Neurological Disease

Doxycycline hydrochloride, an antibiotic, is an orally active and broad-spectrum metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor. Doxycycline hydrochloride shows antibacterial activity and anti-cancer cell proliferation activity. Doxycycline hydrochloride can be used to construct gene expression regulation models.

L-Glutamine-¹³C₅ is the ¹³C-labeled L-Glutamine (HY-N0390). L-Glutamine is an orally active nutritional agent and cellular metabolism regulator. L-Glutamine is taken up in a Na⁺-dependent manner and targets multiple key molecules including glutaminase, mTORC1, NF-κB, STAT-3 and HIF-1α. L-Glutamine enhances glutaminolytic catabolism, drives the conversion of glutamate to α-ketoglutarate, thereby regulating gene expression, integrating metabolic signals, mediating glutamine flux and maintaining redox homeostasis. L-Glutamine also promotes cell proliferation, osteogenic differentiation and fracture healing, exerts neuroprotective and cardioprotective effects, and inhibits osteoarthritis. L-Glutamine can be applied to research related to osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, ischemic stroke and acute cantharidin-induced cardiotoxicity.

U18666A, an intra-cellular cholesterol transport inhibitor, inhibits replication of Ebola virus, dengue virus, and human hepatitis C virus.

Zenidolol (ICI-118551) hydrochloride is a highly selective β2 adrenergic receptor antagonist, with K_is of 0.7, 49.5 and 611 nM for β2, β1 and β3 receptors, respectively.

Heparan sulfate, a complex and linear polysaccharide, exists as part of glycoproteins named heparan sulfate proteoglycans, which are expressed abundantly on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix.

Bicuculline ((+)-Bicuculline) is A competing neurotransmitter GABA_A receptor antagonist (IC₅₀=2 μM). Bicuculline also blocks Ca²⁺ activating potassium (SK) channels and subsequently blocks slow post-hyperpolarization (slow AHP). Bicuculline has anticonvulsant activity. Bicuculline can be used to induce seizures in mice.

Deferiprone is a potent, orally active, brain-penetrant, cell-penetrant, skin-permeable, free iron chelating agent. Deferiprone inhibits the proliferation and migration, and stimulates apoptosis in tumor cell. Deferiprone can inhibit KDM. Deferiprone has antianemic, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antidotal activity. Deferiprone can be used in cancer, cardiovascular disease, infection, inflammation, and neurological disease study.

Trontinemab (RG6102) is a brain-penetrant, anti-amyloid, bispecific and humanizedized IgG1-κ antibody, targeting to Aβ plaques and transferrin receptor 1 (TFR1). Trontinemab binds to fibrillar Aβ as well as Aβ plaques triggering plaque clearance by engaging immune cells on Alzheimer disease (AD) brain sections. Trontinemab also shows specific affinity to cynomolgus and human TFR1.

FPS-ZM1 is a high-affinity and BBB-permeable RAGE inhibitor with a K_i of 25 nM.

NMDA is a specific agonist for NMDA receptor mimicking the action of glutamate, the neurotransmitter which normally acts at that receptor.

Cholic acid is a major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion. Cholic acid is orally active.

Dizocilpine maleate (MK-801 maleate) is a potent, selective and non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist with K_d of 37.2 nM in rat brain membranes.

Okadaic acid, a marine toxin, is an inhibitor of protein phosphatases (PP). Okadaic acid has a significantly higher affinity for PP2A (IC₅₀=0.1-0.3 nM), and inhibits PP1 (IC₅₀=15-50 nM), PP3 (IC₅₀=3.7-4 nM), PP4 (IC₅₀=0.1 nM), PP5 (IC₅₀=3.5 nM), but does not inhibit PP2C. Okadaic acid increases of phosphorylation of a number of proteins by inhibiting PP, and acts a tumor promoter. Okadaic acid induces tau phosphorylation.

Edaravone is a strong novel free radical scavenger, and inhibits MMP-9-related brain hemorrhage in rats treated with tissue plasminogen activator.

Palmitoleic acid, a composition of fatty acid, is implicated in the prevention of death from cerebrovascular disorders in SHRSP rats.

Fluoxetine (LY-110140 free base) is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class used for antidepressant research.

Coenzyme Q10 is an essential cofactor of the electron transport chain and a potent antioxidant agent.

Medroxyprogesterone acetate is a widely used synthetic steroid by its interaction with progesterone, androgen and glucocorticoid receptors.

Methylprednisolone (U 7532) is a synthetic corticosteroid with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating properties. Methylprednisolone improve severe or critical COVID-19 by activating ACE2 and reducing IL-6 levels.

Daunorubicin (Daunomycin) hydrochloride is a topoisomerase II inhibitor with potent anti-tumor activity. Daunorubicin hydrochloride inhibits DNA and RNA synthesis. Daunorubicin hydrochloride is a cytotoxin that inhibits cancer cell viability and induces apoptosis and necrosis. Daunorubicin hydrochloride is also an anthracycline antibiotic. Daunorubicin hydrochloride can be used in the research of infection and variety of cancers, including leukemia, non-Hodgkin lymphomas, Ewing's sarcoma, Wilms' tumor.