Unsaturated Fatty Acids

(±)-Jasmonic acid is an endogenous growth regulator closely related to plant resistance to abiotic stresses, used to activate defense responses to wounding, herbivory, and pathogen attacks. (±)-Jasmonic acid does not play an independent regulatory role, but works in a complex signaling network with other plant hormone signaling pathways. In addition, (±)-Jasmonic acid can also reduce chlorophyll levels in green and etiolated barley leaf segments and inhibit the elongation of rice seedlings.

10-Nitrooleic acid (CXA-10), a nitro fatty acid, has potential effects in disease states in which oxidative stress, inflammation, fibrosis, and/or direct tissue toxicity play significant roles.

Ascorbyl palmitate is an orally active ester formed from ascorbic acid and palmitic acid, used as an antioxidant and food additive. Ascorbyl palmitate in preventing fat and oil oxidation is more efficient than Butylated hydroxyanisole (HY-B1066) and Butylated hydroxytoluene (HY-Y0172). Ascorbyl palmitate mitigates inhibition of collagen synthesis by select calcium and sodium channel blockers. Ascorbyl palmitate induces Apoptosis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Ascorbyl palmitate ameliorates inflammatory diseases by inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome.

Lipoxin A4 (LXA4), an endogenous lipoxygenase-derived eicosanoid mediator, has potent dual pro-resolving and anti-inflammatory properties. Lipoxin A4 inhibits proliferation and inflammatory cytokine/chemokine production of human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs) associated with the ERK1/2 and NF-kB pathways. Lipoxin A4 inhibits serum amyloid A (SAA)-mediated IL-8 release with an IC₅₀ value of 25.74 nM.

Capsaicin (Purity 65%) is a mixture of Capsaicin and Dihydrocapsaicin (Ratio >2:1). Capsaicin (Purity 65%) is an orally active capsaicin receptor (TRPV1) agonist.

DL-β-Hydroxybutyryl coenzyme A lithium is an intermediate in the fermentation of butyric acid and the metabolism of lysine and tryptophan, and is produced from β-hydroxybutyric acid by short-chain-CoA synthase.

10-Hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (10-HDA) is an orally active unsaturated medium-chain fatty acid with various physiological activities. 10-Hydroxy-2-decenoic acid induces ROS-mediated apoptosis in A549 cells. 10-Hydroxy-2-decenoic acid inhibits VEGF-induced angiogenesis in human venous endothelial cells. 10-Hydroxy-2-decenoic acid alleviates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by activating the AMPK-α signaling pathway. 10-Hydroxy-2-decenoic acid protects against bone loss by inhibiting NF-κB signaling downstream of FFAR4. 10-Hydroxy-2-decenoic acid is an antibiotic against many bacteria and fungi, such as Neurospora sitophila, molds and Staphylococcus aureus. 10-Hydroxy-2-decenoic acid has longevity-promoting effects in C. elegans. 10-Hydroxy-2-decenoic acid prevents osteoarthritis by targeting aspartyl β hydroxylase and inhibiting chondrocyte senescence.

Eicosadienoic acid is a rare, naturally occurring n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid found mainly in animal tissues.

5-Hexynoic acid (Hex-5-ynoic acid) is an alkynoic acid. 5-Hexynoic acid serves as a drug intermediate for the synthesis of 3-alkoxy-2-cyclohexenone.

Synaptamide (Dehydroepiandrosteron; DHEA) is an endogenous metabolite and structural analogue of Anandamide. Synaptamide binds to both the cannabinoid-1 and 2 (CB1 and CB2) cannabinoid receptors and has anti-inflammatory properties. Synaptamide is the first small-molecule endogenous ligand of an adhesion G protein-coupled receptor (aGPCR) .

15(S)-HPETE is a precursor of 15(S)-HETE (HY-113336). 15(S)-HPETE is a product of Arachidonic acid (HY-109590) in the 15-lipoxygenase pathway. 15(S)-HPETE reduces Bcl-2, Akt, and phosphorylated Akt protein levels. 15(S)-HPETE induces Apoptosis. 15(S)-HPETE antagonizes the angiogenic effects of 15(S)-HETE. 15(S)-HPETE exhibits antitumor effects against chronic myeloid leukemia. 15(S)-HPETE can be used in adipose tissue explant studies.

Traumatic Acid is a wound healing agent and a cytokinin (phytohormone). Traumatic Acid enhances the biosynthesis of collagen in cultured human skin fibroblasts. Traumatic Acid inhibits MCF-7 breast cancer cells viability and enhances apoptosis and oxidative stress. Traumatic Acid can be used in studies of cancer, circulatory disorders (including arterial hypertension), and skin diseases associated with oxidative stress and impaired collagen biosynthesis.

Arachidonic acid (Immunocytophyt) sodium salt is a polyunsaturated omega-6 fatty acid and a major constituent of biomembranes. Arachidonic acid sodium salt also acts as the substrate for various lipid mediators, such as prostaglandins (PGs). Arachidonic acid sodium salt improves cognitive response and cardiovascular function.

N-Oleoyldopamine (OLDA) is an orally active TRPV1 activator and 5-LOX inhibitor with blood-brain barrier permeability. N-Oleoyldopamine excites histaminergic neurons in the tuberomammillary nucleus via a dopamine receptor mechanism, a process independent of TRPV1 and cannabinoid receptors. On one hand, N-Oleoyldopamine promotes the release of insulin and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide through a GPR119-dependent pathway to improve glucose tolerance; on the other hand, N-Oleoyldopamine improves left ventricular function and reduces myocardial infarction size by triggering the release of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide. N-Oleoyldopamine is used in studies related to glycemic abnormalities and myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester (EPA ethyl ester) is an orally active ω-3 fatty acid agent. Eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester could improve the activity of liver β-oxidase in vitro, reduce the level of liver total triglyceride, increase the content of liver triglyceride and phospholipid ω-3 fatty acid, and increase the total ω-3 fatty acid level in rats.

Bovinic acid is an orally active anti-inflammatory agent. Bovinic acid inhibits oxidative stress and ferroptosis by regulating the Keap1-Nrf2 signaling pathway. Bovinic acid exerts hepatoprotective effects against alcohol-associated liver disease. Bovinic acid can be used for the research of alcohol-associated liver disease.

Docosatrienoic acid is a rare ω-3 fatty acid; inhibits LTB4 binding to pig neutrophil membranes with an K_i of 5 μM.

(±)11(12)-EET is a NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitor. (±)11(12)-EET can be used for the research of anti-inflammatory, angiogenic and cardioprotective.

N-Oleoyl glycine is a lipoamino acid, which stimulates adipogenesis associated with activation of CB1 receptor and Akt signaling pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocyte.

Linoleyl carnitine is an acylcarnitine and metabolite. Linoleyl carnitine in the liver is negatively correlated with pantothenic acid and citric acid in serum. Linoleyl carnitine accumulates in mitochondrial CPT II deficiency.