PKCβ Inhibitor

Go 6983 is a pan-PKC inhibitor against for PKCα, PKCβ, PKCγ, PKCδ and PKCζ with IC₅₀ of 7 nM, 7 nM, 6 nM, 10 nM and 60 nM, respectively.

Midostaurin (PKC412; CGP 41251) is an orally active, reversible multi-targeted protein kinase inhibitor. Midostaurin inhibits PKCα/β/γ, Syk, Flk-1, Akt, PKA, c-Kit, c-Fgr, c-Src, FLT3, PDFRβ and VEGFR1/2 with IC₅₀s ranging from 22-500 nM. Midostaurin also upregulates endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene expression. Midostaurin shows powerful anticancer effects.

Bisindolylmaleimide I (GF109203X) is a cell-permeable and reversible PKC inhibitor (IC₅₀ of 20 nM, 17 nM, 16 nM, and 20 nM for PKCα, PKCβI, PKCβII, and PKCγ. Bisindolylmaleimide I is also a GSK-3 inhibitor.

Rottlerin, a natural product purified from Mallotus Philippinensis, is a specific PKC inhibitor, with IC₅₀ values for PKCδ of 3-6 μM, PKCα,β,γ of 30-42 μM, PKCε,η,ζ of 80-100 μM. Rottlerin acts as a direct mitochondrial uncoupler, and stimulates autophagy by targeting a signaling cascade upstream of mTORC1. Rottlerin induces apoptosis via caspase 3 activation. Rottlerin inhibits HIV-1 integration and Rabies virus (RABV) infection.

Sotrastaurin (AEB071) is a potent and orally-active pan-PKC inhibitor, with K_is of 0.22 nM, 0.64 nM, 0.95 nM, 1.8 nM, 2.1 nM and 3.2 nM for PKCθ, PKCβ, PKCα, PKCη, PKCδ and PKCε, respectively.

Variegatic acid is a secondary metabolite derived from basidiomycete fungi. Variegatic acid is a PKCβ1 inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 36.2 μM. Variegatic acid inhibits antigen- or calcium ionophore-induced β-hexosaminidase release (IC₅₀ values of 10.4 μM and 22.2 μM, respectively) and TNF-α secretion (IC₅₀ values of 16.8 μM and 20.1 μM, respectively). Variegatic acid suppresses the enzymatic activity of calcium-activated PKCβ1 and reduces Fe(III) to Fe(II) in a pH-dependent manner, enabling the generation of hydroxyl radicals (·OH) through reaction with H₂O₂, which facilitates the degradation of lignocellulose. Variegatic acid is useful for studying biological degradation and allergic responses.

Enzastaurin (LY317615) is a potent, selective, and CNS-penetrant PKCβ inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 6 nM, showing 6- to 20-fold selectivity over PKCα, PKCγ and PKCε.

Afuresertib (GSK2110183) is an orally bioavailable, selective, ATP-competitive and potent pan-Akt kinase inhibitor with K_is of 0.08/2/2.6 nM for Akt1/Akt2/Akt3, respectively.

Ruboxistaurin (LY333531) is an orally active, selective PKC beta inhibitor (K_i=2 nM). Ruboxistaurin exhibits ATP dependent competitive inhibition of PKC beta I with an IC₅₀ of 4.7 nM. Ruboxistaurin inhibits PKC beta II with an IC₅₀ of 5.9 nM.

Ro 31-8220 mesylate is a potent PKC inhibitor, with IC₅₀s of 5, 24, 14, 27, 24 and 23 nM for PKCα, PKCβI, PKCβII, PKCγ, PKCε and rat brain PKC, respectively. Ro 31-8220 also significantly inhibits MAPKAP-K1b, MSK1, S6K1 and GSK3β (IC₅₀s, 3, 8, 15, and 38 nM, respectively), with no effect on MKK3, MKK4, MKK6 and MKK7. Ro 31-8220 mesylate can also inhibit the expression of MKP-1, induce the expression of c-Jun, and activate JNK, and these effects possess pharmacological properties independent of PKC.

Ruboxistaurin (LY333531) hydrochloride is an orally active, selective PKC beta inhibitor (K_i=2 nM). Ruboxistaurin hydrochloride exhibits ATP dependent competitive inhibition of PKC beta I with an IC₅₀ of 4.7 nM. Ruboxistaurin hydrochloride inhibits PKC beta II with an IC₅₀ of 5.9 nM.

PKCβ inhibitor 1 is a potent, ATP-competitive, and selective PKCβ inhibitor with IC₅₀s of 21 and 5 nM for human PKCβ1 and PKCβ2, respectively. PKCβ inhibitor 1 exhibits selectivity of more than 60-fold in favor of PKCβ2 relative to other PKC isozymes (PKCα, PKCγ, and PKCε).

Bisindolylmaleimide I (GF109203X) hydrochloride is a cell-permeable and reversible PKC inhibitor (IC₅₀ of 20 nM, 17 nM, 16 nM, and 20 nM for PKCα, PKCβI, PKCβII, and PKCγ. Bisindolylmaleimide I hydrochloride is also a GSK-3 inhibitor.

Endoxifen Z-isomer is an orally active selective PKCβ1 inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 360 nM against human PKCβ1. Endoxifen Z-isomer also acts as an estrogen receptor modulator and antiestrogen. Endoxifen Z-isomer binds to and blocks ERα, ERβ and PKCβ1, inhibits estrogen and PI3K/AKT/mTORC1 signaling pathways, suppresses the expression of genes associated with cell cycle, cell proliferation and extracellular matrix remodeling, and induces apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and hypoxic features. Endoxifen Z-isomer inhibits tumor growth in breast tumor and glioblastoma models, reduces bone turnover and blood lipid levels, and does not require metabolism via CYP2D6. Endoxifen Z-isomer can be used in research related to ER⁺ breast cancer, invasive breast cancer, glioblastoma multiforme, type I bipolar disorder, desmoid tumor, gynecological malignancies, melanoma and hormone receptor-positive solid tumors.

Afuresertib hydrochloride (GSK 2110183 hydrochloride) is an orally bioavailable, selective, ATP-competitive and potent pan-Akt kinase inhibitor with K_is of 0.08/2/2.6 nM for Akt1/Akt2/Akt3 respectively.

Bisindolylmaleimide VIII acetate (Ro 31-7549 acetate) is a potent and selective protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 158 nM for rat brain PKC. Bisindolylmaleimide VIII acetate has IC₅₀s of 53, 195, 163, 213, and 175 nM for PKC-α, PKC-β_I, PKC-β_II, PKC-γ, PKC-ε, respectively. Bisindolylmaleimide VIII acetate facilitates Fas-mediated apoptosis and inhibits T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases.

MS-553 is a potent, ATP-competitive and reversible inhibitor of conventional PKC enzymes with K_is of 5.3 and 10.4 nM for human PKCβ and PKCα, and IC₅₀s of 2.3, 8.1, 7.6, 25.6, 57.5, 314, 808 nM for PKCα, PKCβI, PKCβII, PKCθ, PKCγ, PKC mu and PKCε, respectively.

ML191 (CID23612552) is a GPR55 antagonist. ML191 inhibits ERK phosphorylation and PKC β II translocation downstream of GPR55 signaling. ML191 suppresses LPI-induced activation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK signaling, blocks the transcription of RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis markers, and reduces the bone resorption activity of mature osteoclasts promoted by RANKL. ML191 can be used to investigate diseases associated with bone degradation caused by excessive osteoclast activation, such as osteoporosis and bone damage during the formation stage of bone metastases.

Endoxifen Z-isomer hydrochloride is an orally active selective PKCβ1 inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 360 nM against human PKCβ1. It also acts as an estrogen receptor modulator and antiestrogen. Endoxifen Z-isomer hydrochloride binds to and blocks ERα, ERβ and PKCβ1, inhibits estrogen and PI3K/AKT/mTORC1 signaling pathways, suppresses the expression of genes associated with cell cycle, cell proliferation and extracellular matrix remodeling, and induces apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and hypoxic features. Endoxifen Z-isomer hydrochloride inhibits tumor growth in breast tumor and glioblastoma models, reduces bone turnover and blood lipid levels, and does not require metabolism via CYP2D6. It can be used in research related to ER⁺ breast cancer, invasive breast cancer, glioblastoma multiforme, type I bipolar disorder, desmoid tumor, gynecological malignancies, melanoma and hormone receptor-positive solid tumors.

Ro 31-8220 formic is a potent PKC inhibitor, with IC₅₀s of 5, 24, 14, 27, 24 and 23 nM for PKCα, PKCβI, PKCβII, PKCγ, PKCε and rat brain PKC, respectively. Ro 31-8220 formic also significantly inhibits MAPKAP-K1b, MSK1, S6K1 and GSK3β (IC₅₀s, 3, 8, 15, and 38 nM, respectively). Ro 31-8220 formic can also inhibit the expression of MKP-1, induce the expression of c-Jun, and activate JNK, and these effects possess pharmacological properties independent of PKC.