Nebularine

Nebularine acts as a template to guide the insertion of thymine by the nuclease-deficient Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I Klenow fragment in vitro^[1].
Nebularine (4 μM-2.0 mM; 1 week) potently inhibits the growth of seedlings of spinach, lettuce, carrot, alfalfa, snapdragon and wheat; at 2.0 mM, it inhibits the axis length, root length and aboveground fresh weight of wheat seedlings by 90%, 97% and 60%, respectively, and induces chromosomal abnormalities in root tip cells of all tested species^[2].
Nebularine (2.5-20 μM; 3-36 h) acts as a cytokinin antagonist in *Amaranthus caudatus* seedlings. When its concentration is 8-fold that of cytokinins, it inhibits kinetin- or zeatin-induced betalain biosynthesis, with a maximum inhibition rate of up to 60%, and increasing kinetin concentration reverses this inhibitory effect^[2].
Nebularine (20 μM; 5 days) antagonizes the green-retaining effect of kinetin in leaf segments of 7-day-old wheat seedlings; when 20 μM of this substance is present together with 2.5 μM kinetin, it reduces the activity of kinetin by 35%^[2].
Nebularine (4-20 μM) acts as a non-competitive inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, and inhibits 85% of the enzyme activity at a substrate xanthine concentration of 40 μM and its own concentration of 20 μM^[2].
Nebularine (72 h) potently inhibits the viability of human K562, CEM and MCF-7 cell lines, with IC₅₀ values of 2.2 μM, 1.1 μM and 3.6 μM, respectively^[3].
Nebularine (10-100 μM; 24-48 h) inhibits the viability of tobacco BY-2 cells, with an IC₅₀ of 20 μM after 48 h of incubation^[3].
Nebularine (0.067 mM) inhibits human erythrocyte adenosine deaminase ADA1 by reducing inosine production to 60%^[3].
Nebularine (0.25-1 μM; 7 days) concentration-dependently shortens the primary root and promotes lateral root formation in Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 seedlings, and also reverses the lateral root inhibition induced by 0.01 μM BAP (HY-B0941)^[3].
Nebularine (10-100 μM; 6 days) antagonizes the chlorophyll retention effect of 30 μM BAP on isolated wheat leaf tips, reducing this effect to 55% after 6 days of incubation at equimolar concentrations^[3].
Nebularine (1-50 μM) inhibits the growth of cytokinin-dependent tobacco calli stimulated by 1 μM BAP in a concentration-dependent manner^[3].
Nebularine (10-50 μM; 16 h) reduces the expression levels of cytokinin-responsive ARR5:GUS and auxin-responsive DR5:GUS in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings; after incubation at 10 μM or higher concentrations for 16 h, the induced expression levels are reduced to approximately 70%^[3].
Nebularine (500 μg per paper disc; 2-5 days) exhibits moderate antifungal activity against Magnaporthe grisea and Trichophyton mentagrophytes, with an inhibition zone diameter of 9 mm (including the diameter of the paper disc), and shows no activity against other tested fungi and bacteria^[4].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.