2. Signaling Pathways
  3. Apoptosis
  4. Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Apoptosis

Related Products

PDF 16.38 MB

Apoptosis is a distinctive form of cell death exhibiting specific morphological and biochemical characteristics, including cell membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, genomic DNA fragmentation, and exposure of specific phagocytosis signaling molecules on the cell surface. Cells undergoing apoptosis differ from those dying through necrosis. Necrotic cells are usually recognized by the immune system as a danger signal and, thus, resulting in inflammation; in contrast, apoptotic death is quiet and orderly.

There are two major pathways of apoptotic cell death induction: The intrinsic pathway, also called the Bcl-2-regulated or mitochondrial pathway, is activated by various developmental cues or cytotoxic insults, such as viral infection, DNA damage and growth-factor deprivation, and is strictly controlled by the BCL-2 family of proteins. The extrinsic or death-receptor pathway is triggered by ligation of death receptors (members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, such as Fas or TNF receptor-1 (TNFR1)) that contain an intracellular death domain, which can recruit and activate caspase-8 through the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD; also known as MORT1) at the cell surface. This recruitment causes subsequent activation of downstream (effector) caspases, such as caspase-3, -6 or -7, without any involvement of the BCL-2 family.

Studies suggest that alterations in cell survival contribute to the pathogenesis of a number of human diseases, including cancer, viral infections, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Treatments designed to specifically alter the apoptotic threshold may have the potential to change the natural progression of some of these diseases.

Cat. No. Product Name Effect Purity Chemical Structure
  • HY-N0368S
    Linalool-d3
    Linalool-d3 is the deuterium labeled Linalool. Linalool is natural monoterpene in essential olis of coriander, acts as a competitive antagonist of Nmethyl d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, with anti-tumor, anti-cardiotoxicity activity.Linalool is a PPARα ligand that reduces plasma TG levels and rewires the hepatic transcriptome and plasma metabolome.
    Linalool-d<sub>3</sub>
  • HY-123955
    Casein Kinase inhibitor A86
    		Activator 99.26%
    Casein Kinase inhibitor A86 is a potent and orally active casein kinase 1α (CK1α) inhibitor. Casein Kinase inhibitor A86 also inhibits of CDK7 (TFIIH) and CDK9 (P-TEFb). Casein Kinase inhibitor A861 induces leukemia cell apoptosis, and has potent anti-leukemic activities.
    Casein Kinase inhibitor A86
  • HY-50733A
    CX-5011
    		Inducer 99.48%
    CX-5011 is a CK2 inhibitor. CX-5011 also induces Rac1 activation. CX-5011 induces apoptosis and induces cancer cell death.
    CX-5011
  • HY-12546
    Brevetoxin B
    		Inducer
    Brevetoxin B (Brevetoxin-2) is a red tide toxin. Brevetoxin B affects sodium, potassium and calcium currents in nerve terminals. Brevetoxin B also modulates the metabolic activity of Jurkat cells, reduces cell viability and induces apoptosis. Brevetoxin B can be used in research on synaptic transmission and tumors.
    Brevetoxin B
  • HY-103611
    Thalidomide-O-amido-PEG3-C2-NH2 TFA
    		Inducer 99.55%
    Thalidomide-O-amido-PEG3-C2-NH2 TFA is a synthesized E3 ligase ligand-linker conjugate that incorporates the Thalidomide based cereblon ligand and 3-unit PEG linker used in PROTAC technology.
    Thalidomide-O-amido-PEG3-C2-NH2 TFA
  • HY-148274
    KTX-582
    		Inducer 98.65%
    KTX-582 is a potent IRAK4 degrader with DC50 values of 4 nM and 5 nM for IRAK4 and Ikaros, respectively. KTX-582 can induce apoptosis in MYD88MT DLBCL, and is efficient to induce in vivo tumor regressions in lymphoma model.
    KTX-582
  • HY-146502
    PARP10/15-IN-3
    		Inhibitor 99.23%
    PARP10/15-IN-3 (Compound 8a) is a potent PARP10 and PARP15 dual inhibitor with IC50 values of 0.14 µM and 0.40 µM against PARP10 and PARP15, respectively. PARP10/15-IN-3 is able to enter cells and rescue cells from apoptosis.
    PARP10/15-IN-3
  • HY-N3001
    Isolinderalactone
    		Inducer 98.79%
    Isolinderalactone is a sesquiterpene that exhibits anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. Isolinderalactone inhibits VEGF expression and tyrosine phosphorylation of VEGFR2. Isolinderalactone decreases viability and induces apoptosis in U-87 glioblastoma (GBM) cells and colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. Isolinderalactone induces G2/M phase cell cycle arrest, ROS generation, pJNK/p38 MAPK activation, in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. Isolinderalactone blocks LPS (HY-D1056)-induced NF-κB activation while activating Nrf2-HMOX1 signaling in RAW264.7 macrophages. Isolinderalactone improves cognitive dysfunction in APP/PS1 mice. Isolinderalactone can be used for the study of Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), colorectal cancer, Alzheimer’s disease and acute lung injury.
    Isolinderalactone
  • HY-13538A
    Gemcitabine elaidate hydrochloride
    		Inducer
    Gemcitabine elaidate (CP-4126) hydrochloride is lipophilic pro-agent of Gemcitabine. Gemcitabine elaidate hydrochloride is converted to Gemcitabine by esterases in order to be phosphorylated. Gemcitabine elaidate hydrochloride exhibits anti-tumor activity.
    Gemcitabine elaidate hydrochloride
  • HY-N12717
    Casuarinin
    		Inducer 98.24%
    Casuarinin is an orally active antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, virucidal and gastroprotective agent. Casuarinin upregulates the expression of p21/WAF1, Fas/APO‑1, mFasL, sFasL and HSP‑70, arrests cell cycle, induces apoptosis and inhibits cancer cell proliferation. Casuarinin inhibits TNF‑α-induced phosphorylation of MAPK and activation of NF‑κB, downregulates the expression of iNOS, NF‑κB, COX‑2 and ICAM‑1, and reduces the production of proinflammatory mediators. Casuarinin attenuates ethanol-induced activation of caspase‑3 and elevation of TNF‑α, inhibits the growth of Candida albicans, and inhibits HSV‑2. Casuarinin can be used in research related to mammary adenocarcinoma, inflammatory skin diseases, gastric ulcers, candidiasis and herpes simplex virus infections.
    Casuarinin
  • HY-152236
    PRMT6-IN-3
    		Inducer 99.66%
    PRMT6-IN-3 (compound 25) is a selective PRMT6 inhibitor with an IC50 value of 192 nM. PRMT6-IN-3 can induce apoptosis in cancer cells and has anticancer activity.
    PRMT6-IN-3
  • HY-N0772
    Isomangiferin
    		Inducer 99.60%
    Isomangiferin is an orally active xanthone C-glucoside, and its chemical structure is similar to Mangiferin (HY-N0290). Isomangiferin is an effective VEGFR-2 kinase inhibitor, which can induces cell apoptosis, inhibit the growth, metastasis and angiogenesis of breast cancer. Isomangiferin exerts anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the HMGB1/NLRP3/NF-κB signaling pathway, thereby improving the renal function indicators of diabetic mice. Isomangiferin exhibits inhibitory effects on various bacteria and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). Isomangiferin promotes the migration and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and reduces cell apoptosis and the production of ROS by activating the AMPK/ACC pathway, thereby facilitating fracture healing.
    Isomangiferin
  • HY-N5073
    Vitexin-4''-O-glucoside
    		Inhibitor 99.86%
    Vitexin-4''-O-glucoside (4''-O-Glucosylvitexin) is an orally active natural flavonoid component with multiple pharmacological effects including antioxidation, anti-inflammation, cytoprotection and anti-apoptosis. Vitexin-4''-O-glucoside regulates the MAPK signaling pathway by downregulating the phosphorylation levels of JNK and p38, thereby blocking endoplasmic reticulum stress responses. Vitexin-4''-O-glucoside alleviates oxidative stress by reducing MDA content and upregulating the activities of SOD and CAT, attenuates inflammation by downregulating the expressions of inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6, and also reduces LDH release and inhibits caspase-3 activation. Vitexin-4''-O-glucoside effectively improves drug-induced acute liver injury and exerts significant protective effects against myocardial hypoxia/reoxygenation injury. Vitexin-4''-O-glucoside can be used in studies on acute liver injury, cardiovascular diseases and myocardial hypoxia-reoxygenation injury.
    Vitexin-4''-O-glucoside
  • HY-N0462R
    Corilagin (Standard)
    		Inducer
    Corilagin (Standard) is the analytical standard of Corilagin. This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Corilagin, a gallotannin, has anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activities. Corilagin inhibits activity of reverse transcriptase of RNA tumor viruses. Corilagin also inhibits the growth of Staphylococcus aureus with a MIC of 25 μg/mL. Corilagin shows anti-tumor activity on hepatocellular carcinoma and ovarian cancer model. Corilagin shows low toxicity to normal cells and tissues.
    Corilagin (Standard)
  • HY-N7654
    (-)-Epipodophyllotoxin
    		Inducer 99.95%
    (-)-Epipodophyllotoxin (2) is an antiproliferative agent against cancer cells isolated from American mayapple Podophyllum peltatum, with GI50s of 0.36 and 0.24 μM in HeLa cells and MCF-7 cells, respectively. (-)-Epipodophyllotoxin can inhibit mitotic spindle assembly in vitro.
    (-)-Epipodophyllotoxin
  • HY-121382
    Gypsogenin
    		Inducer 99.51%
    Gypsogenin is a selective mixed-type BChE inhibitor (Ki=19.99 μM) that also exhibits significant cytotoxicity against various human cancer cell lines. Gypsogenin inhibits tumor growth by inducing cell cycle arrest and triggering apoptosis. Gypsogenin displays antibacterial activity against bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus thuringiensis, and often serves as a key parent nucleus for the synthesis of anticancer compounds. Gypsogenin is widely used in research on Alzheimer's disease and various cancers including colon cancer, melanoma, and leukemia.
    Gypsogenin
  • HY-178432
    SHMT2-IN-1
    		Inducer
    SHMT2-IN-1 is a potent serine hydroxymethyltransferase 2 (SHMT2) inhibitor with an IC50 of 1.21 μM and a KD of 10.6 μM. SHMT2-IN-1 binds to the folate binding site of SHMT2. SHMT2-IN-1 also inhibits SHMT1 with an IC50 of 1.83 μM. SHMT2-IN-1 can inhibit cancer cells proliferation, migration and invasion. SHMT2-IN-1 can induce cells apoptosis and ROS production and cause G2/M phase arrest. SHMT2-IN-1 can be used for the research of cancer, such as esophageal cancer.
    SHMT2-IN-1
  • HY-16322A
    Minodronic acid hydrate
    		Inducer 99.67%
    Minodronic acid (YM-529) hydrate is an FPP synthase inhibitor with an IC50 of 3 nM, and also an antagonist of P2X2/3 receptors with an IC50 of 62.7 μM. Minodronic acid hydrate induces tumor cell apoptosis and inhibits cell growth. Minodronic acid hydrate also suppresses bone resorption. Minodronic acid hydrate can be used in research related to osteoporosis and cancer.
    Minodronic acid hydrate
  • HY-N3181
    Nodosin
    		Modulator 98.61%
    Nodosin is an orally active diterpenoid compound that can be isolated from Isodon serra. Nodosin can inhibit the proliferation and induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of tumor cells. Nodosin can also inhibit oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and ferroptosis. Nodosin has anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activities.
    Nodosin
  • HY-W750342
    Tryptophol-d4
    		Inducer 99.97%
    Tryptophol-d4 (Indole-3-ethanol-d4) is the deuterium labeled Tryptophol (HY-W010155). Tryptophol is an aromatic alcohol and secondary metabolite produced by microorganisms. Tryptophol induces apoptosis and cleavage of caspase-8. Tryptophol inhibits Cunninghamella blakesleeana biofilm. Tryptophol has anti-phage infection, biofilm formation regulation, anti-inflammatory, hemolytic, sleep induction, temperature change, seizure susceptibility and immune regulation activities. Tryptophol is used in the research of African trypanosomiasis, sleep disorders, epilepsy.
    Tryptophol-d<sub>4</sub>
Cat. No. Product Name / Synonyms Application Reactivity