Others

D-Mannitol (Mannitol) is an oral, resistant sugar widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries to promote the absorption and retention of calcium and magnesium through cecal fermentation, while acting as a osmotic diuretic to reduce tissue edema. D-Mannitol can enhance brown fat formation, improve insulin effect, reduce blood sugar levels, And through the start the β₃-adrenergic receptor (β₃-AR), PGC1α and PKA induced by means of white fat cells into brown fat cells. D-Mannitol is commonly used to maintain osmotic pressure between the plant cytoplasm and the culture medium and protect cells when the cell wall is weakened or even removed.

α-Linolenic acid (ALA (free base); C18:3 (9Z,12Z,15Z) (free base); C18:3 n-3 (free base)) is an essential fatty acid that cannot be synthesized by humans. α-Linolenic acid can affect the process of thrombotic through the modulation of PI3K/Akt signaling. α-Linolenic acid possess the anti-arrhythmic properties and is related to cardiovascular disease and cancer.

L-Leucyl-L-Leucine methyl ester (LLOMe) hydrochloride, a dipeptide condensation product of L-leucine methyl ester generated by human monocytes or polymorphonuclear leukocytes, selectively eliminates lymphocytes with cytotoxic potential. L-Leucyl-L-Leucine methyl ester hydrochloride also can induce endolysosomal pathway stress.

D-luciferin is the natural substrate of the enzyme luciferase (Luc) that catalyzes the production of the typical yellowgreen light of fireflies. The 560 nm chemiluminescence from this reaction peaks within seconds, with light output that is proportional to luciferase concentration when the substrate luciferin is present in excess. The luciferase (luc) gene is a popular reporter gene for research and agent screening. Chemiluminescent techniques are virtually background-free, making the luc reporter gene ideal for detecting low-level gene expression. As little as 0.02 pg of luciferase can be reliably measured in a standard scintillation counter. In addition to its role as a reporter of gene expression, luciferase is commonly used in an extremely sensitive assay for ATP. We of er the firefly luciferase (HY-P1004A), luciferin free acid (HY-12591A), as well as its water-soluble sodium salts (HY-12591) and potassium salts (HY-12591B) .

Cyclic AMP (Cyclic adenosine monophosphate), adenosine triphosphate derivative, is an intracellular signaling molecule responsible for directing cellular responses to extracellular signals. Cyclic AMP is an important second messenger in many biological processes.

Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol; Colecalciferol) is a naturally occuring form of vitamin D. Vitamin D3 induces cell differentiation and prevents proliferation of cancer cells.

Betaine (Trimethylglycine) is a natural compound found in many foods and also an active methyl-donor which can maintain normal DNA methylation patterns^[1,2]. Betaine is found ubiquitously in plants, animals, microorganisms, and rich dietary sources including seafood, spinach, and wheat bran. Betaine also acts as an osmolyte, to maintain the avian’s cellular water and ion balance to improve the avian’s capacity against heat stress via preventing dehydration and osmotic inactivation. It helps in maintaining the protective osmolytic activity, especially in heat-stressed birds. Betaine may promote various intestinal microbes against osmotic variations and thus improve microbial fermentation activity.

Adenine (6-Aminopurine), a purine, is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of DNA. Adenine acts as a chemical component of DNA and RNA. Adenine also plays an important role in biochemistry involved in cellular respiration, the form of both ATP and the cofactors (NAD and FAD), and protein synthesis.

Coenzyme A (CoASH) is a ubiquitous and essential cofactor, which is an acyl group carrier and carbonyl-activating group for the citric acid cycle and fatty acid metabolism. Coenzyme A plays a central role in the oxidation of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle and the metabolism of carboxylic acids, including short- and long-chain fatty acids.

Acetyl-coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA) trisodium is a membrane-impermeant central metabolic intermediate, participates in the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation metabolism. Acetyl-coenzyme A trisodium, regulates various cellular mechanisms by providing (sole donor) acetyl groups to target amino acid residues for post-translational acetylation reactions of proteins. Acetyl Coenzyme A trisodium is also a key precursor of lipid synthesis.

2',3'-cGAMP sodium (2'-3'-cyclic GMP-AMP sodium) is a endogenous cGAMP in mammalian cells. 2',3'-cGAMP sodium binds to STING with a high affinity and is a potent inducer of interferon-β (IFNβ). 2',3'-cGAMP sodium is produced in mammalian cells in response to DNA in the cytoplasm.

L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate (2-Phospho-L-ascorbic acid) is a long-acting vitamin C derivative that can stimulate collagen formation and expression. L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate (2-Phospho-L-ascorbic acid) can be used as a culture medium supplement for the osteogenic differentiation of human adipose stem cells (hASCs). L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate increases alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and expression of runx2A in hASCs during the osteogenic differentiation.

5'-Methylthioadenosine (5'-(Methylthio)-5'-deoxyadenosine) is a nucleoside generated from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) during polyamine synthesis. 5'-Methylthioadenosine suppresses tumors by inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, invasion, and the induction of apoptosis while controlling the inflammatory micro-environments of tumor tissue. 5'-Methylthioadenosine and its associated materials have striking regulatory effects on tumorigenesis.

Oxytocin (α-Hypophamine; Oxytocic hormone) is a pleiotropic, hypothalamic peptide known for facilitating parturition, lactation, and prosocial behaviors. Oxytocin can function as a stress-coping molecule with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and protective effects especially in the face of adversity or trauma.

Inosine is an endogenous purine nucleoside produced by catabolism of adenosine. Inosine has anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, immunomodulatory and neuroprotective effects. Inosine is an agonist for adenosine A₁ (A₁R) and A_2A (A_2AR) receptors.

HA Peptide (HA tag) is a nine amino acids peptide derived from the human influenza hemagglutinin (HA). HA Peptide is extensively used to isolate, purify, detect, and track the protein of interest in cell biology and biochemistry.

Phytohemagglutinin (PHA-M), the major seed lectin of the common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris, is a T-cell activator. Phytohemagglutinin stimulates human mononuclear leukocytes, inducing the expression of ChAT mRNA and potentiating ACh synthesis. Phytohemagglutinin induces dose- and time-dependent toxicity in THP-1 monocytes/macrophages, alters cellular morphology, causes organelle dysfunction, and increases the expression of NF-κB, COX2, IL-1β.

C16-PAF (PAF (C16)), a phospholipid mediator, is a platelet-activating factor and ligand for PAF G-protein-coupled receptor (PAFR). C16-PAF exhibits anti-apoptotic effect and inhibits caspase-dependent death by activating the PAFR. C16-PAF is a potent MAPK and MEK/ERK activator. C16-PAF induces increased vascular permeability.

Folinic acid (Leucovorin) is a biological folic acid and is generally administered along with Methotrexate (HY-14519) as a rescue agent to decrease MTX-induced toxicity.

Hypoxanthine, a purine derivative, is a potential free radical generator and could be used as an indicator of hypoxia.