Cat. No.: HY-113236

p-Synephrine

3 Cited Publications

Customer Review

Based on 3 publication(s) in Google Scholar

p-Synephrine is an orally active alkaloid dietary supplement without indirect sympathomimetic activity or cardiovascular stimulatory activity. p-Synephrine stimulates AMPK phosphorylation and mediates Glut4 translocation to increase glucose consumption and lactate production in skeletal muscle cells. p-Synephrine also downregulates the p38 MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways to inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokine production and alter oxidative metabolism. p-Synephrine exhibits low subchronic toxicity in mice. p-Synephrine can be applied to research related to systemic inflammatory response syndrome, obesity, and type 2 diabetes.

For research use only. We do not sell to patients.

Purity: 99.90%
CAS No.: 614-35-7
Formula: C₉H₁₃NO₂
Molecular Weight:167.21

Storage:

4°C, stored under nitrogen

* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (stored under nitrogen)

p-Synephrine Chemical Structure

CAS No.: 614-35-7

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Biological Activity
- Description
- IC₅₀ & Target
- In Vitro
- In Vivo
Chemical Information
Publications (3)
Solvent & Solubility
- In Vitro
- In Vivo
Purity & Documentation
References
Help & FAQs
Bioz

Biological Activity

Description

IC₅₀ & Target^[1]

GLUT4

All Adrenergic Receptor Isoforms :

All AMPK Isoforms :

All GLUT Isoforms :

All p38 MAPK Isoforms :

All NF-κB Isoforms :

In Vitro

p-Synephrine (10 μg/mL) exerts lipolytic activity equivalent to 60% of that of isoproterenol in rat white adipocytes, and this proportion is 10% in human adipocytes^[1].
p-Synephrine activates glucose transport in human adipocytes^[1].
p-Synephrine binds to neuromedin U2 receptors in the HEK293 cell line with high efficiency and high affinity^[1].
p-Synephrine increases the basal glucose consumption of L6 skeletal muscle cells by more than 50% in a dose-dependent manner via AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylation-mediated Glut4-dependent uptake, with no effect on cell viability^[1].
p-Synephrine reduces glucose production in H411E rat hepatocytes in a dose-dependent manner, and this effect is independent of α- and β-adrenergic receptor signaling pathways^[1].
p-Synephrine exerts anti-inflammatory effects in normal human fibroblasts and NIH/3 T3 mouse fibroblasts by inhibiting STAT6 phosphorylation to block IL-4-induced eotaxin-1 (eotaxin-1) expression^[1].
p-Synephrine inhibits inflammatory responses in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells by downregulating the p38 MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways via β-adrenergic receptors, thereby suppressing the production of proinflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide^[2].
p-Synephrine inhibits inflammatory responses in LPS-stimulated primary peritoneal macrophages by downregulating the p38 MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways via β-adrenergic receptors, thereby suppressing the production of proinflammatory cytokines^[2].
p-Synephrine (0-100 μM; 24 h) does not affect the viability of differentiated L6 skeletal muscle myotubes, nor does it induce cytotoxicity in them^[4].
p-Synephrine (25-200 μM; 2 h) increases basal glucose consumption in differentiated L6 skeletal muscle myotubes in a dose-dependent manner, with the maximal effect observed at a concentration of 50 μM; it also enhances insulin-stimulated glucose consumption^[4].
p-Synephrine (25-50 μM; 7 h) increases both basal and insulin-stimulated lactate production in differentiated L6 skeletal muscle myotubes to more than 1.3-fold of the original levels^[4].
p-Synephrine (50 μM; 10 min) does not stimulate Akt phosphorylation at the Ser⁴⁷³ site, nor does it alter insulin-induced Akt phosphorylation, in differentiated L6 skeletal muscle myotubes^[4].
p-Synephrine (50 μM; 2 h) induces AMPK phosphorylation in differentiated L6 skeletal muscle myotubes, with greater potency than 1 mM AICAR^[4].
p-Synephrine (50 μM; 2 h) induces Glut4 translocation to the plasma membrane and stimulates glucose consumption in differentiated L6 skeletal muscle myotubes. Both of these effects depend on AMPK activity but are independent of PI3 kinase activity^[4].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Cell Viability Assay^[4]

Cell Line:

differentiated L6 rat skeletal muscle myotubes
Concentration:

0-100 μM
Incubation Time:

24 h
Result:

Did not cause significant changes in LDH cytotoxicity compared to control.
Did not cause significant changes in cell viability compared to control.
Showed no abnormal microscopic features indicating cell damage.

Western Blot Analysis^[4]

Cell Line:

differentiated L6 rat skeletal muscle myotubes
Concentration:

50 μM; 50 μM combined with 10 nM insulin
Incubation Time:

10 min
Result:

Failed to stimulate Akt phosphorylation at Ser473.
Did not affect insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation at Ser473.

Western Blot Analysis^[4]

Cell Line:

differentiated L6 rat skeletal muscle myotubes
Concentration:

50 μM
Incubation Time:

2 h
Result:

Stimulated AMPK phosphorylation.
Induced a stronger degree of AMPK phosphorylation than 1 mM AICAR.

Western Blot Analysis^[4]

Cell Line:

differentiated L6 rat skeletal muscle myotubes
Concentration:

50 μM; 50 μM with 100 nM wortmannin pretreatment; 50 μM with 10 μM compound-C pretreatment
Incubation Time:

2 h (p-Synephrine treatment); 30 min (pretreatment)
Result:

Induced translocation of Glut4 from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane, comparable to insulin-induced translocation.
Suppressed Glut4 translocation when pretreated with compound-C but not wortmannin.
Significantly reduced p-Synephrine-stimulated glucose consumption when pretreated with compound-C (p < 0.01).
Did not affect p-Synephrine-stimulated glucose consumption when pretreated with wortmannin.

In Vivo

p-Synephrine suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice by reducing lung inflammation, oxidative stress, and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels while increasing anti-inflammatory cytokine levels^[1].
p-Synephrine exhibits antioxidant and tissue protective activities in normal mouse livers by modulating glutathione and antioxidant enzyme levels^[1].
p-Synephrine (30-300 mg/kg; p.o.; daily; 28 days) administered orally to healthy male CF1 mice for 28 days reduces body weight gain, alters oxidative stress biomarkers and shows low subchronic toxicity with no observed mortality or overt organ damage^[3].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Animal Model:

CF1 (male, 42.57 g)^[3]
Dosage:

30 mg/kg; 300 mg/kg
Administration:

p.o.; daily; 28 days
Result:

Reduced body weight gain compared to controls.
Reduced total plasma proteins to 54.0 g/l (control: 61.2 g/l) at 30 mg/kg dose.
Increased catalase (CAT) activity to 110.08 U/mL (control: 18.65 U/mL) at 30 mg/kg dose.
Inhibited glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity by 59.7% (30 mg/kg, 13.94 nmol NAD/min/mL; control: 23.35 nmol NAD/min/mL) and 64.1% (300 mg/kg, 14.98 nmol NAD/min/mL) relative to controls.
Increased reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration to 2.44 mM (30 mg/kg) and 2.30 mM (300 mg/kg; control: 1.08 mM).
Caused no changes in organ relative weights, most biochemical/hematological parameters, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, or superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity.
Caused no clinical signs of toxicity or mortality.

Chemical Information

CAS No. 614-35-7
Appearance Solid
Molecular Weight 167.21
Formula C₉H₁₃NO₂
Color White to off-white
SMILES

OC1=CC=C([C@@H](O)CNC)C=C1
Structure Classification
- Alkaloids
- Other Alkaloids
- Phenols
- Monophenols
Initial Source
- Endogenous metabolite
Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.
Storage

4°C, stored under nitrogen

* In solvent : -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (stored under nitrogen)

Publications (3)

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Nutrients

In Vitro Activation of Human Adrenergic Receptors and Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1 by Phenethylamine Analogues Present in Food Supplements. [Abstract]

2024 May 22;16(11):1567. PMID: 38892500
Eur J Pharmacol

Phenethylamines in pre-workout supplements alter arterial pressure, heart rate, and body temperature in rats. [Abstract]

2026 Jun 10:1026:178966. PMID: 42128191
Biol Pharm Bull

p-Synephrine Loaded by Injectable Gelma Hydrogel Ameliorates Cartilage Degeneration in Osteoarthritis by Inhibiting the MAPK and NF-κB Signaling Pathways. [Abstract]

2025;48(6):882-894. PMID: 40545361

Solvent & Solubility

In Vitro:

DMSO : 125 mg/mL (747.56 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

H₂O : 2 mg/mL (11.96 mM; Need ultrasonic)

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Preparing Stock Solutions

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Concentration Solvent Mass

1 mg

5 mg

10 mg

Concentration

Solvent

Mass

1 mM

5.9805 mL

29.9025 mL

59.8050 mL

5 mM

1.1961 mL

5.9805 mL

11.9610 mL

10 mM

0.5981 mL

2.9903 mL

5.9805 mL

Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.

Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month (stored under nitrogen). When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

Molarity Calculator

Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

Mass Mass

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Molecular Weight Molecular Weight

Dilution Calculator

Concentration _(start) × Volume _(start) = Concentration _(final) × Volume _(final)

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In Vivo:

Working Solution

For the following dissolution methods, please prepare the working solution directly:

It is recommended to prepare fresh solutions and use them promptly within a short period of time.

The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

Protocol 1

Add each solvent one by one: PBS

Solubility: 5 mg/mL (29.90 mM); Clear solution; Need ultrasonic and warming and heat to 60°C

Purity & Documentation

Select Batch:

Purity: 99.98%

Assay: 99.98%

ee.: 99.98%

Data Sheet (284 KB)
SDS (394 KB)
- English - EN (394 KB)
- Français - FR (394 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (394 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (394 KB)
- Español - ES (394 KB)
- Swedish - SV (394 KB)
- Italian - IT (394 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (394 KB)
COA (2659 KB)
Elemental Analysis Report (2659 KB)
HNMR (2659 KB)
CNMR (2659 KB)
RP-HPLC (2659 KB)
NP-HPLC (2659 KB)
MS (2659 KB)
LCMS (2659 KB)
IR (2659 KB)
GC (2659 KB)
OR (2659 KB)
SDS-PAGE (2659 KB)
SEC-HPLC (2659 KB)
Other Report (2659 KB)
Handling Instructions (2659 KB)

References

[1]. Stohs SJ, Shara M, Ray SD. p-Synephrine, ephedrine, p-octopamine and m-synephrine: Comparative mechanistic, physiological and pharmacological properties. Phytotherapy research : PTR. 2020 Aug;34(8):1838-1846. [Content Brief]

[2]. Ishida M, Takekuni C, Nishi K, et al.. -Synephrine suppresses inflammatory responses in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and alleviates systemic inflammatory response syndrome in mice. Food & function. 2022 May 10;13(9):5229-5239. [Content Brief]

[3]. Arbo MD, Schmitt GC, Limberger MF, et al.. Subchronic toxicity of Citrus aurantium L. (Rutaceae) extract and p-synephrine in mice. Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP. 2009 Jul;54(2):114-7. [Content Brief]

[4]. Hong NY, Cui ZG, Kang HK, et al.. p-Synephrine stimulates glucose consumption via AMPK in L6 skeletal muscle cells. Biochemical and biophysical research communications. 2012 Feb 24;418(4):720-4. [Content Brief]

Help & FAQs

How should lyophilized recombinant proteins be reconstituted and stored?

1. Before opening the cap, centrifuge the vial at 13000 rpm for 20-30 seconds. This step will ensure that any lyophilized powder that may have adhered to the cap or walls is collected at the bottom of the vial, minimizing the risk of product loss.

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Optional Solvent	Concentration Solvent Mass	1 mg	5 mg	10 mg	25 mg
H₂O / DMSO	1 mM	5.9805 mL	29.9025 mL	59.8050 mL	149.5126 mL
	5 mM	1.1961 mL	5.9805 mL	11.9610 mL	29.9025 mL
	10 mM	0.5981 mL	2.9903 mL	5.9805 mL	14.9513 mL
DMSO	15 mM	0.3987 mL	1.9935 mL	3.9870 mL	9.9675 mL
	20 mM	0.2990 mL	1.4951 mL	2.9903 mL	7.4756 mL
	25 mM	0.2392 mL	1.1961 mL	2.3922 mL	5.9805 mL
	30 mM	0.1994 mL	0.9968 mL	1.9935 mL	4.9838 mL
	40 mM	0.1495 mL	0.7476 mL	1.4951 mL	3.7378 mL
	50 mM	0.1196 mL	0.5981 mL	1.1961 mL	2.9903 mL
	60 mM	0.0997 mL	0.4984 mL	0.9968 mL	2.4919 mL
	80 mM	0.0748 mL	0.3738 mL	0.7476 mL	1.8689 mL
	100 mM	0.0598 mL	0.2990 mL	0.5981 mL	1.4951 mL

* Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution, then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.

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p-Synephrine

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