Plasmodium
Plasmodium parasites invade erythrocytes to access nutrients and occupy a protected intracellular niche[1]. Mechanistically, P. falciparum merozoite invasion depends on ligand-receptor interactions and regulated microneme and rhoptry secretion[2]. The apicoplast supports blood-stage growth mainly through isoprenoid precursor biosynthesis, shown by chemical rescue of parasites lacking this organelle[3]. Apicoplast-derived isoprenoids also support GPI-anchor biosynthesis, egress, and invasion in P. falciparum[4]. Compared with related apicomplexan parasites, malaria parasites use conserved host-cell entry logic but species-specific ligand-receptor interactions[1]. For experimental applications, apicoplast translation inhibitors and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitors provide tools to test delayed death, organelle maintenance, and parasite viability[5][6].
References:
- [1]. Cowman AF, et al. Invasion of red blood cells by malaria parasites. Cell. 2006 Feb 24;124(4):755-66. [Content Brief]
- [2]. Singh S, et al. Distinct external signals trigger sequential release of apical organelles during erythrocyte invasion by malaria parasites. PLoS Pathog. 2010 Feb 5;6(2):e1000746. [Content Brief]
- [3]. Yeh E, et al. Chemical rescue of malaria parasites lacking an apicoplast defines organelle function in blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum. PLoS Biol. 2011 Aug;9(8):e1001138. [Content Brief]
- [4]. Bulloch MS, et al. Apicoplast-derived isoprenoids are essential for biosynthesis of GPI protein anchors, and consequently for egress and invasion in Plasmodium falciparum. PLoS Pathog. 2024 Sep 6;20(9):e1012484. [Content Brief]
- [5]. Pasaje CF, et al. Selective inhibition of apicoplast tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase causes delayed death in Plasmodium falciparum. Sci Rep. 2016 Jun 9;6:27531. [Content Brief]
- [6]. Herman JD, et al. The cytoplasmic prolyl-tRNA synthetase of the malaria parasite is a dual-stage target of febrifugine and its analogs. Sci Transl Med. 2015 May 20;7(288):288ra77. [Content Brief]
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Plasmodium Related Products (265)
Related Products (265)
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Desmethyl ferroquine
0 ImagesSynonyms: SSR97213Desmethyl ferroquine (SSR97213) is the active and major metabolite of Ferroquine. Ferroquine is an antimalarial. Desmethyl ferroquine shows significant activity against Chloroquine-susceptible and resistant P. falciparum strains.
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Epoxyazadiradione
0 ImagesEpoxyazadiradione is a limonoid purified from neem (Azadirachta indica) fruits. Epoxyazadiradione inhibits the tautomerase activity of MIF of both human (huMIF) and malaria parasites (Plasmodium falciparum (PfMIF) and Plasmodium yoelii (PyMIF)) non-competitively in a reversible fashion (Ki, 2.11-5.23 μM). Epoxyazadiradione has the potential against proinflammatory reactions induced by MIF of both malaria parasites and human.
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GSK369796 Dihydrochloride
0 ImagesGSK369796 Dihydrochloride is an affordable and effective antimalarial and inhibits hERG potassium ion channel repolarization with an IC50 of 7.5 μM.
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Proguanil hydrochloride
0 ImagesProguanil hydrochloride, an antimalarial proagent, is metabolized to the active metabolite Cycloguanil (HY-12784). Proguanil hydrochloride is a dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitor.
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Hexyl gallate
0 ImagesHexyl gallates (Hexyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate) shows antibacterial activity and inhibits the production of rhamnolipid and pyocyanin by inhibiting RhlR. Hexyl gallate, a alkyl ester derivative of gallic acid, exhibits potent antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum, with IC50 of 0.11 mM.
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GNF179
0 ImagesGNF179 is an optimized 8,8-dimethyl imidazolopiperazine analog that exhibits antimalarial potency (IC50 of 4.8 nM against the multidrug resistant strain W2). GNF179 is orally active.
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Quinine hemisulfate hydrate
0 ImagesQuinine hemisulfate hydrate is an orally active alkaloid extracted from cinchona bark, possessing various biological activities including antimalarial, antidengue virus (DENV), and anticancer properties. Quinine hemisulfate hydrate acts as a potassium channel inhibitor that suppresses the +100 mV current of MT mSlo3 (KCa5.1) channels induced by voltage pulses, with an IC50 value of 169 μM. Quinine hemisulfate hydrate serves as a fluorescence standard reference substance with fluorescence spectrum calibration and validation activity.
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CWHM-1008
0 ImagesCWHM-1008 is a potent and orally active antimalarial agent, with EC50 values of 46 and 21 nM against agent-sensitive Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 and drug-resistant Dd2 strains, respectively.
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MMV008138
0 ImagesMMV008138 is a species-selective IspD (enzyme 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol 4-phosphate cytidylyltransferase)-targeting antimalarial agent, with an IC50 of 44 nM for PfIspD (P. falciparum IspD). MMV008138 inhibits the growth of P. falciparum Dd2 strain with an IC50 of 250 nM.
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DSM705 hydrochloride
0 ImagesDSM705 hydrochloride, an orally active antimalarial compound, is a pyrrole-based Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase (DHODH) inhibitor. DSM705 hydrochloride exhibits nanomolar potency against Plasmodium DHODH and Plasmodium parasites (IC50=95, 52 nM for P. falciparum and P. vivax DHODH, respectively), with no inhibition of mammalian DHODHs.
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FNDR-20123
0 ImagesFNDR-20123 is a safe, first-in-class, and orally active anti-malarial HDAC inhibitor with IC50s of 31 nM and 3 nM for Plasmodium and human HDAC, respectively. FNDR-20123 exerts anti-malarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum asexual stage (IC50=41 nM) and sexual blood stage (IC50=190 nM for male gametocytes). FNDR-20123 inhibits HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3, HDAC6, and HDAC8 (IC50=25/29/2/11/282 nM, respectively.) and inhibits Class III HDAC isoforms at nanomolar concentrations.
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Laetanine
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-N4307CAS No.: 72361-67-2Laetanine is a noraporphine alkaloid from Litsea laeta, exhibits antiplasmodial activity. Laetanine can be found in the extract of the leaves of Phoebe tavoyana (Meissn) Hook.
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WM382
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-151561CAS No.: 2606990-92-3WM382 is an orally active and potent dual plasmepsin IX/X (PMIX/X) inhibitor with IC50 values of 1.4 nM and 0.03 nM, respectively. WM382 has robust in vivo efficacy at multiple stages of the malaria parasite life cycle and an excellent resistance profile.
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4'-Hydroxy-2,4-dimethoxychalcone
0 Images4'-Hydroxy-2,4-dimethoxychalcone is a natural chalcone derivatives in the red herbal resin of Dracaena cochinchinensis. 4'-Hydroxy-2,4-dimethoxychalcone displays a wide range of biological activities including antimalarial, antiprotozoal, antibacterial, antifungal activity.
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19,20-Epoxycytochalasin D
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-N8349CAS No.: 191349-10-719,20-Epoxycytochalasin D, a cytochalasin, is a fungal metabolite from Nemania sp. 19,20-Epoxycytochalasin D shows potent in vitro antiplasmodial activity and phytotoxicity.
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MMV688533
0 ImagesMMV688533 is an antimalarial agent. MMV688533 interferes with intracellular trafficking, lipid utilization, and endocytosis pathways in Plasmodium falciparum. MMV688533 rapidly kills asexual blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax parasites in vitro and reduces parasitemia in a Plasmodium falciparum NSG mouse model. MMV688533 can be used for the research of malaria.
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MMV019662 TFA
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-164686APurity: 98.07%MMV019662 TFA is a PfNCR1 inhibitor and antimalarial agent. MMV019662 TFA reduces gametocytemia levels of Plasmodium falciparum. MMV019662 TFA is applicable to malaria-related research.
