Search Result

Results for "

Influenza A virus

" in MedChemExpress (MCE) Product Catalog:

By Targets:	Influenza Virus (354) 5-HT Receptor (1) Adrenergic Receptor (5) Akt (3) Aldose Reductase (2) Antibiotic (33) Antifolate (6) Apoptosis (36) Autophagy (10) Bacterial (41) Bcl-2 Family (7) Biochemical Assay Reagents (8) CaMK (5) Caspase (5) CDK (10) CHIKV (5) Cholinesterase (ChE) (1) CMV (5) Collagen (1) Cytochrome P450 (2) Dengue Virus (7) Disulfidptosis (4) DNA/RNA Synthesis (18) Dopamine Receptor (5) Drug Derivative (1) Drug Intermediate (6) Drug Isomer (1) Drug Metabolite (7) EBV (1) EGFR (1) Endogenous Metabolite (24) Endonuclease (3) Enterovirus (2) Environmental Pollutants (5) ERK (4) Ferroptosis (5) Flavivirus (11) Fluorescent Dye (3) Fungal (11) Furin (1) GABA Receptor (1) Glutathione Peroxidase (1) Glutathione S-transferase (1) Glycosidase (2) GSK-3 (1) HBV (6) HCV (16) Histamine Receptor (10) HIV (14) HPV (3) HSP (3) HSV (19) IFNAR (4) iGluR (2) IKK (2) Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO) (1) Integrin (1) Interleukin Related (9) Isotope-Labeled Compounds (21) JAK (1) JNK (5) Keap1-Nrf2 (2) MEK (1) MHC (1) Mixed Lineage Kinase (1) MMP (2) MOFs (1) mTOR (1) Necroptosis (1) NF-κB (7) NO Synthase (1) NOD-like Receptor (NLR) (3) Nucleoside Antimetabolite/Analog (1) Orthopoxvirus (12) P-glycoprotein (5) p38 MAPK (7) p97 (1) Parasite (3) PD-1/PD-L1 (2) PDGFR (2) PI3K (1) Potassium Channel (1) PPAR (1) PROTACs (4) Protein Arginine Deiminase (1) Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) (10) Reference Standards (43) RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) (2) RIP kinase (2) ROR (1) RSV (6) SARS-CoV (52) Ser/Thr Protease (5) SGK (2) Sirtuin (2) SOD (2) STAT (3) STING (3) TAM Receptor (1) Taste Receptor (1) TGF-beta/Smad (1) TNF Receptor (2) Toll-like Receptor (TLR) (9) Transmembrane Glycoprotein (1) VEGFR (2) Virus Protease (4) VSV (4) YB-1 (1) β-glucuronidase (1)
By Research Areas:	Cancer (72) Cardiovascular Disease (7) Endocrinology (6) Infection (397) Inflammation/Immunology (70) Metabolic Disease (9) Neurological Disease (30)
Click Chemistry:	Alkynes (1)
Oligonucleotides:	Aptamers (1) CpG ODNs (1)

436

Inhibitors & Agonists

Screening Libraries

Fluorescent Dyes

Biochemical Assay Reagents

Peptides

Inhibitory Antibodies

Natural
Products

Recombinant Proteins

Isotope-Labeled Compounds

Antibodies

Click Chemistry

Oligonucleotides

Targets Recommended: Influenza Virus

Cat. No.	Product Name	Target	Research Areas	Chemical Structure

HY-W019823

4-MUNANA 2 Publications Verification	Fluorescent Dye	Infection Neurological Disease
4-MUNANA is a substrate of influenza virus neuraminidase (NA) with high selectivity and irreversible reaction. In the enzymatic reaction, 4-MUNANA is hydrolyzed by NA to generate fluorescent 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU). By detecting the fluorescence intensity of 4-MU, quantitative analysis of NA activity can be achieved. 4-MUNANA can be used in influenza-related research, such as screening NA inhibitors, developing new anti-influenza drugs, and studying the infection mechanism of influenza viruses .

HY-N0035

Arctigenin 10+ Cited Publications (-)-Arctigenin	MMP Influenza Virus Autophagy Apoptosis	Infection Neurological Disease Metabolic Disease Inflammation/Immunology Cancer
Arctigenin ((-)-Arctigenin), a biologically active lignan, can be used as an antitumor agent. Arctigenin exhibits potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiviral (influenza A virus) activities. Arctigenin can be used for the research of metabolic disorders, and central nervous system dysfunctions .

HY-145586

Onradivir ZSP1273	Influenza Virus DNA/RNA Synthesis	Infection
Onradivir (ZSP1273) is an orally active antiviral agent targeting influenza A virus RNA polymerase PB2 subunit with an IC₅₀ of 0.562 nM. Onradivir inhibits cap binding to influenza A virus RNA polymerase PB2 subunit, suppresses viral replication, reduces viral titres and RNA loads, and inhibits influenza A virus infection. Onradivir maintains high survival rates in influenza A virus-infected mice, and reduces influenza A virus titers in a murine model. Onradivir can be used for the research of influenza A virus infection .

HY-B1589A

Carbinoxamine maleate salt 1 Publications Verification	Histamine Receptor Influenza Virus	Infection Inflammation/Immunology
Carbinoxamine maleate salt is a blood-brain barrier-permeable histamine H1 receptor antagonist. Carbinoxamine maleate salt blocks the action of histamine on H1 receptors, reducing symptoms such as sneezing, rhinitis, rhinorrhea, erythema, pruritus and urticaria. Carbinoxamine maleate salt inhibits influenza virus entry into cells via endocytosis, targets the early stage of the viral life cycle, and simultaneously reduces viral replication levels in the lungs, alleviating pathological damage and inflammatory responses in lung tissues. Carbinoxamine maleate salt can be used in research on allergic rhinitis, influenza, etc.

HY-N0224

Epigoitrin 1 Publications Verification	Influenza Virus	Infection Metabolic Disease Cancer
Epigoitrin is a natural alkaloid that provides protection against influenza infection by reducing the host’s susceptibility to influenza virus under stress. Epigoitrin exerts antiviral activity against influenza A1 virus FM1 via inhibiting virus attachment and multiplication in vitro. Epigoitrin also has lipid-lowering effects .

HY-P991446

MEDI-8852	Influenza Virus	Infection
MEDI-8852 is a human IgG1 monoclonal antibody against influenza A virus hemagglutinin (HA). MEDI-8852 binds to the conserved HA stalk epitope and neutralizes viral infectivity. MEDI-8852 reduces viral titers in mouse lung tissues. MEDI-8852 is applicable to research related to pandemic influenza . Recommended isotype control: Human IgG1 kappa, Isotype Control (HY-P99001).

HY-P99750

Navivumab CT-P23	Influenza Virus	Infection
Navivumab (CT-P23) is a monoclonal antibody targeting the hemagglutinin (HA) of **influenza A virus*. Navivumab binds to the HA2 stem fusion domain and the low-variability HA2 region of influenza* viruses. Navivumab neutralizes influenza A viruses of subtypes H1, H2, H5, and H9. Navivumab is applicable to research related to influenza and influenza A .

HY-W011518

2′-Deoxy-2′-fluoroguanosine 1 Publications Verification	Nucleoside Antimetabolite/Analog Influenza Virus	Infection
2′-Deoxy-2′-fluoroguanosine is a nucleoside analog and potent **influenza virus inhibitor with an EC₉₀** value of <0.35 μM against influenza A and B viruses. 2′-Deoxy-2′-fluoroguanosine inhibits influenza virus replication in the upper respiratory tract, thereby ameliorating fever and nasal inflammation .

HY-14837

Amizon Enisamium iodide	Influenza Virus SARS-CoV	Infection
Amizon is an orally effective antiviral and anti-inflammatory agent. Amizon inhibits **influenza virus replication and restricts viral RNA synthesis. Amizon reduces the mRNA expression of COX-1, COX-2, NF-κB, TGF1β, IL-1 and IL-6*, and stimulates the secretion and mRNA expression of IL-10. Amizon inhibits the oxidative activity of macrophages and possesses antioxidant and free radical-scavenging activities. Amizon is applicable to research related to influenza* and acute respiratory viral infections .

HY-B1537

Azaribine 2',3',5'-Tri-O-acetyl-6-azauridine	Virus Protease Influenza Virus	Infection Inflammation/Immunology
Azaribine (2',3',5'-Tri-O-acetyl-6-azauridine) is a potent orotidine monophosphate decarboxylase (OMPD) inhibitor. Azaribine is an antiviral inhibitor of several RNA viruses and inhibits viral genome replication and gene transcription. Azaribine shows broad-spectrum antiviral activity (EC₅₀=3.80 nM-1.73 μM against *influenza* A and B viruses; EC₅₀=1.62 μM against ZIKV Paraiba). Azaribine, a triacetate salt of Azauridine, has the potential for psoriasis research .

HY-165613

Pam2Cys Dipalmitoyl-S-glyceryl-cysteine; S-[2,3-Bis(palmitoyloxy)propyl]cysteine	Toll-like Receptor (TLR) Influenza Virus NF-κB	Infection Inflammation/Immunology
Pam2Cys (Dipalmitoyl-S-glyceryl-cysteine; S-[2,3-Bis(palmitoyloxy)propyl]cysteine) is a TLR2 agonist and immunostimulant. Pam2Cys binds to TLR2 to activate dendritic cells and trigger the TLR2-dependent NF-κB signaling pathway. Pam2Cys also induces dendritic cell maturation by upregulating the expression of cell surface MHC II molecules. Pam2Cys activates innate immune signaling pathways, drives pro-inflammatory and antimicrobial responses, enhances the expression of macrophage activation markers, increases phagocytic activity, induces the release of IL-12 and pro-inflammatory cytokines, and polarizes macrophages into a pro-inflammatory, antimicrobial phenotype without interfering with IL-10-induced macrophage polarization. Pam2Cys also serves as the lipid moiety in synthetic lipopeptide vaccines and possesses self-adjuvant properties. Pam2Cys enhances the immunogenicity of conjugated peptide segments and induces cellular and humoral immune responses. However, it does not activate CD4 T cells in mouse splenocyte cultures when used alone. Pam2Cys activates pulmonary TLR2 signaling pathways, triggers innate immune responses, recruits neutrophils and macrophages, induces the secretion of various cytokines, alleviates symptoms and damages associated with **influenza A virus** infection in mice without impairing adaptive immunity. Pam2Cys can be used in studies related to tuberculosis and influenza A virus infection .

HY-158312

UH15-38 1 Publications Verification	Necroptosis RIP kinase Influenza Virus	Infection Inflammation/Immunology
UH15-38 is a potent RIPK3 inhibitor with an IC₅₀ value of 20 nM. UH15-38 blocks IAV (influenza A virus)-activated necroptosis. UH15-38 dampens IAV-induced lung injury .

HY-14818A

Laninamivir octanoate CS-8958	Influenza Virus	Infection
Laninamivir octanoate (CS-8958), a proagent of Laninamivir, is a long-acting neuraminidase (NA) inhibitor with anti-influenza virus activity. Laninamivir octanoate shows anti-influenza activity against Oseltamivir-resistant viruses, and also against the pandemic influenza viruses .

HY-DY1034

4-MUNANA (solution)	Fluorescent Dye	Infection Neurological Disease
4-MUNANA (solution) is a substrate of influenza virus neuraminidase (NA) with high selectivity and irreversible reaction. In the enzymatic reaction, 4-MUNANA is hydrolyzed by NA to generate fluorescent 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU). By detecting the fluorescence intensity of 4-MU, quantitative analysis of NA activity can be achieved. 4-MUNANA can be used in influenza-related research, such as screening NA inhibitors, developing new anti-influenza drugs, and studying the infection mechanism of influenza viruses . Solvent and Concentration: Sterile water: 10 mM

HY-P990811

*Anti-Influenza* A virus NP Antibody (H16-L10-4R5 (HB-65))**	Influenza Virus	Infection
Anti-Influenza A virus NP Antibody (H16-L10-4R5 (HB-65)) is mouse-derived IgG2a κ type antibody inhibitor, targeting to influenza virus nucleoprotein. Anti-Influenza A virus NP Antibody (H16-L10-4R5 (HB-65)) reacts with influenza virus nucleoprotein (NP). Anti-Influenza A virus NP Antibody (H16-L10-4R5 (HB-65)) can induce passive immunity to influenza A virus. Anti-Influenza A virus NP Antibody (H16-L10-4R5 (HB-65)) can be used for the detections of western blot, flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry in Influenza A virus infection .

HY-P99620

Firivumab CT-P22; CT120	Influenza Virus	Infection
Firivumab (CT-P22; CT120) is a human IgG1 monoclonal influenza A virus hemagglutinin (Anti-IAV HA) antibody. Firivumab is capable of neutralizing H1N1, H5N1, H6N1, H6N2, H8N4, H8N8, H9N2 and H12N7. Firivumab shows protection against H1N1 virus in mice .

HY-P990187

Anti-Mouse MHC Class II (I-A/I-E) Antibody (M5/114)	MHC Influenza Virus	Infection Inflammation/Immunology
Anti-Mouse MHC Class II (I-A/I-E) Antibody (M5/114) is a rat-derived IgG2b type antibody inhibitor, targeting to mouse MHC Class II. Anti-Mouse MHC Class II (I-A/I-E) Antibody (M5/114) reacts with mouse MHC Class II haplotypes I-Ab, I-Ad, I-Aq, I-Ed, and I-Ek. Anti-Mouse MHC Class II (I-A/I-E) Antibody (M5/114) does not react with I-Af, I-Ak, or I-As haplotypes. Anti-Mouse MHC Class II (I-A/I-E) Antibody (M5/114) blocks MHC Class II and inhibit T cell generation. Anti-Mouse MHC Class II (I-A/I-E) Antibody (M5/114) can be used for the researches of infection and immunology, such as influenza A virus (IAV) infection .

HY-121473

Aklavin	Antibiotic Bacterial Fungal Parasite	Infection
Aklavin is a structural analog of Aclacinomycin A (HY-N2306) produced by Streptomyces strain A 1165. Aklavin possesses Z-DNA-inducing and stabilizing activities, along with antibiotic, anti-phage and broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities. Aklavin inhibits the proliferation of various viruses (such as influenza virus and poliovirus) and interferes with their nucleoprotein synthesis, while also exhibiting inhibitory effects on staphylococci, mycobacteria and specific fungi. Aklavin blocks phage-induced bacterial lysis by regulating host-parasite interactions. Aklavin shows specific toxicity to fertilized eggs and mice, and does not alter the splicing of the SMN2 gene .

HY-P1749

Influenza HA (307-319)	Influenza Virus	Infection
Influenza HA (307-319) is 13 amino acids 307 to 319 fragment of Influenza HA. Influenza HA is a glycoprotein found on the surface of influenza viruses .

HY-177555

AV5116	Influenza Virus Endonuclease	Infection
AV5116 is a cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor (CENI) that binds to the active site of the cap-dependent endonuclease (CEN) located in the N-terminal domain of the polymerase acidic. AV5116 exhibits potent inhibitory activity against influenza viruses (influenza A, B, and C viruses). AV5116 can be used for the study of **influenza virus** infections .

HY-134922

NS1-IN-1	Influenza Virus	Infection
NS1-IN-1 (compound 3) is a potent NS1 inhibitor. NS1 is a major influenza A virus virulence factor that inhibits host gene expression. NS1-IN-1 decreases viral protein levels, contributing to the reduction of virus replication. NS1-IN-1 shows antiviral activity by repressing the activity of mTORC1 in a TSC1-TSC2-dependent manner .

HY-N12110

SMU-CX1	Toll-like Receptor (TLR) SARS-CoV	Infection
SMU-CX1 is a specific TLR3 inhibitor (IC₅₀: 0.11 μM) with IC₅₀ ranging from 0.14-0.33 μM against multiple influenza A virus subtypes. SMU-CX1 inhibits the viral PB2 and NP proteins with an IC₅₀ of 0.43 μM for SARS-CoV-2 activity. SMU-CX1 also inhibits inflammatory factors in host cells, including IFN-β, IP-10, and CCL-5 .

HY-143494

RSV/IAV-IN-3	RSV Influenza Virus	Infection
RSV/IAV-IN-3 (compound 14'i) is a dual inhibitor of *respiratory syncytial virus* (RSV)** and influenza A virus (IAV) with EC₅₀ values of 2.92 µM and 1.90 µM,respectively. RSV/IAV-IN-3 has antiviral effect against H1N1 and H3N2 with EC₅₀ values of 3.25 µM and 1.50 µM in MDCK cells, respectively. RSV/IAV-IN-3 significantly inhibits the activity of luciferase in a dose-dependent manner, with an EC₅₀ of 3.89 µM. RSV/IAV-IN-3 inhibits IAV infectivity and RdRp activity. RSV/IAV-IN-3 inhibits IAV and RSV replication at the post-entry stage .

HY-W892911

AV-5080	Influenza Virus	Infection
AV-5080 is an orally active neuraminidase inhibitor. AV-5080 can be used for the research of influenza A and B viruses .

HY-123304

MBX2546	Influenza Virus	Infection
MBX2546 is a **influenza A virus inhibitor with the K_d** values of 5.3μM and ＞ 100 μM for H1 Hemagglutinin and H3 Hemagglutinin, respectively .

HY-131069A

MBX2329	Influenza Virus	Infection
MBX2329, a potent **influenza virus** inhibitor, specifically inhibits hemagglutinin (HA)-mediated viral entry with HIV/HA(H5) displaying IC₉₀ of 8.6 μM. MBX2329 inhibits a wide spectrum of influenza A viruses, which includes the 2009 pandemic influenza virus A/H1N1/2009, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus A/H5N1, and oseltamivir-resistant A/H1N1 strains .

HY-N7346

Lucidadiol	HSV Cholinesterase (ChE)	Infection
Lucidadiol is a natural compound isolated from Ganoderma lucidum. Lucidadiol exhibits acetylcholinesterase-inhibitory activity, with IC₅₀ values of 31 μM. Lucidadiol shows antiviral activity against influenza virus type A and HSV type 1 .

HY-112543

S119-8	Influenza Virus	Infection
S119-8 is a broad spectrum inhibitor of influenza A and B viruses, showing activity against multiple influenza B viruses and an oseltamivir-resistant influenza A virus, but does not inhibit a non-influenza virus, vesicular stomatitis nirus (VSV) .

HY-131179

Influenza A virus-IN-1	Influenza Virus	Infection
Influenza A virus-IN-1 is a dihydropyrrolidones derivative and is a potent inhibitor against wide subtypes of influenza A virus (IAV) with IC₅₀ values from 3.11 μM to 7.13 μM. Influenza A virus-IN-1 efficiently inhibits replication of IAV, up-regulates the expression of key antiviral cytokines IFN-β and antiviral protein MxA .

HY-145586A

Onradivir monohydrate ZSP1273 monohydrate	Influenza Virus DNA/RNA Synthesis	Infection
Onradivir (ZSP1273) monohydrate is an orally active antiviral agent targeting influenza A virus RNA polymerase PB2 subunit with an IC₅₀ of 0.562 nM. Onradivir monohydrate inhibits cap binding to influenza A virus RNA polymerase PB2 subunit, suppresses viral replication, reduces viral titres and RNA loads, and inhibits influenza A virus infection. Onradivir monohydrate maintains high survival rates in influenza A virus-infected mice, and reduces influenza A virus titers in a murine model. Onradivir monohydrate can be used for the research of influenza A virus infection .

HY-170646

Influenza A virus-IN-15	Influenza Virus	Infection
Influenza A virus-IN-15 (Compound 9b), a quinoline derivative, is a broad-spectrum inhibitor of influenza A viruses with acceptable cytotoxicity (IC₅₀: 0.88-6.33 μM). Influenza A virus-IN-15 can inhibit the transcription and replication of viral RNA and is used in research for its antiviral effects against influenza A viruses (IAV) .

HY-177791

vRNPs degrader-1	PROTACs Influenza Virus	Infection
vRNPs degrader-1 is a potent PROTAC viral ribonucleoproteins (vRNPs) degrader. vRNPs degrader-1 shows broad-spectrum anti-influenza A viruses (IAV) activity by targeting the conserved 5′ end of viral RNA, thereby inducing proteasomal degradation of viral proteins. vRNPs degrader-1 inhibits H1N1, H9N2, and H3N2 infection in mice. vRNPs degrader-1 can be used for influenza research .

HY-P1937

Cyclo(-Met-Pro)	Influenza Virus	Infection
Cyclo(-Met-Pro) is a cyclic dipeptide consisting of the amino acids methionine and proline. Cyclo(-Met-Pro) exhibits weak inhibitory activity against the influenza A virus (H3N2) (5 mM, 2.1% inhibition), while cis-cyclo(Leu-Pro) and cis-cyclo(Phe-Pro) shows significant antiviral activity .

HY-P991054

CR-8020	Influenza Virus	Infection
CR-8020 is a human IgG1 antibody that targets influenza A virus H3N2. CR-8020 binds to hemagglutinin (HA) of H3N2 strains with IC₅₀s of 3.36 nM and 0.06 nM for A/Brisbane/10/2007 and A/Wyoming/3/2003, respectively. The isotype control for CR-8020 can refer to Human IgG1 kappa, Isotype Control (HY-P99001) .

HY-N0035R

Arctigenin (Standard) (-)-Arctigenin (Standard)	Reference Standards MMP Influenza Virus Autophagy Apoptosis	Infection Neurological Disease Metabolic Disease Inflammation/Immunology Cancer
Arctigenin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Arctigenin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Arctigenin ((-)-Arctigenin), a biologically active lignan, can be used as an antitumor agent. Arctigenin exhibits potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiviral (influenza A virus) activities. Arctigenin can be used for the research of metabolic disorders, and central nervous system dysfunctions .

HY-149034

Influenza A virus-IN-8 S5	Influenza Virus	Infection Cancer
Influenza A virus-IN-8 (S5) is a macrocyclic peptide with no cytotoxic. Influenza A virus-IN-8 is also a potent Influenza A Virus (IAV) inhibitor (with sufficient protease stability) with IC₅₀s of 6.7 and 6.6 nM for H1 and H5 variants, respectively. Influenza A virus-IN-8 shows good affinitiescan to H1 variants, binds to a conserved region in the HA stem with a K_d of 1.0 nM .

HY-P5550

Urumin	Influenza Virus	Infection
Urumin has antiviral activity against the human influenza A virus. Urumin inhibits the growth of PR8 influenza virus (IC₅₀: 3.8 μM). Urumin targets the conserved stalk of H1 hemagglutini, and is effective at neutralizing drug-resistant H1 influenza viruses. Urumin protects naive mice from lethal influenza infection .

HY-172515

ent-Oseltamivir	Influenza Virus Virus Protease Drug Isomer	Infection
ent-Oseltamivir, the enantiomer of Oseltamivir (HY-13317), is a neuraminidase (NA) of influenza virus inhibitor. ent-Oseltamivir is promising for research of influenza virus infections .

HY-N15389

Noformicin	Influenza Virus	Infection
Noformicin has inhibitory effect on mumps virus and Newcastle disease virus in chicken embryo. Noformicin also extended the survival of mice infected with swine, influenza A (PR8) and influenza B (Lee) viruses .

HY-P0289

CEF3	Influenza Virus	Infection
CEF3 (SIIPSGPLK) corresponds to aa 13-21 of the influenza A virus M1 protein. The matrix (M1) protein of influenza A virus is a multifunctional protein that plays essential structural and functional roles in the virus life cycle.

HY-N2216

Polygalasaponin XXXI Onjisaponin F	Influenza Virus	Infection
Polygalasaponin XXXI (Onjisaponin F) is an effective adjuvant for intranasal administration of influenza Influenza hemagglutinin (HA) vaccine to protect influenza virus infection .

HY-146004

Influenza A virus-IN-4	Influenza Virus	Infection
Influenza A virus-IN-4 (compound 23b), an Oseltamivir derivative, is a potent inhibitor of neuraminidase. Influenza A virus-IN-4 exerts powerful inhibitions on influenza viruses .

HY-162492

Influenza A virus-IN-14	Influenza Virus	Infection
Influenza A virus-IN-14 (Compound 37) is an inhibitor for influenza virus type A (IAV), which inhibits H1N1 with an EC₅₀ of 23 nM. Influenza A virus-IN-14 exhibits low cytotoxicity with CC₅₀ of more than 100 μM. Influenza A virus-IN-14 inhibits cytopathic effect and improves the survival rates of cell Calu3. Influenza A virus-IN-14 exhibits synergistic activity with the neuraminidase inhibitor Oseltamivir (HY-13317). Influenza A virus-IN-14 exhibits poor pharmacokinetic properties in CD-1 mouse .

HY-172913

Influenza A virus-IN-16	Influenza Virus	Infection
Influenza A virus-IN-16 (compound 10) is a potent anti-viral agent. Influenza A virus-IN-16 inhibits pseudotyped H7N1 with an EC₅₀ of 0.09 μM .

HY-144066

Cap-dependent endonuclease-IN-21	Influenza Virus	Infection
Cap-dependent endonuclease-IN-21 is a potent inhibitor of cap-dependent endonuclease (CEN). Cap-dependent endonuclease-IN-21 inhibits the replication of influenza virus. ap-dependent endonuclease-IN-21 has the potential for the research of influenza virus infection (influenza A) (extracted from patent WO2021233302A1, compound 8B or 8A) .

HY-144067

Cap-dependent endonuclease-IN-23	Influenza Virus	Infection
Cap-dependent endonuclease-IN-23 is a potent inhibitor of cap-dependent endonuclease (CEN). Cap-dependent endonuclease-IN-23 inhibits the replication of influenza virus. ap-dependent endonuclease-IN-23 has the potential for the research of influenza virus infection (influenza A) (extracted from patent WO2021233302A1, compound 8A or 8B) .

HY-N15302

Ostamycin A	Influenza Virus	Infection
Ostamycin A is a cyclic diterpene with antiviral activity. Ostamycin A inhibits the replication of influenza A virus by targeting the nucleoprotein, with an IC₅₀ of 4.72 μM .

HY-143495

RSV-IN-3	RSV Influenza Virus	Infection
RSV-IN-3 (Compound 1) is a dual inhibitor of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza virus A (IAV). RSV-IN-3 shows anti-RSV activity (EC₅₀ = 32.70 μM) .

HY-143496

RSV-IN-4	RSV Influenza Virus	Infection
RSV-IN-4 (Compound 2) is a dual inhibitor of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza virus A (IAV). RSV-IN-4 shows anti-RSV activity (EC₅₀ = 11.76 μM) .

HY-P5644

Retrocyclin-3	Bacterial	Infection
Retrocyclin-3 is an antimicrobial peptide against human immunodeficiency virus, influenza A and herpes simplex virus .

Cat. No.	Product Name	Category	Target	Chemical Structure

HY-B0215

Acetylcysteine Maximum Cited Publications 661 Publications Verification N-Acetylcysteine; N-Acetyl-L-cysteine; NAC	Structural Classification Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids Endogenous metabolite Source Classification	Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Endogenous Metabolite Apoptosis Ferroptosis Influenza Virus Disulfidptosis
Acetylcysteine (N-Acetylcysteine) is a mucolytic agent that can cross the blood-brain barrier, which reduces the thickness of the mucus. Acetylcysteine is a ROS inhibitor. Acetylcysteine is a cysteine precursor, prevents hemin-induced ferroptosis by neutralizing toxic lipids generated by arachidonate-dependent activity of 5-lipoxygenases. Acetylcysteine induces cell apoptosis. Acetylcysteine also has anti-influenza *virus* activities. In addition, Acetylcysteine is the most stable form of cysteine during drug delivery and can be used in disulfidptosis studies .

HY-15230

Geldanamycin 35+ Cited Publications	Infection Quinones Structural Classification Microorganisms Classification of Application Fields Benzene Quinones Inflammation/Immunology Disease Research Fields Source Classification	HSP Bacterial Influenza Virus Antibiotic
Geldanamycin is a Hsp90 inhibitor with antimicrobial activity against many Gram-positive and some Gram-negative bacteria. Geldanamycin has anti-influenza virus H5N1 activities.

HY-N0102

Isoliquiritigenin 30+ Cited Publications GU17; ISL; Isoliquiritigen; SJ000286237	Classification of Application Fields Plants Infection Chalcones Flavonoids Microorganisms Leguminosae Phenols Polyphenols Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. Inflammation/Immunology Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Aldose Reductase Influenza Virus Autophagy Apoptosis
Isoliquiritigenin is an anti-tumor flavonoid from the root of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., which inhibits aldose reductase with an IC₅₀ of 320 nM. Isoliquiritigenin is a potent inhibitor of **influenza virus replication with an EC₅₀** of 24.7 μM.

HY-N0189

Aloe emodin 3 Publications Verification Rhabarberone; 3-Hydroxymethylchrysazine	Quinones Liliaceae Classification of Application Fields Anthraquinones Phenols Polyphenols Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. Plants Disease Research Fields Source Classification Cancer	mTOR Influenza Virus Apoptosis Autophagy
Aloe emodin (Rhabarberone) is a natural hydroxyanthraquinone with antitumor activities. aloe-emodin can bind with mTORC2 and inhibit its kinase activity. Aloe emodin exerts antiproliferation effects and induces cellular apoptosis . Aloe emodin also exhibits antiviral activity that against **influenza A virus** .

HY-B0421

Mycophenolic acid 10+ Cited Publications Mycophenolate	Infection Microorganisms Classification of Application Fields Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids Endogenous metabolite Inflammation/Immunology Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Dengue Virus Apoptosis Bacterial Fungal Endogenous Metabolite Antibiotic Flavivirus
Mycophenolic acid is a potent uncompetitive inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) inhibitor with an EC₅₀ of 0.24 µM. Mycophenolic acid demonstrates antiviral effects against a wide range of RNA viruses including *influenza*. Mycophenolic acid is an immunosuppressive agent. Antiangiogenic and antitumor effects .

HY-N0035

Arctigenin 10+ Cited Publications (-)-Arctigenin	Neurological Disease Classification of Application Fields Anti-aging Lignans Metabolic Disease Plants Compositae Caesalpinia magnifoliolata Metc. Endogenous metabolite Infection Human Gut Microbiota Metabolites Phenylpropanoids Inflammation/Immunology Disease Research Fields Source Classification Cancer	MMP Influenza Virus Autophagy Apoptosis
Arctigenin ((-)-Arctigenin), a biologically active lignan, can be used as an antitumor agent. Arctigenin exhibits potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiviral (influenza A virus) activities. Arctigenin can be used for the research of metabolic disorders, and central nervous system dysfunctions .

HY-B0157

Ketotifen 3 Publications Verification HC 20-511	Infection Natural Products Classification of Application Fields Endogenous metabolite Inflammation/Immunology Disease Research Fields Endocrinology Source Classification	Endogenous Metabolite Histamine Receptor SARS-CoV Influenza Virus
Ketotifen (HC 20-511) is an orally active second-generation noncompetitive histamine 1 (H1) receptor blocker and mast cell stabilizer. Ketotifen can block 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD) in vitro. Ketotifen also has antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 and **Influenza virus**. Ketotifen can be used to the research of autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and asthma attack prevention .

HY-N0638

Dendrobine 5+ Cited Publications	Infection Alkaloids Pyrrole Alkaloids Classification of Application Fields Orchidaceae Plants Disease Research Fields Dendrobium nobile Lindl. Source Classification	Influenza Virus JNK p38 MAPK Apoptosis CDK Keap1-Nrf2 SOD Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
Dendrobine is an alkaloid isolated from Dendrobium nobile. Dendrobine possesses antiviral activity against **influenza A viruses, with IC₅₀s of 3.39 μM, 2.16 μM and 5.32 μM for A/FM-1/1/47 (H1N1), A/Puerto Rico/8/34 H274Y (H1N1) and A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2), respectively. Dendrobine activates the JNK/p38/Nrf2** signaling pathway. Dendrobine exhibits antiviral, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties .

HY-N7922

Urolithin M5 1 Publications Verification Decarboxyellagic acid	Structural Classification Canarium album (Lour.) Rauesch. Phenols Polyphenols Plants Burseraceae Source Classification	Influenza Virus p38 MAPK EGFR Akt Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Apoptosis
Urolithin M5 (Decarboxyellagic acid) is an orally active **influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitor and neuroprotective agent, with IC₅₀** values of 174.8 μM (HK68), 191.5 μM (pdm09), 243.2 μM (WSN) and 257.1 μM (PR8) against four influenza virus neuraminidases, respectively. Urolithin M5 inhibits viral neuraminidase activity, thereby blocking influenza virus replication (including oseltamivir (HY-13317)-resistant strains), protecting infected mammals from death and improving pulmonary edema. Urolithin M5 forms a hydrogen-bond stabilized complex with IGF1R, and binds to MAPK14, AKT1, NFKB1 and EGFR. Urolithin M5 reduces reactive oxygen species production, inhibits neuronal apoptosis, restores mitochondrial transmembrane potential, and promotes neurite outgrowth of damaged neuronal cells. Urolithin M5 can be used in research related to influenza virus infection and Alzheimer's disease .

HY-128965

N-Glycolylneuraminic acid NeuGc; GcNeu	Classification of Application Fields Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids Endogenous metabolite Inflammation/Immunology Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Influenza Virus Endogenous Metabolite
N-Glycolylneuraminic acid is a nonhuman sialic acid molecule synthesized in pigs but not in humans. N-Glycolylneuraminic acid works as a decoy receptor of N-Glycolylneuraminic acid-binding influenza A viruses (IAVs) .

HY-N0482

Phillyrin 5+ Cited Publications	Infection Oleaceae Classification of Application Fields Lignans Phenylpropanoids Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl Plants Inflammation/Immunology Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Cytochrome P450 Influenza Virus Bacterial
Phillyrin is isolated from Forsythia suspensa Vahl (Oleaceae), has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. Phillyrin has potential inductive effects on rat CYP1A2 and CYP2D1 activities, without affecting CYP2C11 and CYP3A1/2 activities . Phillyrin has anti-influenza A virus activities .

HY-B0157A

Ketotifen fumarate 3 Publications Verification HC 20511 fumarate	Natural Products Classification of Application Fields Endogenous metabolite Inflammation/Immunology Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Histamine Receptor Endogenous Metabolite SARS-CoV Influenza Virus
Ketotifen (HC 20-511) fumarate is an orally active second-generation noncompetitive histamine 1 (H1) receptor blocker and mast cell stabilizer. Ketotifen fumarate can block 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD) in vitro. Ketotifen fumarate also has antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 and **Influenza virus**. Ketotifen fumarate can be used to the research of autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and asthma attack prevention .

HY-N0224

Epigoitrin 1 Publications Verification	Alkaloids Classification of Application Fields Other Alkaloids Cruciferae Isatis tinctoria L. Plants Disease Research Fields Source Classification Cancer	Influenza Virus
Epigoitrin is a natural alkaloid that provides protection against influenza infection by reducing the host’s susceptibility to influenza virus under stress. Epigoitrin exerts antiviral activity against influenza A1 virus FM1 via inhibiting virus attachment and multiplication in vitro. Epigoitrin also has lipid-lowering effects .

HY-Y0136

3-Indoleacetonitrile 2 Publications Verification	Natural Products Classification of Application Fields Metabolic Disease Endogenous metabolite Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Endogenous Metabolite Influenza Virus HSV VSV
3-Indoleacetonitrile is an indole derivative with *anti-influenza* activity. 3-Indoleacetonitrile is a plant hormone produced by cruxiferous vegetables. 3-Indoleacetonitrile exerts profound antiviral activity against a broad spectrum of influenza A viruses, HSV-1 and VSV viruses in vitro. 3-Indoleacetonitrile diminishes lung virus titers and alleviates lung lesions in vivo. 3-Indoleacetonitrile induces an increase in mitochondrial antiviral-signaling (MAVS) protein levels. 3-Indoleacetonitrile can be used in research for combating viral infections including COVID-19, HSV-1, and VSV .

HY-N4194

Glabrone 1 Publications Verification	Flavonoids Classification of Application Fields Leguminosae Phenols Polyphenols Metabolic Disease Plants Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. Disease Research Fields Isoflavones Source Classification	PPAR Influenza Virus
Glabrone is an isoflavone found in Glycyrrhiza glabra roots. Glabrone exhibits significant PPAR-γ ligand binding activity. Glabrone is a specific UGT1A9 probe substrate, and its metabolites can block influenza virus release by inhibiting neuraminidase (NA). Glabrone can be used to screen for herb-drug interactions and for anti-influenza virus activity .

HY-N11630

Pinellic acid	Structural Classification Araceae Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids Plants Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit. Source Classification	Influenza Virus Biochemical Assay Reagents
Pinellic acid is an orally active adjuvant for intranasal influenza vaccines. Pinellic acid can be extracted from the tubers of Pinellia ternata Breitenbach. When administered intranasally in combination with influenza HA vaccine, Pinellic acid slightly increases the titers of antiviral IgG antibodies in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and serum. Pinellic acid shows no hemolytic activity. Pinellic acid can be used in studies related to influenza virus infection .

HY-N6025

Clemastanin B 1 Publications Verification	Classification of Application Fields Cruciferae Lignans Isatis tinctoria L. Phenylpropanoids Plants Inflammation/Immunology Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Influenza Virus
Clemastanin B, a lignin, has potent *anti-influenza* activities by inhibiting the virus multiplication, prophylaxsis and blocking the virus attachment. Clemastanin B targets viral endocytosis, uncoating or ribonucleoprotein (RNP) export from the nucleus. Clemastanin B has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities .

HY-N1745A

3-Deoxysappanchalcone 2 Publications Verification	Structural Classification Chalcones Flavonoids Classification of Application Fields Leguminosae Caesalpinia sappan L. Phenols Polyphenols Plants Inflammation/Immunology Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Influenza Virus
3-Deoxysappanchalcone is a kinase inhibitor and antiviral agent. 3-Deoxysappanchalcone directly targets MET, EGFR, AKT, mTOR, p38 MAPK, JNK, thrombin, FXa, and influenza virus neuraminidase, thereby regulating related signaling pathways. 3-Deoxysappanchalcone induces cell cycle arrest, ROS production, and apoptosis. 3-Deoxysappanchalcone exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anticoagulant, and antithrombotic activities. 3-Deoxysappanchalcone is applicable to research related to gefitinib-resistant lung cancer, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, thrombosis, and influenza virus infection .

HY-B0421A

Mycophenolic acid sodium 10+ Cited Publications Mycophenolate sodium	Infection Monophenols Classification of Application Fields Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids Phenols Endogenous metabolite Inflammation/Immunology Disease Research Fields Source Classification Cancer	Dengue Virus Apoptosis Bacterial Fungal Antibiotic Endogenous Metabolite Flavivirus
Mycophenolic acid sodium is a potent uncompetitive inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) inhibitor with an EC₅₀ of 0.24 µM. Mycophenolic acid sodium demonstrates antiviral effects against a wide range of RNA viruses including *influenza*. Mycophenolic acid sodium is an immunosuppressive agent. Antiangiogenic and antitumor effects .

HY-I0736

Isonicotinic acid	Alkaloids Aloe africana Liliaceae Other Diseases Pyridine Alkaloids Plants Disease Research Fields Source Classification	MOFs Drug Metabolite Drug Intermediate
Isonicotinic acid is an Isoniazid (HY-B0329) metabolite. The Isonicotinic acid derivative Enisamium inhibits the replication of multiple subtypes of influenza A virus .

HY-135646

Eleutheroside B1	other families Classification of Application Fields Coumarins Phenylpropanoids Plants Inflammation/Immunology Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Influenza Virus
Eleutheroside B1, a coumarin compound, has a wide spectrum of anti-human **influenza virus efficacy, with an IC₅₀** value of 64-125 µg/ml. Eleutheroside B1 mediates its anti-influenza activity through POLR2A and N-glycosylation. Eleutheroside B1 inhibits the mRNA expression of several chemokine genes and the influenza nucleoprotein (NP) gene, and exhibits low cytotoxicity. Antiviral and anti-inflammatory activities .

HY-N2735

7,3',4'-Trihydroxy-3-benzyl-2H-chromene	Leguminosae Caesalpinia sappan L. Phenols Polyphenols Plants Source Classification	Influenza Virus
7,3',4'-Trihydroxy-3-benzyl-2H-chromene is an reversible noncompetitive neuraminidase (NA) inhibitor. 7,3',4'-Trihydroxy-3-benzyl-2H-chromene can be isolated from the dried heartwood of Caesalpinia sappan L. 7,3',4'-Trihydroxy-3-benzyl-2H-chromene has potent NAs inhibitory activities with IC₅₀ values of 34.6 µM [H1N1], 39.5 µM [H3N2], and 50.5µM [H9N2], respectively. 7,3',4'-Trihydroxy-3-benzyl-2H-chromene can be used for the research of influenza virus .

HY-N3016

Rupestonic acid	Other Terpenoids Infection Classification of Application Fields Terpenoids Artemisia carvifolia Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb. Plants Compositae Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Influenza Virus
Rupestonic acid, a sesquiterpene, can inhibit **influenza virus** .

HY-N6055

Nuezhenidic acid	Infection Structural Classification Iridoids Staphyleaceae Classification of Application Fields Terpenoids Plants Disease Research Fields Turpinia arguta (Lindl.) Seem. Source Classification	Influenza Virus
Nuezhenidic acid can be isolated from the fruits of Ligustrum lucidum, posseses inhibitory activities against influenza A virus .

HY-135319

Strictinin	Structural Classification Phenols Polyphenols Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Ktze. Plants Source Classification Theaceae	Bacterial Antibiotic ERK JNK NF-κB ROR Apoptosis Caspase GSK-3 Akt PI3K
Strictinin is an orally active phenolic compound. Strictinin reduces xanthine oxidase activity, uric acid production, and the activation of ERK1/2, JNK, NF-κB, and NLRP3 inflammasome components in hepatocytes treated with Xanthine (HY-W017389). Strictinin decreases elevated serum uric acid levels and enhanced xanthine oxidase activity in mice treated with potassium oxonate. Strictinin acts as a ROR1 inhibitor and exhibits anticancer activity against highly aggressive non-androgen-dependent prostate cancer. Strictinin induces cancer cell apoptosis (apoptosis), arrests cell cycle, and inhibits cancer cell migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Strictinin modulates gut microbiota, inhibits bacterial growth and biofilm formation, accelerates small intestinal transit, and blocks viral entry and replication. Strictinin can be used in research related to hyperuricemia, androgen receptor-negative non-androgen-dependent prostate cancer, triple-negative breast cancer, bacterial infections, constipation, coronavirus infections, dental caries, and infections caused by influenza A, influenza B, and human parainfluenza virus type 1 .

HY-B0421R

Mycophenolic acid (Standard) Mycophenolate (Standard)	Structural Classification Microorganisms Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids Endogenous metabolite Source Classification	Dengue Virus Reference Standards Apoptosis Bacterial Fungal Endogenous Metabolite Antibiotic Flavivirus
Mycophenolic acid (Standard) is the analytical standard of Mycophenolic acid. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Mycophenolic acid is a potent uncompetitive inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) inhibitor with an EC50 of 0.24 μM.?Mycophenolic acid demonstrates antiviral effects against a wide range of RNA viruses including influenza. Mycophenolic acid is an immunosuppressive agent. Antiangiogenic and antitumor effects .

HY-B0215R

Acetylcysteine (Standard) N-Acetylcysteine (Standard); N-Acetyl-L-cysteine (Standard); NAC (Standard)	Structural Classification Microorganisms Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids Endogenous metabolite Source Classification	Reference Standards Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Endogenous Metabolite Apoptosis Ferroptosis Influenza Virus Disulfidptosis
Acetylcysteine (Standard) is the analytical standard of Acetylcysteine. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Acetylcysteine (N-Acetylcysteine) is a mucolytic agent which reduces the thickness of the mucus. Acetylcysteine is a ROS inhibitor . Acetylcysteine is a cysteine precursor, prevents hemin-induced ferroptosis by neutralizing toxic lipids generated by arachidonate-dependent activity of 5-lipoxygenases . Acetylcysteine induces cell apoptosis . Acetylcysteine also has anti-influenza virus activities . In addition, Acetylcysteine is the most stable form of cysteine during drug delivery and can be used in disulfidptosis studies .

HY-N12110

SMU-CX1	Apocynaceae Alkaloids Other Alkaloids Plants Source Classification	Toll-like Receptor (TLR) SARS-CoV
SMU-CX1 is a specific TLR3 inhibitor (IC₅₀: 0.11 μM) with IC₅₀ ranging from 0.14-0.33 μM against multiple influenza A virus subtypes. SMU-CX1 inhibits the viral PB2 and NP proteins with an IC₅₀ of 0.43 μM for SARS-CoV-2 activity. SMU-CX1 also inhibits inflammatory factors in host cells, including IFN-β, IP-10, and CCL-5 .

HY-113806

(±)-Trolline (±)-Oleracein E	Alkaloids Trollius chinensis Bunge Ranunculaceae Pyridine Alkaloids Plants Source Classification	Bacterial Influenza Virus Apoptosis
(±)-Trolline ((±)-Oleracein E), an isoquinoline alkaloid, exhibits antibacterial activity against respiratory bacteria and antiviral activity against influenza virus A and B. (±)-Trolline significantly induces HSC apoptosis. (±)-Trolline can be used for the research of liver fibrosis .

HY-122920

Soyasaponin II	Triterpenes Classification of Application Fields Leguminosae Terpenoids Plants Inflammation/Immunology Disease Research Fields Glycine soja Sieb. Et Zucc. Source Classification	HSV CMV Influenza Virus HIV NOD-like Receptor (NLR) YB-1
Soyasaponin II is a saponin with antiviral activity. Soyasaponin II inhibits the replication of HSV-1, HCMV, influenza virus, and HIV-1. Soyasaponin II shows potent inhibition on HSV-1 replication. Soyasaponin II serves as a inhibitor for YB-1 phosphorylation and NLRP3 inflammasome priming and could protect mice against LPS/GalN induced acute liver failure .

HY-N7346

Lucidadiol	Triterpenes Microorganisms Terpenoids Source Classification	HSV Cholinesterase (ChE)
Lucidadiol is a natural compound isolated from Ganoderma lucidum. Lucidadiol exhibits acetylcholinesterase-inhibitory activity, with IC₅₀ values of 31 μM. Lucidadiol shows antiviral activity against influenza virus type A and HSV type 1 .

HY-N10581

Flutimide	Microorganisms	Influenza Virus
Flutimide is a novel endonuclease inhibitor of influenza virus. Flutimide selectively inhibits endonuclease with an IC₅₀ value of 3 μM. Flutimide shows antiviral activity in cell culture. Flutimide can be used for the research of acute contagious respiratory disease, such as influenza .

HY-Y0136R

3-Indoleacetonitrile (Standard)	Structural Classification Natural Products Microorganisms Endogenous metabolite Source Classification	Reference Standards Endogenous Metabolite Influenza Virus HSV VSV
3-Indoleacetonitrile (Standard) is the analytical standard of 3-Indoleacetonitrile. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. 3-Indoleacetonitrile is an indole derivative with *anti-influenza* activity. 3-Indoleacetonitrile is a plant hormone produced by cruxiferous vegetables. 3-Indoleacetonitrile exerts profound antiviral activity against a broad spectrum of influenza A viruses, HSV-1 and VSV viruses in vitro. 3-Indoleacetonitrile diminishes lung virus titers and alleviates lung lesions in vivo. 3-Indoleacetonitrile induces an increase in mitochondrial antiviral-signaling (MAVS) protein levels. 3-Indoleacetonitrile can be used in research for combating viral infections including COVID-19, HSV-1, and VSV .

HY-N0224A

Goitrin (S)-Goitrin; L-5-Vinyl-2-thiooxazolidone	Natural Products Cruciferous vegetables Classification of Application Fields Metabolic Disease Plants Brassicaceae Endogenous metabolite Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Influenza Virus
Goitrin ((S)-Goitrin), a product of glucosinolate-myrosinase reactions, is a potent inhibitor of thyroid peroxidase. Goitrin can inhibit iodine utilization by the thyroid. Goitrin also exhibits anti-influenza virus (H1N1) activity .

HY-15230R

Geldanamycin (Standard)	Quinones Structural Classification Microorganisms Benzene Quinones Source Classification	Reference Standards HSP Bacterial Influenza Virus Antibiotic
Geldanamycin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Geldanamycin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Geldanamycin is a Hsp90 inhibitor with antimicrobial activity against many Gram-positive and some Gram-negative bacteria. Geldanamycin has anti-influenza virus H5N1 activities.

HY-N10843

4-O-Methylepisappanol	Flavanonols Flavonoids Caesalpiniaceae Plants Source Classification	Influenza Virus
4-O-Methylepisappanol (compound 9) is nature product that could be isolated from heartwood of Caesalpinia sappan. 4-O-Methylepisappanol is a potent neuraminidase inhibitor on the surface of influenza viruses with IC₅₀ values of 42.8, 63.2, and 63.2 µM for A/Chicken/Korea/MS96/96 [H9N2], A/PR/8/34 [H1N1], and A/Hong Kong/8/68 [H3N2], respectively .

HY-N0035R

Arctigenin (Standard) (-)-Arctigenin (Standard)	Structural Classification Human Gut Microbiota Metabolites Lignans Phenylpropanoids Plants Compositae Caesalpinia magnifoliolata Metc. Endogenous metabolite Source Classification	Reference Standards MMP Influenza Virus Autophagy Apoptosis
Arctigenin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Arctigenin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Arctigenin ((-)-Arctigenin), a biologically active lignan, can be used as an antitumor agent. Arctigenin exhibits potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiviral (influenza A virus) activities. Arctigenin can be used for the research of metabolic disorders, and central nervous system dysfunctions .

HY-N15389

Noformicin	Microorganisms Antibiotics Other Antibiotics Source Classification	Influenza Virus
Noformicin has inhibitory effect on mumps virus and Newcastle disease virus in chicken embryo. Noformicin also extended the survival of mice infected with swine, influenza A (PR8) and influenza B (Lee) viruses .

HY-P0289

CEF3	Infection Natural Products Microorganisms Classification of Application Fields Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Influenza Virus
CEF3 (SIIPSGPLK) corresponds to aa 13-21 of the influenza A virus M1 protein. The matrix (M1) protein of influenza A virus is a multifunctional protein that plays essential structural and functional roles in the virus life cycle.

HY-N2216

Polygalasaponin XXXI Onjisaponin F	Infection Triterpenes Classification of Application Fields Terpenoids Polygalaceae Plants Polygala tenuifolia Willd. Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Influenza Virus
Polygalasaponin XXXI (Onjisaponin F) is an effective adjuvant for intranasal administration of influenza Influenza hemagglutinin (HA) vaccine to protect influenza virus infection .

HY-N0224R

Epigoitrin (Standard)	Alkaloids Structural Classification Other Alkaloids Cruciferae Isatis tinctoria L. Plants Source Classification	Influenza Virus Reference Standards
Epigoitrin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Epigoitrin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Epigoitrin is a natural alkaloid that provides protection against influenza infection by reducing the host’s susceptibility to influenza virus under stress. Epigoitrin exerts antiviral activity against influenza A1 virus FM1 via inhibiting virus attachment and multiplication in vitro. Epigoitrin also has lipid-lowering effects .

HY-N16441

Pulvic acid	Microorganisms Ketones, Aldehydes, Acids Source Classification	Endogenous Metabolite Influenza Virus
Pulvic acid (Compound 3), a butenolide, is a microbial secondary metabolite. Pulvic acid can be isolated from the marine-derived fungus Aspergillus terreus Gwq-48. Pulvic acid has significant antiviral activity with an IC₅₀ of 29.1 μg/mL for influenza A H1N1 virus. Pulvic acid can be used for influenza virus infections research .

HY-N7915

Nepasaikosaponin K	Triterpenes Lychnophora antillana Terpenoids Plants Umbelliferae Source Classification	Influenza Virus
Nepasaikosaponin K is an *anti-influenza* agent. Nepasaikosaponin K shows an EC₅₀ of 17.91 μM against influenza virus A/WSN/33 (H1N1) in 239T-Gluc cells .

HY-129150

Ganoderic acid TR	Infection Triterpenes Classification of Application Fields Terpenoids Polyporaceae Ganoderma lucidum (Leyss. Ex Fr.) Karst. Plants Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Influenza Virus
Ganoderic acid TR is a broad-spectrum inhibitor of influenza neuraminidase enzymes (NAs). Ganoderic acid TR has IC₅₀ values of 10.9 and 4.6 μM for H5N1 and H1N1 NAs, respectively. Ganoderic acid TR is limited by cytotoxicity and shows only weak activity against Oseltamivir (HY-13317)-resistant H1N1 viruses and influenza B viruses .

HY-N14904

Panosialin D	Microorganisms Antibiotics Other Antibiotics Source Classification	Glycosidase
Panosialin D can inhibit α,β-glucosidase and mannose glycosidase. Panosialin D does not inhibit the influenza virus, but it has weak anti-microbial effect .

HY-N7647

Methyl brevifolincarboxylate Brevifolincarboxylic acid methyl ester	Infection Natural Products Classification of Application Fields Canarium album (Lour.) Rauesch. Plants Burseraceae Disease Research Fields Source Classification	Influenza Virus
Methyl brevifolincarboxylate (Brevifolincarboxylic acid methyl ester) is a potent influenza virus PB2 cap-binding inhibitor. Methyl brevifolincarboxylate has anti-oxidant activity. Methyl brevifolincarboxylate also inhibits platelet aggregation, lipid metabolism and inflammation .

HY-N0102R

Isoliquiritigenin (Standard) GU17 (Standard); ISL (Standard); Isoliquiritigen (Standard); SJ000286237 (Standard)	Structural Classification Chalcones Flavonoids Microorganisms Leguminosae Phenols Polyphenols Plants Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. Source Classification	Reference Standards Aldose Reductase Influenza Virus Autophagy Apoptosis
Isoliquiritigenin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Isoliquiritigenin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Isoliquiritigenin is an anti-tumor flavonoid from the root of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., which inhibits aldose reductase with an IC50 of 320 nM. Isoliquiritigenin is a potent inhibitor of influenza virus replication with an EC50 of 24.7 μM.

HY-N17236

Forsyshiyanine A	Structural Classification Alkaloids Oleaceae Pyridine Alkaloids Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl Plants Source Classification	β-glucuronidase Influenza Virus RSV
Foryshiyanine A is a triterpenoid alkaloid. Foryshiyanine A possesses anti-inflammatory activity, inhibiting the release of β-glucuronidase from rat polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Foryshiyanine A exhibits antiviral activity, with an EC₅₀ of 4.5 μM against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and an IC₅₀ of 7.3 μM against **influenza A virus (H1N1**). Foryshiyanine A reduces viral load by disrupting viral replication and entry. Foryshiyanine A may be used for the researches of inflammation and infection .

HY-N15215

Antiviral agent 64	Structural Classification Monophenols Phenols Alpinia officinarum Hance Plants Source Classification Zingiberaceae	Enterovirus Influenza Virus RSV HSV
Antiviral agent 64 (Compound 12) is a diarylheptanoid that can be isolated from Alpinia officinarum. Antiviral agent 64 exhibits cytotoxicity in human neuroblastoma cell IMR-32 with an IC₅₀ of 0.23 μM. Antiviral agent 64 exhibits antiviral efficacy, that inhibits RSV, poliovirus, measles virus, HSV-1, and influenza virus H1N1, with EC₅₀ of 13.3, 3.7, 6.3, 5.7, and <10 μg/mL, respectively .

HY-N15302

Ostamycin A	Microorganisms Terpenoids Diterpenoids Source Classification	Influenza Virus
Ostamycin A is a cyclic diterpene with antiviral activity. Ostamycin A inhibits the replication of influenza A virus by targeting the nucleoprotein, with an IC₅₀ of 4.72 μM .

Cat. No.	Product Name	Chemical Structure

HY-B0421S

Mycophenolic acid-d3

Mycophenolic acid-d₃ (Mycophenolate-d₃) is deuterium labeled Mycophenolic acid (HY-B0421). Mycophenolic acid is a potent uncompetitive inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) inhibitor with an EC₅₀ of 0.24 μM. Mycophenolic acid demonstrates antiviral effects against a wide range of RNA viruses including influenza. Mycophenolic acid is an immunosuppressive agent. Antiangiogenic and antitumor effects.

HY-13318S

Oseltamivir acid-d3

Oseltamivir acid-d₃ is a deuterium labeled Oseltamivir acid (HY-13318). Oseltamivir acid, the active metabolite of Oseltamivir phosphate, is an orally bioavailable, potent and selective inhibitor of influenza virus neuraminidase (IC₅₀=2 nM) with activity against both influenza A and B viruses. Oseltamivir acid has an extremely weak ability to penetrate the BBB under normal physiological conditions, but its blood-brain barrier penetration is significantly enhanced under inflammatory conditions .

HY-B0215S

Acetylcysteine-d3

Acetylcysteine-d₃ is the deuterium labeled Acetylcysteine. Acetylcysteine (N-Acetylcysteine) is a mucolytic agent which reduces the thickness of the mucus. Acetylcysteine is a ROS inhibitor. Acetylcysteine is a cysteine precursor, prevents hemin-induced ferroptosis by neutralizing toxic lipids generated by arachidonate-dependent activity of 5-lipoxygenases. Acetylcysteine induces cell apoptosis. Acetylcysteine also has anti-influenza virus activities. In addition, Acetylcysteine is the most stable form of cysteine during drug delivery and can be used in disulfidptosis studies .

HY-13317S

Oseltamivir-d3
Oseltamivir-d₃ is a deuterium labeled Oseltamivir. Oseltamivir is an influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitor (NAI). Oseltamivir inhibits influenza A/H3N2, A/H1N2, A/H1N1, and B viruses with mean IC₅₀s of 0.67, 0.9, 1.34 and 13 nM, respectively. Anti-influenza A and B agent .

HY-B0272S2

Rifampicin-d4
Rifampicin-d₄ is the deuterium labeled Rifampicin. Rifampicin is a potent and broad spectrum antibiotic against bacterial pathogens. Rifampicin has anti-influenza virus activities.

HY-B0272S1

Rifampicin-d8
Rifampicin-d8 (Rifampin-d8) is the deuterium labeled Rifampicin. Rifampicin is a potent and broad spectrum antibiotic against bacterial pathogens. Rifampicin has anti-influenza *virus* activities.

HY-B0402S1

Amantadine-d6

Amantadine-d₆ is the deuterium labeled Amantadine . Amantadine (1-Adamantanamine) is an orally avtive and potent antiviral agent with activity against influenza A viruses. Amantadine inhibits several ion channels such as NMDA and M2, and also inhibits Coronavirus ion channels. Amantadine also has anti-orthopoxvirus and anticancer activity. Amantadine can be used for Parkinson's disease, postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) and COVID-19 research .

HY-B0402S

Amantadine-d15
Amantadine-d₁₅ is the deuterium labeled Amantadine. Amantadine (1-Adamantanamine) is an antiviral agent with activity against influenza A viruses. Amantadine blocks the proton flow through the M2 ion channel (M2 proton channel of influenza A) and thus prevents the release of viral RNA into the cytoplasm of the infected cells. Amantadine is an antiparkinsonian agent .

HY-135853S

Molnupiravir-d7

Molnupiravir-d₇ is the deuterium labeled Molnupiravir. Molnupiravir (EIDD-2801) is an orally bioavailable prodrug of the ribonucleoside analog EIDD-1931. Molnupiravir has broad spectrum antiviral activity against influenza virus and multiple coronaviruses, such as SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV. Molnupiravir has the potential for the research of COVID-19, and seasonal and pandemic influenza .

HY-Y0136S1

3-Indoleacetonitrile-d4

3-Indoleacetonitrile-d₄ is deuterium labeled 3-Indoleacetonitrile (HY-Y0136). 3-Indoleacetonitrile is an indole derivative with anti-influenza activity. 3-Indoleacetonitrile is a plant hormone produced by cruxiferous vegetables. 3-Indoleacetonitrile exerts profound antiviral activity against a broad spectrum of influenza A viruses, HSV-1 and VSV viruses in vitro. 3-Indoleacetonitrile diminishes lung virus titers and alleviates lung lesions in vivo. 3-Indoleacetonitrile induces an increase in mitochondrial antiviral-signaling (MAVS) protein levels. 3-Indoleacetonitrile can be used in research for combating viral infections including COVID-19, HSV-1, and VSV.

HY-109025AS

Baloxavir-d5
Baloxavir-d₅ is deuterium labeled Baloxavir. Baloxavir (Baloxavir acid), derived from the proagent Baloxavir marboxil, is a first-in-class, potent and selective cap-dependent endonuclease (CEN) inhibitor within the polymerase PA subunit of influenza A and B viruses. Baloxavir inhibits viral RNA transcription and replication and has potently antiviral activity .

HY-B0272S

Rifampicin-d3
Rifampicin-d₃ is the deuterium labeled Rifampicin. Rifampicin is a potent and broad spectrum antibiotic against bacterial pathogens. Rifampicin has anti-influenza virus activities .

HY-B0272S3

Rifampicin-d11
Rifampicin-d₁₁ (Rifampin-d₁₁; Rifamycin AMP-d₁₁) is the deuterium labeled Rifampicin (HY-B0272) . Rifampicin is a potent and broad spectrum antibiotic against bacterial pathogens. Rifampicin has anti-influenza *virus* activities. Rifampicin shows anti-orthopoxvirus activity .

HY-B0421S2

Mycophenolic acid-13C17

Mycophenolic acid-13C17 (Mycophenolate-13C17) is the 13C labeled Mycophenolic acid (HY-B0421). Mycophenolic acid is a potent uncompetitive inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) inhibitor with an EC50 of 0.24 μM. Mycophenolic acid demonstrates antiviral effects against a wide range of RNA viruses including influenza. Mycophenolic acid is an immunosuppressive agent. Antiangiogenic and antitumor effects.

HY-B0510S3

Trimethoprim-13C3

Trimethoprim- ¹³C₃ is the deuterium labeled Trimethoprim (HY-B0510) . Trimethoprim is a bacteriostatic antibiotic and an orally active dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor. Trimethoprim is active against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative aerobic bacteria. Trimethoprim has the potential for the research of urinary tract infections, Shigellosis and Pneumocystis pneumonia. Trimethoprim can inhibit infection of Influenza A virus in chick embryo when combinated with zinc .

HY-W751835

Baloxavir-d4

Baloxavir-d₄ (Baloxavir acid-d₄; S-033447-d₄) is the deuterium-labeled Baloxavir (HY-109025A). Baloxavir-d₄ (Baloxavir-d₄ acid), derived from the proagent Baloxavir-d₄ marboxil, is a first-in-class, potent and selective cap-dependent endonuclease (CEN) inhibitor within the polymerase PA subunit of influenza A and B viruses. Baloxavir-d₄ inhibits viral RNA transcription and replication and has potently antiviral activity .

HY-B0215S1

Acetylcysteine-15N

Acetylcysteine- ¹⁵N (N-Acetylcysteine- ¹⁵N) is the ¹⁵N-labeled Acetylcysteine. Acetylcysteine (N-Acetylcysteine) is a mucolytic agent which reduces the thickness of the mucus. Acetylcysteine is a ROS inhibitor. Acetylcysteine is a cysteine precursor, prevents hemin-induced ferroptosis by neutralizing toxic lipids generated by arachidonate-dependent activity of 5-lipoxygenases. Acetylcysteine induces cell apoptosis. Acetylcysteine also has anti-influenza virus activities. In addition, Acetylcysteine is the most stable form of cysteine during drug delivery and can be used in disulfidptosis studies .

HY-13317S3

Oseltamivir-d5
Oseltamivir-d₅ is the deuterium labeled Oseltamivir . Oseltamivir is an influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitor (NAI). Oseltamivir inhibits influenza A/H3N2, A/H1N2, A/H1N1, and B viruses with mean IC₅₀ of 0.67, 0.9, 1.34 and 13 nM, respectively. Anti-influenza A and B agent .

HY-13317S4

Oseltamivir-d3 hydrochloride
Oseltamivir-d₃ hydrochloride is the deuterium-labeled Oseltamivir (HY-13317) . Oseltamivir is an influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitor (NAI). Oseltamivir inhibits influenza A/H3N2, A/H1N2, A/H1N1, and B viruses with mean IC₅₀s of 0.67, 0.9, 1.34 and 13 nM, respectively. Anti-influenza A and B agent .

HY-13317S1

Oseltamivir-d3-1
Oseltamivir-d₃-1 is the deuterium labeled Oseltamivir . Oseltamivir is an influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitor (NAI). Oseltamivir inhibits influenza A/H3N2, A/H1N2, A/H1N1, and B viruses with mean IC₅₀s of 0.67, 0.9, 1.34 and 13 nM, respectively. Anti-influenza A and B agent .

HY-14904AS

Umifenovir-d6 hydrochloride

Umifenovir-d₆ (hydrochloride) is the deuterium labeled Umifenovir hydrochloride. Umifenovir hydrochloride is a potent, orally active broad-spectrum antiviral with activity against a number of enveloped and non-enveloped viruses. Umifenovir hydrochloride is used as an anti-influenza virus agent. Umifenovir hydrochloride could effectively inhibit the fusion of virus with host cells . Umifenovir hydrochloride is an efficient inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. Anti-inflammatory activity .

HY-I0736S

Isonicotinic acid-d4
Isonicotinic acid-d₄ is the deuterium labeled Isonicotinic acid (HY-I0736). Isonicotinic acid is an Isoniazid (HY-B0329) metabolite. The Isonicotinic acid derivative Enisamium inhibits the replication of multiple subtypes of influenza A virus .

HY-13318S1

Oseltamivir acid-13C,d3
Oseltamivir acid-13C,d3 (GS 4071-13C,d3; Ro 64-0802-13C,d3) is a 13C- and deuterium-labeled Oseltamivir acid (HY-13318). Oseltamivir acid is the active metabolite of Oseltamivir phosphate and inhibits influenza virus neuraminidase (IC₅₀=2 nM). Oseltamivir acid is orally active and can be used to study influenza A/B infections .

HY-W713297

Moroxydine hydrochloride-d8

Moroxydine hydrochloride-d₈ (ABOB hydrochloride-d₈) is the deuterium labeled Moroxydine (ABOB) hydrochloride (HY-B0420A). Moroxydine hydrochloride is a broad-spectrum agent with multi-antiviral activities against DNA and RNA viruses, including influenza virus, herpes simplex, varicella zoster, measles, mumps disease, hepatitis C virus, etc. Moroxydine hydrochloride exhibits excellent antiviral activity and shows low cytotoxicity to cells infected by dsRNA viruses (grass carp reovirus, GCRV) and large DNA viruses (giant salamander iridovirus, GSIV). Moroxydine hydrochloride blocks the GCRV-induced cytopathic effects and eliminates nucleocapsids in ctenopharyngodon idella kidney (CIK) cells to keep the normal morphological structure. Moroxydine hydrochloride significantly inhibits the apoptosis, the caspase 3 activity, Bax expression and down-regulates Bcl-2 levels ^[1][2][3].

HY-B1589AS

Carbinoxamine-d6 maleate

Carbinoxamine-d₆ (maleate) is the deuterium labeled Carbinoxamine maleate salt. Carbinoxamine maleate salt is a blood-brain barrier-permeable histamine H1 receptor antagonist. Carbinoxamine maleate salt blocks the action of histamine on H1 receptors, reducing symptoms such as sneezing, rhinitis, rhinorrhea, erythema, pruritus and urticaria. Carbinoxamine maleate salt inhibits influenza virus entry into cells via endocytosis, targets the early stage of the viral life cycle, and simultaneously reduces viral replication levels in the lungs, alleviating pathological damage and inflammatory responses in lung tissues. Carbinoxamine maleate salt can be used in research on allergic rhinitis, influenza, etc.

HY-W653905

Amantadine-d15 hydrochloride

Amantadine-d₁₅ hydrochloride is deuterated labeled Amantadine. Amantadine (1-Adamantanamine) is an orally avtive and potent antiviral agent with activity against influenza A viruses. Amantadine inhibits several ion channels such as NMDA and M2, and also inhibits Coronavirus ion channels. Amantadine also has anti-orthopoxvirus and anticancer activity. Amantadine can be used for Parkinson's disease, postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) and COVID-19 research .

HY-B0532AS

Trifluoperazine-d3 dihydrochloride

Trifluoperazine-d₃ (dihydrochloride) is deuterium labeled Trifluoperazine (dihydrochloride). Trifluoperazine dihydrochloride, an antipsychotic agent, acts by blocking central dopamine receptors. Trifluoperazine dihydrochloride is a potent α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist. Trifluoperazine dihydrochloride is a potent NUPR1 inhibitor exerting anticancer activity. Trifluoperazine dihydrochloride is a calmodulin inhibitor, and also inhibits P-glycoprotein. Trifluoperazine dihydrochloride can be used for the research of schizophrenia. Trifluoperazine dihydrochloride acts as a reversible inhibitor of influenza virus morphogenesis .

HY-B0157S1

Ketotifen-d3

Ketotifen-d₃ (HC 20-511-d₃) is deuterium labeled Ketotifen. Ketotifen (HC 20-511) is an orally active second-generation noncompetitive histamine 1 (H1) receptor blocker and mast cell stabilizer. Ketotifen can block 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD) in vitro. Ketotifen also has antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza virus. Ketotifen can be used to the research of autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and asthma attack prevention .

HY-B1589S

(±)-Carbinoxamine-d6

(±)-Carbinoxamine-d₆ is the deuterium labeled (±)-Carbinoxamine (HY-B1589) . (±)-Carbinoxamine is a blood-brain barrier-permeable histamine H1 receptor antagonist. (±)-Carbinoxamine blocks the action of histamine on H1 receptors, reducing symptoms such as sneezing, rhinitis, rhinorrhea, erythema, pruritus and urticaria. (±)-Carbinoxamine inhibits influenza virus entry into cells via endocytosis, targets the early stage of the viral life cycle, and simultaneously reduces viral replication levels in the lungs, alleviating pathological damage and inflammatory responses in lung tissues. (±)-Carbinoxamine can be used in research on allergic rhinitis, influenza, etc.

HY-109025AS2

Baloxavir-d1
Baloxavir-d₁ is the deuterium labeled Baloxavir (HY-109025A). Baloxavir (Baloxavir acid), derived from the proagent Baloxavir marboxil, is a first-in-class, potent and selective cap-dependent endonuclease (CEN) inhibitor within the polymerase PA subunit of influenza A and B viruses. Baloxavir inhibits viral RNA transcription and replication and has potently antiviral activity .

Inquiry Online

Your information is safe with us. * Required Fields.

MCE Japan Authorized Agent ナミキ商事株式会社コスモ・バイオ株式会社重松貿易株式会社
Salutation			Country or Region *
Applicant Name *			Organization Name *
Department *
Email Address *			Product Name *
Cat. No.			Requested quantity *
Phone Number *
Remarks