Cardiovascular Disease

Astaxanthin, the red dietary carotenoid, is an orally effective and potent antioxidant. Astaxanthin inhibits NF-κB and down-regulates VEGF in blood glucose. Astaxanthin exerts anti-cancer cell proliferation, increases apoptosis, impairs migration and invasion by activating PPARγ and reducing the expression of STAT3. Astaxanthin also has neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory activity and can be used in studies of cancer, diabetic retinopathy, cardiovascular disease, and in the coloring of animal feed.

Aldosterone is the primary mineralocorticoid. Aldosterone is a steroid hormone, and it is synthesized and secreted in response to renin-angiotensin system activation (RAS) or high dietary potassium by the zona glomerulosa (ZG) of the adrenal cortex. Aldosterone activity is dependent by the binding and activation of the cytoplasmic/nuclear mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) at cellular level.

Octreotide (SMS 201-995) is a somatostatin receptor agonist and synthetic octapeptide endogenous somatostatin analogue. Octreotide (SMS 201-995) can bind to the somatostatin receptor and mainly subtypes 2, 3, and 5, increases Gi activity, and reduces intracellular cAMP production. Octreotide (SMS 201-995) has antitumor activity, mediates apoptosis and may also be used in disease studies in acromegaly.

Darapladib (SB-480848) is an orally active, selective and reversible Lp-PLA2 inhibitor (IC₅₀=0.25 nM). Darapladib can trigger irreversible actions on glioma cell apoptosis and induce cycle arrest. Darapladib can be used in the study of atherosclerosis and cancer.

Uric acid sodium is an orally active oxygen free radical scavenger that helps maintain stable blood pressure and combat oxidative stress. Uric acid sodium can scavenge ROS, such as singlet oxygen and peroxynitrite, and inhibit lipid peroxidation. Uric acid sodium can be used as a modeling agent in research on hyperuricemia-induced hypertension models.

Ruthenium red (Ammoniated ruthenium oxychloride) is a polycationic dye widely used for electron microscopy (EM) of cells, tissues and vegetative bacteria. Ruthenium red strongly reacts with phospholipids and fatty acids and binds to acidic mucopolysaccharides. Ruthenium red is a L-type calcium current (I_Ca) blocker. When using Ruthenium Red to stain plant tissue sections affected by pathogens, the breakdown of mucilaginous substances by the pathogens prevents them from taking up the stain, whereas the cell walls of healthy tissue stain red.

Mevalonic acid (MVA) lithium salt is a precursor substance of the mevalonate pathway, which is essential for cell growth and proliferation. Mevalonic acid lithium salt is effective in inhibiting Simvastatin (HY-17502)-induced decrease in C2C12 cell viability in vitro. Mevalonic acid lithium salt can be used in studies of myopathy and heart failure.

1400W dihydrochloride is the dihydrochloride form of 1400W (HY-18730). 1400W is a slow, tight binding, and highly selective inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitor, with a K_d value ≤ 7 nM. 1400W inhibits iNOS induction in microglial cells, and reduces generation of NO, thereby mitigating oxidative stress and neuronal cell apoptosis in the rat cerebral cortex, and improving the spatial memory dysfunction caused by acute hypobaric hypoxia-reoxygenation.

Bosentan is a competitive and dual antagonist of endothelin-1 (ET) for the ET_A and ET_B receptors with K_i of 4.7 nM and 95 nM in human SMC, respectively.

Asiaticoside, a trisaccaride triterpene from Centella asiatica, suppresses TGF-β/Smad signaling through inducing Smad7 and inhibiting TGF-βRI and TGF-βRII in keloid fibroblasts; Asiaticoside shows antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-ulcer properties.

Fumaric acid is an unsaturated dicarbonic acid, an intermediate product of the citric acid cycle that provides intracellular energy in the form of ATP. Fumaric acid exerts anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway dependent on p38 MAPK. Fumaric acid can be used in the study of pregnancy-induced hypertension.

Heparin sodium salt (MW 15kDa) (Sodium heparin (MW 15kDa)) is a polymer of Heparin with the molecular weight of 15kDa. Heparin sodium salt is an anticoagulant which binds reversibly to antithrombin III (ATIII) and greatly accelerates the rate at which ATIII inactivates coagulation enzymes thrombin factor IIa and factor Xa.

L-Isoleucine is an orally active branched chain amino acid, which is the L-enantiomer of isoleucine. L-Isoleucine has a role as a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a plant metabolite, a human metabolite, an algal metabolite and a mouse metabolite. L-Isoleucine regulates the inflammatory response to protect against pathogens in vivo and in vitro.

Vitamin K1 a naturally occurring vitamin required for blood coagulation and bone and vascular metabolism.

Ezetimibe (SCH 58235) is a potent cholesterol absorption inhibitor. Ezetimibe is a Niemann-Pick C1-like1 (NPC1L1) inhibitor, and is a potent Nrf2 activator.

VB124 is an orally active, potent, and selective MCT4 inhibitor. VB124 can specifically inhibit lactate efflux with IC₅₀s of 8.6 nM and 19 nM for lactate import and export in MDA-MB-231 cells, respectively. VB124 is highly selective for MCT4 over MCT1. VB124 can be used for the research of cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, and metabolism.

Telmisartan is a potent, long lasting antagonist of angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1), selectively inhibiting the binding of ¹²⁵I-AngII to AT1 receptors with IC₅₀ of 9.2 nM.

L-Homocysteine, an amino acid, is a homocysteine that has L configuration. Homocysteine is an essential intermediate in normal mammalian metabolism of methionine. L-Homocysteine induces upregulation of Cathepsin V that mediates vascular endothelial inflammation in hyperhomocysteinaemia.

Perhexiline maleate is an orally active CPT1 and CPT2 inhibitor that reduces fatty acid metabolism. Perhexiline maleate induces mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in hepatic cells. Perhexiline maleate can cross the blood brain barrier (BBB) and shows anti-tumor activity. Perhexiline maleate can be used in the research of cancers, and cardiovascular disease like angina.

Isorhamnetin is a flavonoid compound extracted from the Chinese herb Hippophae rhamnoides L.. Isorhamnetin suppresses skin cancer through direct inhibition of MEK1 and PI3K.