Antimicrobial Peptides

LL-37, human is a 37-residue, amphipathic, cathelicidin-derived antimicrobial peptide, which exhibits a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. LL-37, human could help protect the cornea from infection and modulates wound healing.

Daptomycin is a lipopeptide antibiotic with rapid in vitro bactericidal activity against gram-positive organisms.

Polymyxin B Sulfate is an antibiotic. Polymyxin B Sulfate inhibits Gram-negative infections by binding to the LPS of the bacterial wall with high affinity. Polymyxin B Sulfate neutralizes the effect of endotoxin. Polymyxin B Sulfate induces bacterial death by increasing its permeability. Polymyxin B Sulfate is used in endotoxemia research.

Melittin is a PLA₂ activator, stimulates the activity of the low molecular weight PLA₂, while it does not the increase activity of the high molecular weight PLA₂.

Thiostrepton is a thiazole antibiotic which selectively inhibits FOXM1. FOXM1 binds to YAP/TEAD complex. YAP/TEAD/FOXM1 complex binding at regulatory regions of genes governing cell cycle may impact cell proliferation.

Larazotide acetate is a peptide which is an orally active zonulin antagonist. Larazotide acetate shows antiviral activity to varicella-zoster virus (VZV) with EC₅₀s of 44.14 and 59.06 μM for strain OKA and 07-1, respectively. Larazotide acetate can be used for the research of celiac disease and infection.

Human β-defensin-1 (HβD-1) is an antimicrobial peptide and immunomodulator that induces angiogenin secretion from fibroblasts through EGFR, JNK, NF-κB, Src, and p38 signaling pathways, and binds CCR6 to activate G protein signaling, while also inducing ER stress, apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and autophagy. Human β-defensin-1 can be used in research on hepatocellular carcinoma, influenza A virus infection, male infertility, colon cancer, and bacterial infections caused by antibiotic-resistant strains.

Dermcidin-1L (human) is an Antibacterial and Antifungal peptide. Dermcidin-1L (human) is derived from the carboxy-terminal region of full-length Dermcidin. Dermcidin-1L (human) exerts potent bactericidal activity against E. coli, E. faecalis and S. aureus, as well as fungicidal activity against C. albicans. Dermcidin-1L (human) is used in studies related to bacterial and fungal skin infections.

Polymyxin B nonapeptide is a cyclic peptide obtained from Polymyxin B by proteolytic removal of its terminal amino acyl residue. Polymyxin B nonapeptide is less toxic, lacks bactericidal activity, and retains its ability to render gram-negative bacteria susceptible to several antibiotics by permeabilizing their outer membranes.

Nisin is a bacteriocin produced by a group of Gram-positive bacteria that belongs to Lactococcus and Streptococcus species. Nisin has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activity.

Gramicidin is an antimicrobial peptide assembling as channels in membranes and increasing their permeability towards cations.

LL-37, human TFA is a 37-residue, amphipathic, cathelicidin-derived antimicrobial peptide, which exhibits a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. LL-37, human TFA could help protect the cornea from infection and modulates wound healing.

Alamethicin is a linear 20-amino acid antibiotic, which can induce voltage-gated conductance in model and cell membranes. Alamethicin exhibits antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, but not Gram-negative bacteria. Alamethicin can form an amphipathic α-helical structure in biological membranes.

Aureobasidin A (Basifungin) is a cyclic peptide antibiotic with oral activity. Aureobasidin A is an inhibitor of inositol phosphorylated ceramide synthetase AUR1. Aureobasidin A has antifungal and antiparasitic activity.

LEAP-2 (Human liver expressed antimicrobial peptide-2) is a GHS-R1a antagonist, with an IC₅₀ of 6.0 nM. LEAP-2 suppresses the orexigenic effect of ghrelin. LEAP-2 attenuates ghrelin-induced growth hormone (GH) release and reduces basal food intake. LEAP-2 exhibits antimicrobial activity against microbial model organisms. LEAP-2 can be used for the study of obesity and infection.

LL-37, human acetate is a 37-residue, amphipathic, cathelicidin-derived antimicrobial peptide, which exhibits a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. LL-37, human acetate could help protect the cornea from infection and modulates wound healing.

Nisin Z is an antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory peptide. Nisin Z is effective against Gram-positive bacteria and fungi, such as C. albicans.

Gramicidin S (Gramicidin soviet) is a cationic cyclic peptide antibiotic that selectively targets bacterial cell membranes and has anticancer activity. Gramicidin S also exerts antibacterial activity by destroying membrane integrity and interfering with membrane protein function. Gramicidin S inserts into the phospholipid bilayer through hydrophobic amino acid residues, specifically binds to negatively charged membrane lipids and disrupts membrane structure, thereby inhibiting cell division and cell wall synthesis, and ultimately causing bacterial death. Gramicidin S also inhibits ion channels, with IC₅₀s of 41 μM, 24 μM, and 3 μM for Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase, tobacco leaf plasma membrane Mg²⁺/K⁺-ATPase, and rat heart plasma membrane Ca²⁺-ATPase, respectively.

CRAMP (mouse) is an antibacterial peptide and a functional homolog of LL-37. CRAMP (mouse) exhibits potent antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria. The complex formed by CRAMP (mouse) and CpG can activate macrophages to secrete TNF-α. CRAMP (mouse) plays a key role in wound healing, immune regulation and maintenance of intestinal homeostasis.

Cecropin A is a linear 37-residue antimicrobial polypeptide, with anticancer and anti-inflammatory activity.