Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Adrenic Acid (cis-7,10,13,16-Docosatetraenoic acid) is a naturally polyunsaturated fatty acid in the adrenal gland, brain, kidney, and vasculature. Adrenic Acid can regulate the vascular tone in arteries of the adrenal cortex. Adrenic Acid also is an inflammation enhancer in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Succinyl CoA (Succinyl-coenzyme A) sodium is a pivotal intermediate metabolite in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and a key coenzyme A metabolite. Succinyl CoA sodium is biosynthesized from α-ketoglutarate or propionyl-CoA. Succinyl CoA sodium acts as a critical precursor and substrate for heme biosynthesis and gluconeogenesis. Succinyl CoA sodium insufficiency caused by cobalamin deficiency is directly linked to growth retardation, impaired heme synthesis, tissue glycine accumulation and neurological abnormalities. Succinyl CoA sodium can be used in research on metabolic, neurological, and hematological abnormalities (such as porphyria) caused by nutritional vitamin B12 deficiency (leading to a lack of Succinyl-Coenzyme A synthesis).

Malonyl CoA (Malonyl Coenzyme A) lithium is an inhibitor of carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (CPT1). High Malonyl CoA lithium concentrations suppress fatty acid oxidation, while low Malonyl CoA lithium concentrations are permissive for fat oxidation.

Oleamide is an endogenous fatty acid amide which can be synthesized de novo in the mammalian nervous system, and has been detected in human plasma.

Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA) is a 20-carbon ω-6 fatty acid, with anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative activities. Dihomo-γ-linolenic acid attenuates atherosclerosis in the apolipoprotein E deficient mouse model system.

Erucic acid, a monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), is isolated from the seed of Raphanus sativus L. Erucic acid can readily cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), it has been reported to normalize the accumulation of very long-chain fatty acids in the brain. Erucic acid can improve cognitive impairment and be effective against dementia.

Citraconic acid (Methylmaleic acid) is an orally active inhibitor targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome and Keap1-Nrf2 pathway. Citraconic acid reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by inhibiting succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity. Citraconic acid also modifies the conformation of Keap1 protein, relieves its inhibition of Nrf2, promotes antioxidant gene expression, and inhibits NLRP3 activation and the release of pro-inflammatory factors such as IL-1β and IL-18. Citraconic acid has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, can reduce oxidative stress and cell pyroptosis, improve tissue damage, and can be used for the research of inflammation-related diseases such as acute renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Citraconic acid is an isomer of Itaconic acid (HY-Y052).

17-ODYA is a CYP450 ω-hydroxylase inhibitor. 17-ODYA is also a potent inhibitor (IC₅₀<100 nM) of the formation of 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE), epoxyeicosatrienoic acids and dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids by rat renal cortical microsomes incubated with arachidonic acid. 17-ODYA completely attenuates the isoproterenol (ISO)-induced apoptosis, and necrosis in cultured cardiomyocytes. 17-ODYA is a click chemistry reagent, it contains an Alkyne group and can undergo copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAc) with molecules containing Azide groups.

Palmitelaidic acid (9-trans-Hexadecenoic acid) is the trans isomer of palmitoleic acid. Palmitoleic acid is one of the most abundant fatty acids in serum and tissue.

Gondoic acid (cis-11-Eicosenoic acid), a monounsaturated long-chain fatty acid, is contained in a variety of plant oils and nuts. Gondoic acid can exert anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting the production of ROS and the PKCθ/ERK/STAT3 signaling pathway. Gondoic acid can be used as a raw material for medical supplies and a moisturizing ingredient in cosmetic creams.

Leukotriene D4 is a potent bronchoconstrictor. Leukotriene D4 has the potential for the research of asthma. Leukotriene D4 induces edema and increases capillary permeability.

12-HETE, a major metabolic product of arachidonic acid using 12-LOX catalysis, inhibits cell apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. 12-HETE promotes the activation and nuclear translocation of NF-κB through the integrin-linked kinase (ILK) pathway.12-HETE has both anti-thrombotic and pro-thrombotic effects. 12-HETE is a neuromodulator.

Manumycin A is a polyketide antibiotic and an inhibitor of thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR-1). Manumycin A can inhibit the growth of breast cancer cells and exert its anti-tumor activity through LC3. Manumycin A can downregulate the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in human monocytes stimulated by TNF α, and has potential anti-inflammatory activity. Manumycin A can inhibit the Ras/Raf/ERK1/2 signaling and hnRNP H1 in castration resistant prostate cancer cells to suppress exosome biogenesis and secretion.

(E)-Crotonic acid is an endogenous metabolite.

N-Arachidonylglycine (NA-Gly), a carboxylic analog of the endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA), is a GPR18 agonist (EC₅₀ = 44.5 nM). Unlike AEA, N-Arachidonylglycine has no activity at either CB1 or CB2 receptors. N-Arachidonylglycine inhibits GLYT2 (IC₅₀ = 5.1 μM). N-Arachidonylglycine also is an effective activator of endometrial cell migration.

Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is known as one of the most potent chemoattractants and activators of leukocytes and is involved in inflammatory diseases. Leukotriene B4 is also an alkyl chain-based PROTAC linker that can be used in the synthesis of PROTACs.

Elaidic acid is an orally active trans fatty acid. Elaidic acid enhances the stemness of colorectal cancer cells by activating the Wnt/ERK1/2 pathway, thereby promoting cell proliferation, invasion and metastasis, and inhibiting apoptosis. Elaidic acid also inhibits the growth of Lactobacillus and alters the cell surface hydrophobicity of Lactobacillus. Elaidic acid reduces basal 2-deoxyglucose uptake in muscle cells and adipocytes. Elaidic acid can be used in research on colorectal cancer, insulin and other related areas.

Myristoleic acid, a cytotoxic component in the extract from Serenoa repens, induces apoptosis and necrosis in human prostatic LNCaP cells.

Oleoylcarnitine, the metabolite which accumulates through suppression of fatty acid β-oxidation, can enhance hepatocarcinogenesis via STAT3 activation.

trans-Vaccenic acid is a naturally occurring trans fatty acid (TFA). trans-Vaccenic acid inhibits nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cell growth and induces apoptosis through the inhibition of Bad/Akt phosphorylation. trans-Vaccenic acid is a precursor for the synthesis of saturated fatty acid in the rumen and of conjugated Linoleic acid (CLA) at the tissue level. trans-Vaccenic acid exerts hypolipidemic effects in a rat model of obesity.