential use in cancer intervention, with IC₅₀s of 1-4.5 mM in glioblastoma, melanoma, prostate and lung carcinoma cells.

Cryptochlorogenic acid (4-Caffeoylquinic acid) is a naturally occurring phenolic acid compound with oral effectiveness, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-cardiac hypertrophy effects. Alleviating LPS (HY-D1056) and ISO (HY-B0468) by regulating proinflammatory factor expression, inhibiting NF-κB activity, promoting Nrf2 nuclear transfer, and regulating PI3Kα/Akt/ mTOR / HIF-1α signaling pathway Induced physiological stress response.

Neochlorogenic acid is a natural polyphenolic compound found in dried fruits and other plants. Neochlorogenic acid inhibits the production of TNF-α and IL-1β. Neochlorogenic acid suppresses iNOS and COX-2 protein expression. Neochlorogenic acid also inhibits phosphorylated NF-κB p65 and p38 MAPK activation.

Poliumoside, a caffeoylated phenylpropanoid glycoside, is isolated from Brandisia hancei stems and leaves. Poliumoside is an advanced glycation end product (AGE) formation and rat lens aldose reductase (RLAR) inhibitor, with IC₅₀s of 19.69 and 8.47 μM, respectively. Poliumoside also has antiinflammatory and antioxidant activity.

Esculin is a fluorescent coumarin glucoside, the active ingredient in ash bark. Esculin has antidiabetic effects, improves cognitive impairment in experimental diabetic nephropathy (DN) via the MAPK signaling pathway, and exerts antioxidant stress and anti-inflammatory effects. Esculin also has anticancer, antibacterial, antiviral, neuroprotective, antithrombotic, and therapeutic properties for eye diseases.

9''-Methyl salvianolate B (MSB) is a blood-brain barrier-permeable inhibitor with high affinity for g5Rp, with a K_d value of 117 nM against African swine fever virus (ASFV) g5Rp. 9''-Methyl salvianolate B also acts as a ZBP1 inhibitor. It exhibits strong binding affinity to key proteins in the PPARγ/NF-κB pathway. 9''-Methyl salvianolate B blocks the interaction between ASFV g5Rp and host proteins eIF5A or RPS15. It restores hypusination modification of eIF5A, promotes autophagy (Autophagy), and inhibits ASFV replication. 9''-Methyl salvianolate B effectively disrupts ZBP1-mediated PANoptosome assembly. It effectively alleviates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. 9''-Methyl salvianolate B can be used in studies related to African swine fever.

Lithospermic acid ((+)-Lithospermic acid) is a plant-derived polycyclic phenolic carboxylic acid isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza, and has the anti-oxidative and hepatoprotective activity on carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)-induced acute liver damage in vitro and in vivo.

Coumarin is a potent and orally active anti-inflammatory agent. Coumarin shows an antinociceptive effect. Coumarin shows antibacterial, antifungal and anticancer activity.