Cat. No.: HY-B0075

Melatonin

(Synonyms: N-Acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine)

145 Cited Publications

Customer Review

Based on 145 publication(s) in Google Scholar

Melatonin is a hormone made by the pineal gland that can activate melatonin receptor and inhibit PANoptosis. Melatonin plays a role in sleep and possesses important antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. Melatonin is a novel selective ATF-6 inhibitor and induces human hepatoma cell apoptosis through COX-2 downregulation. Melatonin attenuates palmitic acid-induced (HY-N0830) mouse granulosa cells apoptosis via endoplasmic reticulum stress.

For research use only. We do not sell to patients.

Purity: 99.93%
CAS No.: 73-31-4
Formula: C₁₃H₁₆N₂O₂
Molecular Weight:232.28

Storage:

Powder -20°C, 3 years , 4°C, 2 years ; In solvent -80°C, 6 months , -20°C, 1 month

Melatonin Chemical Structure

CAS No.: 73-31-4

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Fluorescent Dye

Strong Fluorescence Signal / Multi-Disciplinary Applications / High Fluorescence Specificity

Biological Activity
- Description
- IC₅₀ & Target
- Cellular Effect
- In Vivo
- Clinical Trial
Chemical Information
Publications (145)
Solvent & Solubility
- In Vitro
- In Vivo
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Biological Activity

Description

Melatonin is a hormone made by the pineal gland that can activate melatonin receptor and inhibit PANoptosis. Melatonin plays a role in sleep and possesses important antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties^[1]^[2]^[3]. Melatonin is a novel selective ATF-6 inhibitor and induces human hepatoma cell apoptosis through COX-2 downregulation^[4]. Melatonin attenuates palmitic acid-induced (HY-N0830) mouse granulosa cells apoptosis via endoplasmic reticulum stress^[5]^[6].

IC₅₀ & Target

Microbial Metabolite

Human Endogenous Metabolite

p300

All Melatonin Receptor Isoforms :

All Endogenous Metabolite Isoforms :

All Histone Acetyltransferase Isoforms :

Cellular Effect

Cell Line	Type	Value	Description	References
A549	IC₅₀	1.3 mM Compound: Melatonin	Growth inhibition of human A549 cells Growth inhibition of human A549 cells	[PMID: 28814374]
A549	IC₅₀	>30 μM Compound: Melatonin	Antiproliferative activity against human A549 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation measured after 72 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human A549 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation measured after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 33248852]
AGS	IC₅₀	>30 μM Compound: Melatonin	Antiproliferative activity against human AGS cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation measured after 72 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human AGS cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation measured after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 33248852]
BT-549	IC₅₀	30 mM Compound: Melatonin	Antiproliferative activity against human BT549 cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human BT549 cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 29144746]
C6	IC₅₀	>40 μM Compound: Melatonin	Antiproliferative activity against rat C6 cells assessed as growth inhibition incubated for 72 hrs by CCK-8 assay Antiproliferative activity against rat C6 cells assessed as growth inhibition incubated for 72 hrs by CCK-8 assay	[PMID: 34091208]
CHO	EC₅₀	0.47 nM Compound: 1a	Intrinsic activity at human Melatonin receptor type 1B evaluated on [35S]GTP-gamma-S, binding in Chinese hamster ovarian (CHO) cells Intrinsic activity at human Melatonin receptor type 1B evaluated on [35S]GTP-gamma-S, binding in Chinese hamster ovarian (CHO) cells	[PMID: 12061881]
CHO	EC₅₀	1.92 nM Compound: 1a	Intrinsic activity evaluated on [35S]GTP -gamma-S binding in hamster ovarian (CHO) cells, stably expressing human Melatonin receptor type 1A Intrinsic activity evaluated on [35S]GTP -gamma-S binding in hamster ovarian (CHO) cells, stably expressing human Melatonin receptor type 1A	[PMID: 12061881]
CHO	EC₅₀	0.49 nM Compound: 1	Agonist potency determined by [35S]GTP gamma-S binding assay using CHO cell lines for Melatonin receptor type 1B Agonist potency determined by [35S]GTP gamma-S binding assay using CHO cell lines for Melatonin receptor type 1B	[PMID: 12646022]
CHO	EC₅₀	2.24 nM Compound: 1	Agonist potency determined by [35S]GTP gamma-S binding assay using CHO cell lines for Melatonin receptor type 1A Agonist potency determined by [35S]GTP gamma-S binding assay using CHO cell lines for Melatonin receptor type 1A	[PMID: 12646022]
CHO	EC₅₀	2.24 nM Compound: 1	Agonist activity at human MT1 receptor expressed in CHO cells assessed as stimulation of [35S]GTPgammaS binding Agonist activity at human MT1 receptor expressed in CHO cells assessed as stimulation of [35S]GTPgammaS binding	[PMID: 19329323]
CHO	EC₅₀	2.2 nM Compound: MLT	Agonist activity at human MT1 receptor expressed in CHO cells by [35S]GTPgamma binding assay Agonist activity at human MT1 receptor expressed in CHO cells by [35S]GTPgamma binding assay	[PMID: 20444610]
CHO	EC₅₀	1.5 nM Compound: Melatonin	Agonist activity at human MT1 receptor expressed in CHO cells by [35S]GTPgamma binding assay Agonist activity at human MT1 receptor expressed in CHO cells by [35S]GTPgamma binding assay	[PMID: 21420861]
CHO	EC₅₀	0.026 nM Compound: melatonin	Agonist activity at human MT1 receptor expressed in CHO cells assessed as decrease in forskolin-stimulated cAMP release after 30 mins by multilabel plate reader Agonist activity at human MT1 receptor expressed in CHO cells assessed as decrease in forskolin-stimulated cAMP release after 30 mins by multilabel plate reader	[PMID: 21568291]
CHO	EC₅₀	0.4 nM Compound: MLT	Intrinsic activity at human melatonin MT2 receptor expressed in CHO cells assessed as [35S]GTPgammaS binding after 1 hr Intrinsic activity at human melatonin MT2 receptor expressed in CHO cells assessed as [35S]GTPgammaS binding after 1 hr	[PMID: 24417958]
CHO	EC₅₀	1.7 nM Compound: MLT	Intrinsic activity at human melatonin MT1 receptor expressed in CHO cells assessed as [35S]GTPgammaS binding after 1 hr Intrinsic activity at human melatonin MT1 receptor expressed in CHO cells assessed as [35S]GTPgammaS binding after 1 hr	[PMID: 24417958]
CHO	EC₅₀	0.069 nM Compound: melatonin	Agonist activity at human melatonin receptor-2 transfected in CHO cell membranes after 1 hr by GTPgammaS binding assay Agonist activity at human melatonin receptor-2 transfected in CHO cell membranes after 1 hr by GTPgammaS binding assay	[PMID: 26023814]
CHO	EC₅₀	0.098 nM Compound: melatonin	Agonist activity at human melatonin receptor-1 transfected in CHO cell membranes after 1 hr by GTPgammaS binding assay Agonist activity at human melatonin receptor-1 transfected in CHO cell membranes after 1 hr by GTPgammaS binding assay	[PMID: 26023814]
CHO	IC₅₀	1.1 x 10^-10 M Compound: Melatonin	Displacement of [125I]2-iodomelatonin from human recombinant ML1A receptor expressed in CHO cells Displacement of [125I]2-iodomelatonin from human recombinant ML1A receptor expressed in CHO cells	[PMID: 26988801]
CHO	IC₅₀	1.1 x 10^-10 M Compound: Melatonin	Displacement of [125I]2-iodomelatonin from human recombinant MT1 receptor expressed in CHO cells measured after 60 mins by scintillation counting method Displacement of [125I]2-iodomelatonin from human recombinant MT1 receptor expressed in CHO cells measured after 60 mins by scintillation counting method	[PMID: 27876250]
CHO-K1	IC₅₀	0.21 nM Compound: melatonin	Displacement of [125I]2-iodomelatonin from human recombinant melatonin receptor 1 expressed in CHOK1 cells after 3 hrs Displacement of [125I]2-iodomelatonin from human recombinant melatonin receptor 1 expressed in CHOK1 cells after 3 hrs	[PMID: 23403082]
HCT-116	IC₅₀	>30 μM Compound: Melatonin	Antiproliferative activity against human HCT-116 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation measured after 72 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human HCT-116 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation measured after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 33248852]
HEK293	IC₅₀	0.2 nM Compound: Melatonin, MLT	Displacement of 2-[125I]iodomelatonin from human MT1 receptor expressed in HEK293 cells Displacement of 2-[125I]iodomelatonin from human MT1 receptor expressed in HEK293 cells	[PMID: 18372181]
HEK293	IC₅₀	0.53 nM Compound: Melatonin, MLT	Displacement of 2-[125I]iodomelatonin from human MT2 receptor expressed in HEK293 cells Displacement of 2-[125I]iodomelatonin from human MT2 receptor expressed in HEK293 cells	[PMID: 18372181]
HEK293	EC₅₀	1 nM Compound: Melatonin	Agonist activity at MT1 receptor (unknown origin) expressed in HEK293 cells by Fluo-8 dye-based calcium assay Agonist activity at MT1 receptor (unknown origin) expressed in HEK293 cells by Fluo-8 dye-based calcium assay	[PMID: 31204226]
HEK293	EC₅₀	25 nM Compound: Melatonin	Agonist activity at MT2 receptor (unknown origin) expressed in HEK293 cells by Fluo-8 dye-based calcium assay Agonist activity at MT2 receptor (unknown origin) expressed in HEK293 cells by Fluo-8 dye-based calcium assay	[PMID: 31204226]
HepG2	IC₅₀	271 μM Compound: 1, MLT	Antioxidant activity in human HepG2 cells assessed as reduction in H2O2-induced oxidation by DCFH-DA assay Antioxidant activity in human HepG2 cells assessed as reduction in H2O2-induced oxidation by DCFH-DA assay	[PMID: 23332368]
HepG2	IC₅₀	>30 μM Compound: Melatonin	Antiproliferative activity against human HepG2 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation measured after 72 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human HepG2 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation measured after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 33248852]
HGC-27	IC₅₀	>30 μM Compound: Melatonin	Antiproliferative activity against human HGC-27 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation measured after 72 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human HGC-27 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation measured after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 33248852]
Huh-7	CC₅₀	3169 μM Compound: 28; MEL	Cytotoxicity against human Huh-7 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 24 hrs by PrestoBlue assay Cytotoxicity against human Huh-7 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 24 hrs by PrestoBlue assay	[PMID: 36167010]
MCF7	IC₅₀	18 mM Compound: Melatonin	Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 29144746]
MCF7	IC₅₀	>30 μM Compound: Melatonin	Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation measured after 72 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation measured after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 33248852]
MDA-MB-231	IC₅₀	0.9 μM Compound: Melatonin	Antiproliferative activity against human MDA-MB-231 cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human MDA-MB-231 cells after 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 29144746]
Melanophore	EC₅₀	0.063 nM Compound: melatonin	Agonist activity in Xenopus laevis melanophore assessed as potency for pigment aggregation Agonist activity in Xenopus laevis melanophore assessed as potency for pigment aggregation	[PMID: 16759094]
Melanophore	EC₅₀	0.23 nM Compound: Melatonin	Effective concentration required to produce 50% of the maximal pigment aggregation in Xenopus laevis dermal melanophore cell line Effective concentration required to produce 50% of the maximal pigment aggregation in Xenopus laevis dermal melanophore cell line	[PMID: 9484496]
MGC-803	IC₅₀	>30 μM Compound: Melatonin	Antiproliferative activity against human MGC-803 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation measured after 72 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human MGC-803 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation measured after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 33248852]
PC-12	IC₅₀	>100 μM Compound: MLT	Neuroprotective activity against amyloid beta (25 to 35 amino acid residues) induced damage in rat PC12 cells assessed as cell viability preincubated for 3 hrs followed by addition of amyloid beta (25 to 35 amino acid residues) for 24 hrs by MTT assay Neuroprotective activity against amyloid beta (25 to 35 amino acid residues) induced damage in rat PC12 cells assessed as cell viability preincubated for 3 hrs followed by addition of amyloid beta (25 to 35 amino acid residues) for 24 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 26970662]
SGC-7901	IC₅₀	>30 μM Compound: Melatonin	Antiproliferative activity against human SGC-7901 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation measured after 72 hrs by MTT assay Antiproliferative activity against human SGC-7901 cells assessed as inhibition of cell proliferation measured after 72 hrs by MTT assay	[PMID: 33248852]
SH-SY5Y	EC₅₀	>1 μM Compound: Melatonin	Neuroprotective activity against t-BuOOH-induced oxidative stress in human SH-SY5Y cells assessed as inhibition ROS accumulation pre-incubated for 24 hrs before t-BuOOH challnge for 30 mins by DCFH-DA probe based fluorescence assay Neuroprotective activity against t-BuOOH-induced oxidative stress in human SH-SY5Y cells assessed as inhibition ROS accumulation pre-incubated for 24 hrs before t-BuOOH challnge for 30 mins by DCFH-DA probe based fluorescence assay	[PMID: 29420891]
U-251	IC₅₀	>40 μM Compound: Melatonin	Antiproliferative activity against human U-251 cells assessed as growth inhibition incubated for 72 hrs by CCK-8 assay Antiproliferative activity against human U-251 cells assessed as growth inhibition incubated for 72 hrs by CCK-8 assay	[PMID: 34091208]
U-87MG ATCC	IC₅₀	>40 μM Compound: Melatonin	Antiproliferative activity against human U-87 MG cells assessed as growth inhibition incubated for 72 hrs by CCK-8 assay Antiproliferative activity against human U-87 MG cells assessed as growth inhibition incubated for 72 hrs by CCK-8 assay	[PMID: 34091208]

In Vivo

Melatonin increases the levels of activated PTEN, RSK-1, mTOR and AMPKα kinases, mildly inhibits ERK-1/2 phosphorylation and Bad phosphorylation, significantly inhibits phosphorylations of S6 Ribosomal Protein, 4E-BP1, GSK-3α and GSK-3β, and slightly increases PRAS40 phosphorylation in animals^[1]. Melatonin ameliorates the neurotoxiciy and astrocyte activation induced by Aβ_1-42 in the cerebral cortex. Melatonin also blocks the reduction in Reelin and Dab1 expression induced by Aβ_1-42^[2]. Melatonin treatment and lack of NLRP3^-/- share similar inhibition of NF-κB and NLRP3 signaling pathway in mice. Melatonin treatment and lack of NLRP3^-/- share some patterns of clock genes expression, and improve cardiomyocytes morphology in mice^[3].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Clinical Trial

NCT Number	Sponsor	Condition	Start Date	Phase A549
NCT01329991	Plexxikon\|		2011-05	PHASE1

Chemical Information

CAS No. 73-31-4
Appearance Solid
Molecular Weight 232.28
Formula C₁₃H₁₆N₂O₂
Color White to light yellow
SMILES

CC(NCCC1=CNC2=C1C=C(OC)C=C2)=O
Synonyms

N-Acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine
Structure Classification
- Others
Initial Source
Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

Storage

Powder	-20°C	3 years
	4°C	2 years
In solvent	-80°C	6 months
	-20°C	1 month

Publications (145)

All In Vivo Efficacy StudyCell Imaging/Staining2D/3D Cell Culture and DifferentiationRT-PCRWB

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Cell Stem Cell

Generation of human pineal gland organoids with melatonin production for disease modeling. [Abstract]

2026 Jan 8;33(1):91-107.e9. PMID: 41475351
Nat Commun

Regulation of therapeutic protein release in response to circadian biomarkers. [Abstract]

2025 Nov 6;16(1):9812. PMID: 41198646
Acta Pharm Sin B

Melatonin receptor 1a alleviates sleep fragmentation-aggravated testicular injury in T2DM by suppression of TAB1/TAK1 complex through FGFR1. [Abstract]

2025 Jul;15(7):3591-3610. PMID: 40698135

Melatonin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Acta Pharm Sin B. 2025 Jul;15(7):3591-3610. [Abstract]

Western blot analysis and densitometric quantification of MT1, Cleaved Caspase-9, Bax, Bcl-2, Cleaved Caspase-3, and Cytochrome c in the testis of SF mice treated with MEL (10 mg/kg; i.p.) or 2IM for 2 weeks (n = 6).

Melatonin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Acta Pharm Sin B. 2025 Jul;15(7):3591-3610. [Abstract]

The protein expression of FGFR1 and relative mRNA level of Fgfr1 in the testis of mice treated with MEL (10 mg/kg; i.p.) or 2IM for 2 weeks (n = 6).
J Extracell Vesicles

Transfer of inflammatory mitochondria via extracellular vesicles from M1 macrophages induces ferroptosis of pancreatic beta cells in acute pancreatitis. [Abstract]

2024 Feb;13(2):e12410. PMID: 38320981
Autophagy

Melatonin attenuates sepsis-induced acute kidney injury by promoting mitophagy through SIRT3-mediated TFAM deacetylation. [Abstract]

2024 Jan;20(1):151-165. PMID: 37651673

Melatonin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Autophagy. 2024 Jan;20(1):151-165. [Abstract]

Melatonin (100 μM)-induced activation of SIRT3 promotes mitophagic flux. mKeima was expressed in HK-2 cells and live cell was imaged by confocal microscopy (mKeima-561 nm: red; mKeima-488 nm: green; scale bar: 20 μm); 561 nm/488 nm mKeima was statistically quantified (n = 6).

Melatonin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Autophagy. 2024 Jan;20(1):151-165. [Abstract]

Western blot analysis of the effects of Melatonin (100 μM) on the protein expression of PINK1, PRKN, LC3-II, and SQSTM1 in LPS-stimulated HK-2 cells (n = 6).
Chem Eng J

2023 Aug 15, 470, 144121.

Melatonin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Chem Eng J. 2023 Aug 15, 470, 144121.

Melatonin (0.01-10 μM; 7 days) promoted neurospheres formation. Scale bars, 200 μm.
J Adv Res

Portulaca oleracea L. polysaccharide alleviates colitis-associated bone loss through Muribaculaceae-enriched gut microbiota and elevated colonic melatonin. [Abstract]

2026 Apr 13:S2090-1232(26)00337-1. PMID: 41980626
Asian J Pharm Sci

2026 Jun 20.
Redox Biol

Melatonin attenuates atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability through SIRT6-dependent regulation of vascular smooth muscle cells senescence. [Abstract]

2025 Dec:88:103939. PMID: 41308252
Redox Biol

miR-484 mediates oxidative stress-induced ovarian dysfunction and promotes granulosa cell apoptosis via SESN2 downregulation. [Abstract]

2023 Jun:62:102684. PMID: 36963287
Redox Biol

Inhibition of SGK1 confers vulnerability to redox dysregulation in cervical cancer. [Abstract]

2019 Jun:24:101225. PMID: 31136958
J Control Release

Fibrotic collagen-targeted delivery system blocks pancreatic intercellular crosstalk to alleviate pancreatic fibrosis. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 6;388(Pt 1):114278. PMID: 41045968
J Hazard Mater

Long-term low-dose exposure to 9-chlorophenanthrene induces liver lipid accumulation via disrupting circadian rhythm. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 5:495:139145. PMID: 40628211
J Hazard Mater

Investigating the potential risk of cadmium exposure on seizure severity and anxiety-like behaviors through the ferroptosis pathway in epileptic mice: An integrated multi-omics approach. [Abstract]

2024 Dec 5:480:135814. PMID: 39303606
J Hazard Mater

The involvement of SigmaR1K142 degradation mediated by ERAD in neural senescence linked with CdCl2 exposure. [Abstract]

2024 Jul 5:472:134466. PMID: 38718507
J Hazard Mater

Gestational exposure to environmental cadmium induces placental apoptosis and fetal growth restriction via Parkin-modulated MCL-1 degradation. [Abstract]

2022 Feb 15;424(Pt A):127268. PMID: 34583167
Cardiovasc Diabetol

Melatonin attenuates diabetic cardiomyopathy by increasing autophagy of cardiomyocytes via regulation of VEGF-B/GRP78/PERK signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2024 Jan 9;23(1):19. PMID: 38195474
J Immunother Cancer

GCH1 induces immunosuppression through metabolic reprogramming and IDO1 upregulation in triple-negative breast cancer. [Abstract]

2021 Jul;9(7):e002383. PMID: 34281987
Pharmacol Res

Melatonin increases Olaparib sensitivity and suppresses cancer-associated fibroblast infiltration via suppressing the LAMB3-CXCL2 axis in TNBC. [Abstract]

2024 Sep 19:107429. PMID: 39306019
Cell Mol Biol Lett

IP3R1-mediated MAMs formation contributes to mechanical trauma-induced hepatic injury and the protective effect of melatonin. [Abstract]

2024 Feb 2;29(1):22. PMID: 38308199
Int J Surg

Melatonin attenuates oxidative stress-induced ferroptosis of nucleus pulposus cells and intervertebral disc degeneration via PI3K/AKT-mTOR pathway. [Abstract]

2026 Feb 24. PMID: 41729690
Cancer Lett

Induction of EnR stress by Melatonin enhances the cytotoxic effect of Lapatinib in HER2-positive breast cancer. [Abstract]

2021 Oct 10:518:82-93. PMID: 34153400
Environ Int

1,2-Dichloroethane induces testicular pyroptosis by activating piR-mmu-1019957/IRF7 pathway and the protective effects of melatonin. [Abstract]

2024 Feb:184:108480. PMID: 38341879
Cell Death Dis

Metabolic adaptation to IMMT deficiency through the ATF6-PPARγ axis is contingent on TP53 mutation status in breast cancer. [Abstract]

2026 Apr 28;17(1):565. PMID: 42049712
Adv Healthc Mater

YAP Expression Confers Therapeutic Vulnerability to Cuproptosis in Breast Cancer Cells by Regulating Copper Homeostasis. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 2:e02769. PMID: 41039751
Adv Healthc Mater

A Modified Polydopamine Nanoparticle Loaded with Melatonin for Synergistic ROS Scavenging and Anti-Inflammatory Effects in the Treatment of Dry Eye Disease. [Abstract]

2025 Jan 19:e2404372. PMID: 39828670
Cell Death Dis

PARP1-catalyzed PARylation of YY1 mediates endoplasmic reticulum stress in granulosa cells to determine primordial follicle activation. [Abstract]

2023 Aug 15;14(8):524. PMID: 37582914
Cell Death Dis

Melatonin inhibits bladder tumorigenesis by suppressing PPARγ/ENO1-mediated glycolysis. [Abstract]

2023 Apr 6;14(4):246. PMID: 37024456
Cell Death Dis

Melatonin suppresses chronic restraint stress-mediated metastasis of epithelial ovarian cancer via NE/AKT/β-catenin/SLUG axis. [Abstract]

2020 Aug 18;11(8):644. PMID: 32811805
J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle

Melatonin Ameliorates Age-Related Sarcopenia via the Gut-Muscle Axis Mediated by Serum Lipopolysaccharide and Metabolites. [Abstract]

2025 Feb;16(1):e13722. PMID: 39901379
J Pharm Anal

2026 May 26.
Acta Pharmacol Sin

Estrogen-dependent depressor response of melatonin via baroreflex afferent function and intensification of PKC-mediated Nav1.9 activation. [Abstract]

2022 Sep;43(9):2313-2324. PMID: 35132193
Phytomedicine

Protective effect of melatonin against metabolic disorders and neuropsychiatric injuries in type 2 diabetes mellitus mice. [Abstract]

2024 Jun 4:131:155805. PMID: 38851097
Free Radic Biol Med

PM2.5 contributed to pulmonary epithelial senescence and ferroptosis by regulating USP3-SIRT3-P53 axis. [Abstract]

2023 Aug 20:205:291-304. PMID: 37348684
Free Radic Biol Med

Canonical Wnt signaling works downstream of iron overload to prevent ferroptosis from damaging osteoblast differentiation. [Abstract]

2022 Aug 1:188:337-350. PMID: 35752374
Sci Total Environ

Melatonin attenuates manganese-induced mitochondrial fragmentation by suppressing the Mst1/JNK signaling pathway in primary mouse neurons. [Abstract]

2022 Oct 20:844:157134. PMID: 35792268
Sci Total Environ

Environmental cadmium impairs blood-testis barrier via activating HRI-responsive mitochondrial stress in mice. [Abstract]

2022 Mar 1:810:152247. PMID: 34896485
Biomed Pharmacother

Melatonin regulates microglial M1/M2 polarization via AMPKα2-mediated mitophagy in attenuating sepsis-associated encephalopathy. [Abstract]

2024 Jul 7:177:117092. PMID: 38976956
Biomed Pharmacother

Melatonin inhibits ferroptosis and delays age-related cataract by regulating SIRT6/p-Nrf2/GPX4 and SIRT6/NCOA4/FTH1 pathways. [Abstract]

2023 Jan:157:114048. PMID: 36463827
Biomed Pharmacother

Melatonin triggers autophagic cell death by regulating RORC in Hodgkin lymphoma. [Abstract]

2020 Mar;123:109811. PMID: 31924597
Oncogene

Melatonin potentiates the cytotoxic effect of Neratinib in HER2+ breast cancer through promoting endocytosis and lysosomal degradation of HER2. [Abstract]

2021 Nov;40(44):6273-6283. PMID: 34556812
Antioxidants (Basel)

Melatonin Alleviates Retinal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Inhibiting p53-Mediated Ferroptosis. [Abstract]

2023 May 29;12(6):1173. PMID: 37371903
J Anim Sci Biotechnol

ROS-DRP1-mediated excessive mitochondrial fission and autophagic flux inhibition contribute to heat stress-induced apoptosis in goat Sertoli cells. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 16;16(1):58. PMID: 40234984
J Pineal Res

Circadian-Related Serotonin/Melatonin Level Modulates Cisplatin Ototoxicity Susceptibility Depended on NOS3-NO Pathway. [Abstract]

2026 Jul;78(4):e70154. PMID: 42262169
J Pineal Res

Melatonin Improves Diabetic-Accelerated Experimental Osteoarthritis by Inhibiting NLRP3-Mediated Chondrocyte Pyroptosis via PKG/Nrf2. [Abstract]

2026 Mar;78(2):e70113. PMID: 41704066
J Pineal Res

Melatonin Promotes the Synthesis and Secretion of Growth Hormone in the Adenohypophysis by Activating the cAMP/FOXO1 Pathway. [Abstract]

2026 Mar;78(2):e70139. PMID: 41870323
J Pineal Res

Melatonin Alleviates Osteoarthritis by Regulating NADPH Oxidase 4-Induced Ferroptosis and Mitigating Mitochondrial Dysfunction. [Abstract]

2024 Sep;76(6):e12992. PMID: 39228264
J Pineal Res

Sleep Deprivation Induces Gut Damage via Ferroptosis. [Abstract]

2024 Aug;76(5):e12987. PMID: 38975671
J Pineal Res

Circadian light/dark cycle reversal exacerbates the progression of chronic kidney disease in mice. [Abstract]

2024 May;76(4):e12964. PMID: 38803014
J Pineal Res

Melatonin mitigates aflatoxin B1-induced liver injury via modulation of gut microbiota/intestinal FXR/liver TLR4 signaling axis in mice. [Abstract]

2022 Sep;73(2):e12812. PMID: 35652241
J Pineal Res

Melatonin ameliorates cognitive deficits through improving mitophagy in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. [Abstract]

2021 Dec;71(4):e12774. PMID: 34617321
J Pineal Res

Melatonin inhibits lung cancer development by reversing the Warburg effect via stimulating the SIRT3/PDH axis. [Abstract]

2021 Sep;71(2):e12755. PMID: 34214200
J Pineal Res

Melatonin/PGC1A/UCP1 promotes tumor slimming and represses tumor progression by initiating autophagy and lipid browning. [Abstract]

2019 Nov;67(4):e12607. PMID: 31469445
Cell Mol Life Sci

Melatonin refines ovarian mitochondrial dysfunction in PCOS by regulating the circadian rhythm gene Clock. [Abstract]

2025 Mar 6;82(1):104. PMID: 40047877
Cell Mol Life Sci

A novel mechanism for the protection against acute lung injury by melatonin: mitochondrial quality control of lung epithelial cells is preserved through SIRT3-dependent deacetylation of SOD2. [Abstract]

2022 Nov 30;79(12):610. PMID: 36449070
J Agric Food Chem

Melatonin Prevents against Ethanol-Induced Liver Injury by Mitigating Ferroptosis via Targeting Brain and Muscle ARNT-like 1 in Mice Liver and HepG2 Cells. [Abstract]

2022 Oct 12;70(40):12953-12967. PMID: 36166594
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf

Nanoplastics exposure exacerbates Aβ plaque deposition in Alzheimer's disease mice by inducing microglia pyroptosis. [Abstract]

2025 May 23:299:118379. PMID: 40412250
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf

Melatonin improves the quality of rotenone-exposed mouse oocytes through association with histone modifications. [Abstract]

2023 Jun 30:262:115186. PMID: 37393821
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf

Low-dose arsenite causes overexpression of EGF, TGFα, and HSP90 through Trx1-TXNIP-NLRP3 axis mediated signaling pathways in the human bladder epithelial cells. [Abstract]

2022 Dec 1:247:114263. PMID: 36343453
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf

Chronic exposure to propylparaben at the humanly relevant dose triggers ovarian aging in adult mice. [Abstract]

2022 Apr 15;235:113432. PMID: 35325608
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf

Melatonin protects against PM2.5-induced lung injury by inhibiting ferroptosis of lung epithelial cells in a Nrf2-dependent manner. [Abstract]

2021 Oct 15:223:112588. PMID: 34364124
Front Immunol

Melatonin Synergizes With Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Attenuates Chronic Allograft Vasculopathy. [Abstract]

2021 Apr 29:12:672849. PMID: 33995416
J Ethnopharmacol

Guhan Yangsheng Jing alleviates sleep deprivation-induced neuronal injury via neurotransmitter rebalancing, mitochondrial protection, and inhibition of pyroptosis. [Abstract]

2026 Apr 6:360:121209. PMID: 41539636
Chem Biol Interact

Melatonin suppresses glycolysis and coordinately disrupts DNA repair via targeting the YAP1-NAMPT signaling in breast cancer. [Abstract]

2026 Feb 11:425:111900. PMID: 41485639
Inflamm Res

Melatonin inhibits salivary gland epithelial cell ferroptosis via the NRF2/HO-1/GPX4 signaling pathway in primary Sjögren's syndrome. [Abstract]

2025 May 24;74(1):84. PMID: 40413364
Pak Vet J

2025 Feb 17.
Cells

Melatonin Protects Intact Rat Ovarian Transplantation via the MT1/Nrf2/ARE Pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Oct 13;14(20):1588. PMID: 41148803
Commun Biol

Deoxynivalenol induces ferroptosis via inhibiting glycolysis-H3K18la-STEAP3 axis to promote ovary damage in piglets. [Abstract]

2025 Nov 20;8(1):1626. PMID: 41266595
Life Sci

Melatonin ameliorates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury via regulating the ubiquitin-proteasome system. [Abstract]

2025 Nov 1:380:123973. PMID: 40962023
Commun Biol

Melatonin affects trophoblast epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and oxidative damage resistance by modulating GDF15 expression to promote embryo implantation. [Abstract]

2025 Mar 8;8(1):396. PMID: 40057595
Drug Des Devel Ther

Melatonin Attenuates Sepsis-Induced Acute Lung Injury via Inhibiting Excessive Mitophagy. [Abstract]

2023 Sep 11:17:2775-2786. PMID: 37719362
Life Sci

Melatonin attenuates cellular senescence and apoptosis in diabetic nephropathy by regulating STAT3 phosphorylation. [Abstract]

2023 Nov 1:332:122108. PMID: 37739161
Bone Joint Res

Melatonin protects human nucleus pulposus cells from pyroptosis by regulating Nrf2 via melatonin membrane receptors. [Abstract]

2023 Mar 7;12(3):202-211. PMID: 37051810
Front Nutr

Melatonin Alleviates Cardiac Function in Sepsis-Caused Myocarditis via Maintenance of Mitochondrial Function. [Abstract]

2021 Oct 11:8:754235. PMID: 34708067
CNS Neurosci Ther

Melatonin attenuates scopolamine-induced cognitive dysfunction through SIRT1/IRE1α/XBP1 pathway. [Abstract]

2024 Jul;30(7):e14891. PMID: 39056330
Int J Mol Sci

Involvement of Melatonin, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in the Protective Mechanism of the Carotid Artery over the Torpor-Arousal Cycle of Ground Squirrels. [Abstract]

2024 Nov 29;25(23):12888. PMID: 39684599
Cell Oncol (Dordr)

Tasimelteon inhibits glioma proliferation by inducing ferroptosis via the SP1/ACSL4 pathway. [Abstract]

2026 Jun 23. PMID: 42334777
Front Pharmacol

Melatonin Improved the Survival of Multi-Territory Perforator Flaps by Promoting Angiogenesis and Inhibiting Apoptosis via the NRF2/FUNDC1 Axis. [Abstract]

2022 May 24:13:921189. PMID: 35685624
Front Pharmacol

Melatonin Alleviates Renal Injury in Mouse Model of Sepsis. [Abstract]

2021 Sep 2;12:697643. PMID: 34539395
Eur J Pharmacol

Melatonin suppresses cellular senescence in diabetic kidney disease though the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2026 Feb 15:1015:178541. PMID: 41534557
Int Immunopharmacol

Melatonin alleviates retinal injury induced by vigabatrin and partially enhances its antiepileptic effects. [Abstract]

2025 Mar 27:153:114516. PMID: 40154179
Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci

Blue Light Damages Retinal Ganglion Cells Via Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Autophagy in Chickens. [Abstract]

2025 Jan 2;66(1):3. PMID: 39745679
ACS Appl Bio Mater

Melatonin-Loaded Hydrogel Modulates Circadian Rhythms and Alleviates Oxidative Stress and Inflammation to Promote Wound Healing. [Abstract]

2025 Feb 17;8(2):1607-1620. PMID: 39854437
Int Immunopharmacol

Melatonin exerts a protective effect in ameliorating nephrolithiasis via targeting AMPK/PINK1-Parkin mediated mitophagy and inhibiting ferroptosis in vivo and in vitro. [Abstract]

2023 Aug 29;124(Pt A):110801. PMID: 37651854
Int Immunopharmacol

Melatonin suppresses ferroptosis via activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway in the mouse model of sepsis-induced acute kidney injury. [Abstract]

2022 Nov:112:109162. PMID: 36067654
Molecules

Melatonin Balance the Autophagy and Apoptosis by Regulating UCP2 in the LPS-Induced Cardiomyopathy. [Abstract]

2018 Mar 16;23(3). pii: E675. PMID: 29547569

Melatonin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Molecules. 2018 Mar 16;23(3). pii: E675. [Abstract]

Representative image of immunobloting of UCP2 in the cultured AC16 cells under various treatments.
Mol Neurobiol

Melatonin Promotes Cerebral Angiogenesis in Ischemic Mice via BMP6/Smad1/5/9 Pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Apr 25. PMID: 40274709
ACS Omega

Identification of New Modulators and Inhibitors of Palmitoyl-Protein Thioesterase 1 for CLN1 Batten Disease and Cancer. [Abstract]

2024 Feb 28;9(10):11870-11882. PMID: 38496939
Transl Stroke Res

Melatonin Offers Dual-Phase Protection to Brain Vessel Endothelial Cells in Prolonged Cerebral Ischemia-Recanalization Through Ameliorating ER Stress and Resolving Refractory Stress Granule. [Abstract]

2023 Dec;14(6):910-928. PMID: 36181629
FASEB J

Melatonin Accelerates Diabetic Wound Repair via Modulation of Tenascin C and Interleukin-10 in Fibroblasts. [Abstract]

2026 Jun 15;40(11):e72010. PMID: 42233548
FASEB J

Melatonin Attenuates Synovial Hyperplasia, Inflammation, and Fibrosis and Postpones Osteoarthritis Progression. [Abstract]

2026 Jan 31;40(2):e71295. PMID: 41562301
J Cell Mol Med

Melatonin Synergises the Chemotherapeutic Effect of Temozolomide in Glioblastoma by Suppressing NF-κB/COX-2 Signalling Pathways. [Abstract]

2025 Aug;29(15):e70778. PMID: 40804775
Poult Sci

Melatonin alleviates endoplasmic reticulum stress and follicular granulosa cell apoptosis by regulating ATF4 to activate mTOR signaling pathway in chickens. [Abstract]

2024 Jun;103(6):103656. PMID: 38583308
FASEB J

Melatonin promotes the restoration of bone defects via enhancement of miR-335-5p combined with inhibition of TNFα/NF-κB signaling. [Abstract]

2023 Jan;37(1):e22711. PMID: 36520091
FASEB J

SNAI1 is upregulated during muscle regeneration and represses FGF21 and ATF3 expression by directly binding their promoters. [Abstract]

2022 Jul;36(7):e22401. PMID: 35726676
J Cell Mol Med

Melatonin activates Parkin translocation and rescues the impaired mitophagy activity of diabetic cardiomyopathy through Mst1 inhibition. [Abstract]

2018 Oct;22(10):5132-5144. PMID: 30063115

Melatonin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: J Cell Mol Med. 2018 Oct;22(10):5132-5144. [Abstract]

Melatonin regulation of mitophagy activity in the diabetic myocardium, Protein expression with representative gel blots of LC3 I/II, GAPDH (loading control).
J Inflamm Res

Melatonin Suppresses NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation via SIRT1-Mediated ETS1 Deacetylation to Attenuate LPS-Induced Pyroptosis in Alveolar Epithelial Cells. [Abstract]

2026 Mar 7:19:581957. PMID: 41822807
Toxics

Melatonin Ameliorates Apoptosis of A549 Cells Exposed to Chicken House PM2.5: A Novel Insight in Poultry Production. [Abstract]

2023 Jun 28;11(7):562. PMID: 37505528
Fish Shellfish Immunol

Melatonin alleviates lead-induced intestinal epithelial cell pyroptosis in the common carps (Cyprinus carpio) via miR-17-5p/TXNIP axis. [Abstract]

2022 Dec:131:127-136. PMID: 36202203
Aging (Albany NY)

Melatonin inhibits proliferation, migration, and invasion by inducing ROS-mediated apoptosis via suppression of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in gallbladder cancer cells. [Abstract]

2021 Sep 27;13(18):22502-22515. PMID: 34580235
J Periodontol

Melatonin inhibits orthodontically induced root resorption through YAP/P65/IL-6 signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 11. PMID: 40932451
J Virol

ATF6-Mediated Unfolded Protein Response Facilitates Adeno-associated Virus 2 (AAV2) Transduction by Releasing the Suppression of the AAV Receptor on Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. [Abstract]

2022 Feb 9;96(3):e0110321. PMID: 34851146
Neurochem Res

The Role of NF-κB/NLRP3 Inflammasome Signaling Pathway in Attenuating Pyroptosis by Melatonin Upon Spinal Nerve Ligation Models. [Abstract]

2022 Feb;47(2):335-346. PMID: 34515922
Cell Signal

Inhibition of ferroptosis rescues BMP osteogenic differentiation impaired by iron overload in the osteoporotic microenvironment. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 8:136:112116. PMID: 40930476
Brain Res Bull

The anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of intraperitoneal melatonin after spinal nerve ligation are mediated by inhibition of the NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2021 Apr:169:156-166. PMID: 33508403
PLoS Comput Biol

Integrated computational and experimental analysis explores FOLH1 expression patterns across cancers and nominates melatonin as a potential modulator in prostate cancer models. [Abstract]

2026 May 22;22(5):e1014315. PMID: 42172245
Heliyon

The potential of melatonin in sepsis-associated acute kidney injury: Mitochondrial protection and cGAS-STING signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2024 Dec 26;11(1):e41501. PMID: 39850412
Food Chem Toxicol

Melatonin modulates the differentiation of neural stem cells exposed to manganese via SIRT1/β-catenin signaling. [Abstract]

2024 Feb:184:114349. PMID: 38081531
Cell Cycle

Melatonin protects against chronic stress-induced oxidative meiotic defects in mice MII oocytes by regulating SIRT1. [Abstract]

2020 Jul;19(13):1677-1695. PMID: 32453975
J Food Meas Charact

2026 Jan 30.
Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids

Melatonin ameliorates ox-LDL-induced lipid accumulation and enhances ABCA1 expression in VSMCs via inhibition of the TRPV1-Ca2+-calpain signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2026 Jan;1871(1):159704. PMID: 41213324
Anim Reprod Sci

Influence of photoperiod and exogenous melatonin on testis morpho-physiology of sexually mature guinea fowl (Numida meleagris). [Abstract]

2024 Apr:263:107410. PMID: 38402776
Environ Toxicol

Melatonin promotes cell cycle progression of neural stem cells subjected to manganese via Nurr1. [Abstract]

2024 Jul;39(7):3883-3896. PMID: 38563506
Environ Toxicol

Protective effects of melatonin on DEHP-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress in prepubertal testes via the PI3K/AKT pathway. [Abstract]

2024 Feb;39(2):952-964. PMID: 37975621
Kaohsiung J Med Sci

Melatonin Exerts Chondroprotective Effects Against Osteoarthritis by Promoting PI3K/AKT/FoxO3-Mediated Mitophagy. [Abstract]

2025 Nov 5:e70131. PMID: 41190713
Eur Cell Mater

2025 Feb 20;49:55-70.
Vet Microbiol

PERK-mediated eIF2α phosphorylation suppresses porcine epidemic diarrhea virus replication by attenuating global protein synthesis and inducing IFN-Ⅰ production. [Abstract]

2025 Jun 3:307:110559. PMID: 40494050
Brain Behav

A Preliminary Study of Effect of Melatonin on Inflammation and Hypoxia-Related Factors in a Mouse Model of Elastase-Induced Intracranial Aneurysm. [Abstract]

2025 Mar;15(3):e70371. PMID: 40022169
Mol Cell Biol

Deactivation of the Unfolded Protein Response Aggravated Renal AA Amyloidosis in HSF1 Deficiency Mice. [Abstract]

2024 May 17:1-13. PMID: 38758542
J Mol Neurosci

Melatonin Ameliorates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Microglial Inflammation via Triggering SIRT1/HMGB1 Signaling Axis. [Abstract]

2021 Apr;71(4):691-701. PMID: 32910356
Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol

Dexmedetomidine Alleviates Sleep Rhythm Abnormalities in Chronic Sleep-Deprived Mice via Modulation of SIK3/HDAC4/5 Signalling. [Abstract]

2026 Jan;53(1):e70086. PMID: 41271199
Tissue Cell

Intracellullar cholesterol accumulation caused by HBV induces ATF6-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress to trigger endoplasmic reticulophagy. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 9:98:103134. PMID: 40934546
Tissue Cell

Melatonin promotes diabetic wound healing by mediating mitochondrial function in endothelial cells through the AMPK/SIRT1/HIF-1α pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Aug:95:102884. PMID: 40233668
Theriogenology

MEL regulates miR-21 and let-7b through the STAT3 cascade in the follicular granulosa cells of Tibetan sheep. [Abstract]

2023 Jul 15:205:114-129. PMID: 37120893
J Mol Histol

Neuroprotection in neonatal Hypoxia-ischaemia: melatonin targets NCX1 to inhibit mitochondrial autophagy via the PINK1-Parkin pathway. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 13;56(5):313. PMID: 40944759
Vet Anim Sci

Photoperiodic-dependent histomorphological changes in the excurrent duct system of helmeted guinea fowl subjected to short day (8L:16D), long-day (16L:8D) light/dark cycles and exogenous melatonin. [Abstract]

2022 Dec 22:19:100282. PMID: 36618853
Oncol Lett

Melatonin inhibits gallbladder cancer cell migration and invasion via ERK-mediated induction of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. [Abstract]

2021 Aug;22(2):609. PMID: 34188711
Anim Reprod

Melatonin mitigates PGF-induced apoptosis during luteal regression in heat-exposed rats. [Abstract]

2025 Jun 30;22(2):e20240122. PMID: 40599700
Neurosci Lett

Melatonin mitigates traumatic brain injury-induced depression-like behaviors through HO-1/CREB signal in rats. [Abstract]

2022 Jul 27:784:136754. PMID: 35753614
Neurosci Lett

Androgen is responsible for enhanced susceptibility of melatonin against traumatic brain injury in females. [Abstract]

2021 May 1:752:135842. PMID: 33766734
Iran J Pharm Res

Amelioratory Effect of Melatonin on Cognition Dysfunction Induced by Sevoflurane Anesthesia in Aged Mice. [Abstract]

2023 Jan 24;21(1):e133971. PMID: 36896324
Reprod Domest Anim

Effect of dihydrotestosterone on melatonin secretion and the expression of melatonin receptors and apoptosis-related factors in sheep epididymides. [Abstract]

2022 Oct;57(10):1244-1254. PMID: 35775862
J Mammal

2024 May 15.
Cairo University

2025.
Res Sq

2025 Mar 30.
bioRxiv

2025 Jan 06.
Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery

[Melatonin promotes osteogenesis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells by improving the inflammatory state in ovariectomized rats]. [Abstract]

2023 Aug; 37(8): 1011–1020. PMID: 37586803
University of Gothenburg

2023 Jun 27.
SSRN

2023 Jun 19.
Research Square Preprint

2023 Apr 20.
Research Square Print

2022 Jun.
Research Square Preprint

2022 Jan.
Sys Rev Pharm

2021;12(1):402-410.
Research Square Preprint

2021 Feb.
bioRxiv

2021 Feb 23.

Solvent & Solubility

In Vitro:

DMSO : 100 mg/mL (430.51 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

Ethanol : 12.5 mg/mL (53.81 mM; Need ultrasonic)

H₂O : 1.1 mg/mL (4.74 mM; Need ultrasonic)

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Preparing Stock Solutions

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Concentration Solvent Mass

1 mg

5 mg

10 mg

Concentration

Solvent

Mass

1 mM

4.3051 mL

21.5257 mL

43.0515 mL

5 mM

0.8610 mL

4.3051 mL

8.6103 mL

10 mM

0.4305 mL

2.1526 mL

4.3051 mL

Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.

Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

Molarity Calculator

Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

Mass Mass

Concentration Concentration

Volume Volume

Molecular Weight Molecular Weight

Dilution Calculator

Concentration _(start) × Volume _(start) = Concentration _(final) × Volume _(final)

Concentration _(start) Concentration _(start)

Volume _(start) Volume _(start)

Concentration _(final) Concentration _(final)

Volume _(final) Volume _(final)

In Vivo:

Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.

Stock Solution Working Solution

For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for In Vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

Protocol 1

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline