2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Autophagy
  4. Autophagy

Autophagy

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a conserved cellular degradation and recycling process in the lysosome. In mammalian cells, there are three primary types of autophagy: microautophagy, macroautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Microphagy captures cargoes by means of invaginations or protrusions of the lysosomal membrane directly, CMA uses chaperones to identify cargo proteins and then unfolds and transfers them into the lysosomal, while macroautophagy sequesters cargo by autophagosomes-de novo synthesized of double-membrane vesicles-and subsequently transport it to the lysosome.

Macroautophagy is the best studied and it occurs at a low level constitutively and can also be further induced under stress conditions, such as nutrient or energy starvation with a salient feature of autophagy protein degradation. Stress-induced macrophagy plays an important role in protein catabolism with another key protein degradation pathway, the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS).

As the study progressed, autophagy gains its importance under basal, nutrient-rich conditions, and is now recognized as a critical housekeeping pathway in catabolism of diverse cellular constituents, such as protein aggregates (aggrephagy), lipid droplets (lipophagy), iron complex (Ferritinophagy) and carbohydrate. Except for macromolecules, autophagy can also target several organelles and structures, such as mitochondria (mitophagy), peroxisome (pexophagy), endoplasmic reticulum (reticulophagy or ER-phagy), ribosome (ribophagy), spermatozoon-inherited organelles following fertilization (allophagy), secretory granules within pancreatic cells (zymophagy) and intracellular pathogens (xenophagy).

Autophagy and its dysfunction are associated with a variety of human pathologies, including ageing, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, heart disease and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes. Plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation through multiple signaling pathways. Small molecules that can regulate autophagy seem to have great potential to intervene such diseases in animal models or clinical courses.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-12012
    SB 216763
    		Inducer 99.37%
    SB 216763 is potent, selective and ATP-competitive GSK-3 inhibitor with IC50s of 34.3 nM for both GSK-3α and GSK-3β.
    SB 216763
  • HY-15097
    Myricetin
    		Inducer 98.68%
    Myricetin is a common plant-derived flavonoid with a wide range of activities including strong anti-oxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities.
    Myricetin
  • HY-Y1269C
    Ammonium chloride, for cell culture
    		Inducer 99.0%
    Ammonium chloride, for cell culture (Salmiac, for cell culture) is a reagent that can be used in cell culture to provide a source of nitrogen. Ammonium chloride can be used as a heteropolar compound to regulate pH value, which can cause intracellular alkalination and metabolic acidosis, thus affecting the activity of enzymes and affecting the process of biological systems. Ammonium chloride acts as an autophagy inhibitor.Ammonium chloride is also a lysosome inhibitor.
    Ammonium chloride, for cell culture
  • HY-B0178A
    Guanidine hydrochloride
    		98.00%
    Guanidine hydrochloride (Guanidinium chloride) a strong chaotrope, is also a strong denaturant of proteins.
    Guanidine hydrochloride
  • HY-19980
    Eprenetapopt
    		Inducer 99.52%
    Eprenetapopt (APR-246) is a first-in-class, small molecule that restores wild-type p53 functions in TP53-mutant cells. Eprenetapopt triggers apoptosis in tumor cells. Eprenetapopt also targets the selenoprotein thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1), a key regulator of cellular redox balance.
    Eprenetapopt
  • HY-B0246
    Carbamazepine
    		Inducer 99.90%
    Carbamazepine is an orally active pressure-sensitive sodium ion channel blocker with an IC50 of 131 μM. Carbamazepine blocks voltage gated Na+, Ca2+, and K+ channels, and is also a HDAC inhibitor (IC50: 2 μM). Carbamazepine is an anticonvulsant and can be used for research of epilepsy and neuropathic pain.
    Carbamazepine
  • HY-N0155
    Nobiletin
    		Inducer 99.79%
    Nobiletin is a poly-methoxylated flavone from the citrus peel that improves memory loss. Nobiletin is a retinoid acid receptor-related orphan receptors (RORs) agonist. Nobiletin can reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in differentiated C2C12 myotubes and has anti-inflammation and anti-cancer properties, including anti-angiogenesis, anti-proliferation, anti-metastasis and induced apoptosis.
    Nobiletin
  • HY-17389
    Genipin
    		Inhibitor 99.80%
    Genipin ((+)-Genipin) is a natural crosslinking reagent derived from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis fruits. Genipin inhibits UCP2 (uncoupling protein 2) in cells. Genipin has a variety of bioactivities, including modulation on proteins, antitumor, anti-inflammation, immunosuppression, antithrombosis, and protection of hippocampal neurons. Genipin also can be used for type 2 diabetes research.
    Genipin
  • HY-15337
    Hesperidin
    		Inducer 99.14%
    Hesperidin (Hesperetin 7-rutinoside), a flavanone glycoside, is isolated from citrus fruits. Hesperidin has numerous biological properties, such as decreasing inflammatory mediators and exerting significant antioxidant effects. Hesperidin also exhibits antitumor and antiallergic activities.
    Hesperidin
  • HY-13002
    Torin 2
    		Inducer 99.69%
    Torin 2 is an mTOR inhibitor with EC50 of 0.25 nM for inhibiting cellular mTOR activity, and exhibits 800-fold selectivity over PI3K (EC50: 200 nM). Torin 2 also inhibits DNA-PK with an IC50 of 0.5 nM in the cell free assay. Torin 2 can suppress both mTORC1 and mTORC2.
    Torin 2
  • HY-12990
    Spautin-1
    		Inhibitor 99.54%
    Spautin-1 is a specific and potent autophagy inhibitor which inhibits ubiquitin-specific peptidases, USP10 and USP13 with IC50s of 0.6-0.7 μM.
    Spautin-1
  • HY-10475
    AM580
    		Inducer 99.70%
    AM580 is a selective RARα agonist with IC50 and EC50 of 8 nM and 0.36 nM, respectively.
    AM580
  • HY-10182A
    Laduviglusib monohydrochloride
    		Inducer 99.93%
    Laduviglusib (CHIR-99021) monohydrochloride is a potent and selective GSK-3α/β inhibitor with IC50s of 10 nM and 6.7 nM. Laduviglusib monohydrochloride shows >500-fold selectivity for GSK-3 over CDC2, ERK2 and other protein kinases. Laduviglusib monohydrochloride is also a potent Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway activator. Laduviglusib monohydrochloride enhances mouse and human embryonic stem cells self-renewal. Laduviglusib monohydrochloride induces autophagy.
    Laduviglusib monohydrochloride
  • HY-15142R
    Doxorubicin hydrochloride (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Doxorubicin hydrochloride (Standard) is the analytical standard of Doxorubicin hydrochloride. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Doxorubicin (Hydroxydaunorubicin) hydrochloride, a cytotoxic anthracycline antibiotic, is an anti-cancer chemotherapy agent. Doxorubicin hydrochloride is a potent human DNA topoisomerase I and topoisomerase II inhibitor with IC50s of 0.8 μM and 2.67 μM, respectively. Doxorubicin hydrochloride reduces basal phosphorylation of AMPK and its downstream target acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Doxorubicin hydrochloride induces apoptosis and autophagy.
    Doxorubicin hydrochloride (Standard)
  • HY-N0828
    Pterostilbene
    		Inducer 99.89%
    Pterostilbene is a stilbenoid isolated from blueberries and Pterocarpus marsupium. Shows anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, anti-diabetic and anti-obesity properties. Pterostilbene blocks ROS production, also exhibits inhibitory activity against various free radicals such as DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl, superoxide and hydrogen peroxide.
    Pterostilbene
  • HY-N0156
    Oleanolic acid
    		Inducer 98.0%
    Oleanolic acid (Caryophyllin) is a natural compound from plants with anti-tumor activities.
    Oleanolic acid
  • HY-19805
    STO-609
    		98.20%
    STO-609 is a selective and cell-permeable inhibitor of the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase (CaM-KK), with Ki values of 80 and 15 ng/mL for recombinant CaM-KKα and CaM-KKβ, respectively. STO-609 inhibits AMP-activated protein kinase kinase (AMPKK) activity in HeLa cell lysates with an IC50 ~0.02 g/ml.
    STO-609
  • HY-N0191
    Andrographolide
    		Inducer 99.74%
    Andrographolide is a NF-κB inhibitor, which inhibits NF-κB activation through covalent modification of a cysteine residue on p50 in endothelial cells without affecting IκBα degradation or p50/p65 nuclear translocation. Andrographolide has antiviral effects.
    Andrographolide
  • HY-10590
    TWS119
    		Inhibitor 99.89%
    TWS119 is an inhibitor of GSK-3β, with an IC50 of 30 nM, and activates the wnt/β-catenin pathway.
    TWS119
  • HY-14652
    Tamibarotene
    		99.57%
    Tamibarotene is an orally active retinoic acid receptor α (RARα) agonist, showing high selectivity over RARγ.
    Tamibarotene
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity
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