DNA Polymerases
DNA polymerases maintain genome integrity by synthesizing DNA during replication, repair, recombination, translesion synthesis, and checkpoint-associated processes[1]. In eukaryotic DNA replication, Pol α initiates synthesis with RNA/DNA primers, while Pol δ and Pol ε extend DNA from primer ends[2]. Mechanistically, evidence supports Pol ε as the primary leading-strand replicase and Pol δ as the main lagging-strand replicase at the eukaryotic replication fork[3]. In DNA repair, base excision repair (BER) corrects oxidative, deamination, and alkylation damage, then uses polymerase-dependent repair synthesis and ligation to restore DNA continuity[4]. Compared with replicative isoforms, Pol β functions as a BER enzyme whose polymerase and dRP lyase activities coordinate gap filling and sugar-phosphate removal[5]. In mitochondria, Pol γ differs from nuclear polymerases because it is the only known human mitochondrial DNA polymerase and is essential for mitochondrial DNA replication and repair[6]. In damage-tolerance models, Pol η differs from high-fidelity replicative polymerases by enabling bypass of UV-induced thymine dimers, and POLH defects define xeroderma pigmentosum variant cells[7]. For experimental applications, aphidicolin inhibits B-family DNA polymerases and provides a tool for probing replication-dependent DNA synthesis[8].
References:
- [1]. Hubscher U, et al. Eukaryotic DNA polymerases. Annu Rev Biochem. 2002;71:133-63. [Content Brief]
- [2]. Chilkova O, et al. The eukaryotic leading and lagging strand DNA polymerases are loaded onto primer-ends via separate mechanisms but have comparable processivity in the presence of PCNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 2007;35(19):6588-97. [Content Brief]
- [3]. Miyabe I, et al. The major roles of DNA polymerases epsilon and delta at the eukaryotic replication fork are evolutionarily conserved. PLoS Genet. 2011 Dec;7(12):e1002407. [Content Brief]
- [4]. Krokan HE, et al. Base excision repair. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2013 Apr 1;5(4):a012583. [Content Brief]
- [5]. Kumar A, et al. Interlocking activities of DNA polymerase β in the base excision repair pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2022 Mar 8;119(10):e2118940119. [Content Brief]
- [6]. Vanselow C, et al. Genetic analysis of the Photosystem I subunits from the red alga, Galdieria sulphuraria. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009 Jan;1787(1):46-59. [Content Brief]
- [7]. Masutani C, et al. The XPV (xeroderma pigmentosum variant) gene encodes human DNA polymerase eta. Nature. 1999 Jun 17;399(6737):700-4. [Content Brief]
- [8]. Baranovskiy AG, et al. Structural basis for inhibition of DNA replication by aphidicolin. Nucleic Acids Res. 2014 Dec 16;42(22):14013-21. [Content Brief]
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DNA Polymerases Related Products (158)
Related Products (158)
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Polθ-IN-5
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-169284CAS No.: 3058636-12-4Polθ-IN-5 (Compound 139) is a DNA polymerase theta (Polθ) inhibitor. Polθ-IN-5 has antitumor activity.
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(±)-Dehydroaltenusin
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-100513CAS No.: 34279-44-2(±)-Dehydroaltenusin, an antibiotic, is a selective eukaryotic DNA polymerase α (pol α) inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.68 μM. (±)-Dehydroaltenusin can be isolated from fungus Alternaria tenuis. (±)-Dehydroaltenusin competitively inhibits the DNA template primer (Ki: 0.23 μM) and non-competitively suppresses the 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate substrate (Ki: 0.18 μM). (±)-Dehydroaltenusin induces the cancer cell S-phase cycle arrest and apoptosis. (±)-Dehydroaltenusin can be used for cancers like human adenocarcinoma research.
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Lucidenic acid O
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-N13716CAS No.: 250643-33-5Lucidenic acid O is a terpene compound, is a DNA polymerases inhibitor. Lucidenic lactone inhibits calf DNA polymerase-α, rat DNA polymerase-β, and HIV-1 reverse transcriptase with IC50 values of 42 μM, 99 μM, and 69 μM, respectively.
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Phosphonoacetic acid sodium
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-128744ACAS No.: 36983-81-0Phosphonoacetic acid sodium is a potent antiviral agent. Phosphonoacetic acid sodium inhibits a variety of herpesviruses, orthopoxviruses, and retroviruses. Phosphonoacetic acid sodium strongly inhibits viral and cellular DNA polymerase, reverse transcriptase, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase activities in a non-competitive or uncompetitive manner by binding to the pyrophosphate site of the enzyme. Phosphonoacetic acid sodium is useful for research related to lymphoid leukemia, herpesvirus infection, and vaccinia virus skin lesions.
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Soulattrolide
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-182552CAS No.: 65025-62-9Soulattrolide is a non-nucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor with IC50 values of 0.34 µM for HIV-1 RT, 69.5 µM for E. coli RNase H, and >495 µM for human DNA polymerase β, and can be found in Calophyllum teysmannii latex. Soulattrolide can be used for the research of HIV-1 infection, pain, inflammation, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.
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ART558 (GMP)
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-141520GCAS No.: 2603528-97-6ART558 (GMP) is ART558 (HY-141520) produced by using GMP guidelines. GMP small molecules works appropriately as an auxiliary reagent for cell therapy manufacture. ART558 is a potent, selective and allosteric DNA polymerase theta (Polθ) inhibitor (IC50=7.9 nM). ART558 elicits BRCA-gene synthetic lethality and DNA damage. ART558 can be used for the research of cancer, such as breast cancer.
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Tth DNA polymerase
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-E70084CAS No.: 2409055-60-1Tth DNA polymerase is a DNA polymerase from T. thermophilus that can be used for DNA sequencing and polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
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Dehydroeburiconic acid
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-N21925CAS No.: 18449-25-7Dehydroeburiconic acid is a DNA polymerase α/β inhibitor, with IC50 values of 40.8 μM and 30.0 μM against calf DNA polymerase α and rat DNA polymerase β, respectively. Dehydroeburiconic acid can be used in studies related to lanostane-type triterpenoids and DNA polymerase.
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NSC-124854
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-164402CAS No.: 1033942-30-1NSC-124854 is a DNA polymerase β (Pol-β) inhibitor with an IC50 of 5.3 μM. NSC-124854 has antitumor activity.
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ddCTP
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-137697CAS No.: 66004-77-1ddCTP is a type of chain-terminating deoxynucleotide. ddCTP can be incorporated into the extension primer chain that lacks the 3'-hydroxyl group, thereby terminating primer extension, viral genome replication, and DNA synthesis. ddCTP can distinguish almost identical RNA through distinguishable extension products in primer extension inhibition experiments. ddCTP is the active metabolite of Zalcitabine (HY-17392), which can competitively inhibit HIV reverse transcriptase, terminate the synthesis of viral DNA chains, and thereby inhibit HIV replication.
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Phosphonoacetic acid (Standard)
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-128744RCAS No.: 4408-78-0Phosphonoacetic acid Standard is the analytical standard of Phosphonoacetic acid (HY-128744). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Phosphonoacetic acid is a potent antiviral agent. Phosphonoacetic acid inhibits a variety of herpesviruses, orthopoxviruses, and retroviruses. Phosphonoacetic acid strongly inhibits viral and cellular DNA polymerase, reverse transcriptase, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase activities in a non-competitive or uncompetitive manner by binding to the pyrophosphate site of the enzyme. Phosphonoacetic acid is useful for research related to lymphoid leukemia, herpesvirus infection, and vaccinia virus skin lesions.
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2'-Deoxyadenosine-5'-triphosphate-13C10 (dilithium)
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-136648S5Synonyms: dATP-13C10 dilithium2'-Deoxyadenosine-5'-triphosphate-13C10 (dATP-13C10) dilithium is 13C-labeled 2'-Deoxyadenosine-5'-triphosphate (HY-136648). 2'-Deoxyadenosine-5'-triphosphate (dATP) is a nucleotide used in cells for DNA synthesis (or replication), as a substrate of DNA polymerase.
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Eprociclovir potassium
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-16740ACAS No.: 219657-37-1Synonyms: A-5021 potassiumEprociclovir potassium is an antiviral drug with nucleoside analogues. The triphosphate form of Eprociclovir potassium is converted into the active form within virus-infected cells by the virus and possible cellular enzymes, including the viral thymidine kinase, thereby inhibiting the activity of the viral DNA polymerase. The primary activity of Eprociclovir potassium is against herpes viruses, including but not limited to cytomegalovirus (CMV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV). Eprociclovir potassium can be used in studies interfered with by sensitive viruses.
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Idoxuridine hydrate
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-B0307ACAS No.: 17140-71-5Synonyms: 5-Iodo-2′-deoxyuridine hydrate; 5-IUdR hydrate; IdUrd hydrateIdoxuridine (5-Iodo-2′-deoxyuridine, 5-IUdR, IdUrd) hydrate is an iodinated thymidine analogue that competitively inhibits phosphorylases. Idoxuridine can inhibit viral activity, particularly viral eye infections, including herpes simplex keratitis, by inhibiting DNA polymerase and affecting viral replication. Idoxuridine against feline herpesvirus has the IC50 value of 4.3 μM.
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Zorubicin
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-106556CAS No.: 54083-22-6Synonyms: Rubidazon; RubidazoneZorubicin (Rubidazon) is a derivative of Daunorubicin (HY-13062A). Zorubicin interacts with topoisomerase II and inhibits DNA polymerases. Zorubicin can be used for the research of acute leukemias and sarcomas.
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ddATP tetrasodium
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-128036CSynonyms: 2',3'-Dideoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate tetrasodiumddATP (2',3'-Dideoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate) tetrasodium is an active metabolite of 2',3'-dideoxyadenosine and an inhibitor of chain elongation by DNA polymerase (DNA polymerase). ddATP tetrasodium can be used in Sanger sequencing and research related to viral infections.
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DNA polymerase, NeoApollonia Thermophilus
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-P2937ADNA polymerase, NeoApollonia Thermophilus is a thermostable DNA polymerase from Streptococcus thermophilus that can be used in PCR reactions. DNA polymerase, NeoApollonia Thermophilus has 3’→5’ and 5’→3’ exonuclease activities.
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ART899
0 ImagesART899 is a highly specific allosteric inhibitor of the Polθ DNA polymerase domain. ART899 can effectively enhance the radiosensitivity of tumor cells, shows good tolerance when combined with fractionated radiation, and significantly reduces tumor growth compared to radiation alone.
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5-Iodo-dCTP
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-155867CAS No.: 31747-59-8Synonyms: 5-Iodo-2′-deoxycytidine 5′-triphosphate5-Iodo-dCTP is a good substrates for DNA polymerases and can be used for DNA synthesis.
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Resveratrol-13C6
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-16561S1Synonyms: trans-Resveratrol-13C6; SRT501-13C6Resveratrol-13C6 is the 13C-labeled Resveratrol. Resveratrol (trans-Resveratrol; SRT501), a natural polyphenolic phytoalexin that possesses anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective, and anti-cancer properties. Resveratrol (SRT 501) has a wide spectrum of targets including mTOR, JAK, β-amyloid, Adenylyl cyclase, IKKβ, DNA polymerase. Resveratrol also is a specific SIRT1 activator. Resveratrol is a potent pregnane X receptor (PXR) inhibitor. Resveratrol is an Nrf2 activator, ameliorates aging-related progressive renal injury in mice model. Resveratrol increases production of NO in endothelial cells.
