Visual System Disease

Medrysone (HMS; 6α-Methyl-11β-hydroxyprogesterone) is a STAT6 modulator and M2 macrophage polarization inducer. Medrysone enhances IL-4-triggered STAT6 activation, upregulates the expression of M2 markers, and promotes the secretion of VEGF and CCL2. Medrysone also enhances the pro-migratory activity of M2-like macrophages toward endothelial cells. By regulating macrophage polarization and related repair pathways, Medrysone significantly promotes corneal wound repair in a rat mechanical injury model. Medrysone can be used for research related to corneal injury.

TREM-1 inhibitory peptide GF9 (Human TREM-1 (213-221)) is a TREM-1 inhibitor. TREM-1 inhibitory peptide GF9 blocks the TREM-1 signaling pathway via a ligand-independent mechanism, spontaneously inserts into the cell membrane to dissociate TREM-1 from DAP-12, and functions through the Signaling Chain Homooligomerization (SCHOOL) model. TREM-1 inhibitory peptide GF9 reduces the levels of TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, and M-CSF. TREM-1 inhibitory peptide GF9 inhibits tumor growth, prolongs the survival of mice with pancreatic cancer models, ameliorates collagen-induced arthritis, and exerts protective effects on bone and cartilage simultaneously. TREM-1 inhibitory peptide GF9 can be used in research related to arthritis, pancreatic cancer, retinopathy, alcoholic liver disease, and liver cancer.

ANX-M1 is a blood-brain barrier-permeable anti-C1q antibody. ANX-M1 can slow down the progression of retinal degeneration following photo-oxidative damage. ANX-M1 has been incorporated into nanocarriers to evaluate its brain delivery efficacy in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. ANX-M1 is applicable for research on age-related macular degeneration and Alzheimer's disease ^[1].

Hyaluronic acid sodium (MW 200-1560) is a biopolymer composed of repeating disaccharide units, with a molecular weight of 200-1560. Hyaluronic acid sodium is a major component of the extracellular matrix (ECM). It is synthesized on the plasma membrane. Hyaluronic acid sodium exerts its effects by binding to receptors CD44 and RHAMM. Hyaluronic acid sodium activates PI3K-Akt signaling. Hyaluronic acid sodium also enhances cell invasion and angiogenesis by promoting or stimulating the binding of proteolytic MMP-9 to the cell surface. Elevated hyaluronic acid levels are associated with tumor cell growth, adhesion, migration, invasion, and angiogenesis in digestive system cancers. Hyaluronic acid sodium is involved in tissue remodeling and rapid cell proliferation in several physiological processes, including embryonic morphogenesis and wound healing. Hyaluronic acid sodium can be used as a regulator of cancer-associated lymphangiogenesis. Hyaluronic acid sodium can be used as a drug delivery carrier for sodium butyrate, enhancing its anti-proliferative activity against breast cancer cell lines. Hyaluronic acid sodium can lubricate the corneal endothelium. Hyaluronic acid sodium can improve tissue hydration and enhance the resistance of cells to mechanical damage. Hyaluronic acid sodium has been conjugated with antibodies to ensure that the active compound continues to exert its effects at the site of inflammation. Hyaluronic acid sodium can be used in research in the fields of osteoarthritis, ophthalmology, cosmetic dermatology, oncology, and liver diseases.

Veligrotug (AVE1642) is a selective, fully human IGF-1R antagonist antibody with a K_d value of 0.55 nM for hIGF-1R. Veligrotug blocks the phosphorylation of downstream AKT. Veligrotug is applicable to research related to thyroid eye disease.

CM398 is a highly selective, orally active Sigma-2 receptor ligand with a K_i value of 0.43 nM. CM398 ameliorates age-related macular degeneration. CM398 exerts analgesic effects on visceral pain, inflammatory pain and neuropathic pain. CM398 can be used in research related to age-related macular degeneration, neuropathic pain and inflammatory pain.

Org 274179-0 is a low-molecular-weight allosteric thyrotropin receptor (TSH Receptor) antagonist with equipotent follicle-stimulating hormone receptor antagonistic activity and selectivity for the luteinizing hormone receptor. Org 274179-0 binds to the transmembrane domain of the thyrotropin receptor, stabilizes the receptor's inactive state, and blocks agonist-induced and constitutive signaling through the adenylyl cyclase/cAMP and phospholipase C pathways. Org 274179-0 can be used for research on Graves' disease and Graves' ophthalmopathy.

Aminoguanidine (Pimagedine) hemisulfate is an inhibitor of diamine oxidase (DAO) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Aminoguanidine hemisulfate can reduce the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Aminoguanidine hemisulfate has a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on Doxorubicin (HY-15142)-induced cell apoptosis. Aminoguanidine hemisulfate has antioxidant properties. Aminoguanidine hemisulfate can be used in the research of diabetic nephropathy.

3,5-Dinitrocatechol (OR-486) is an orally active, blood-brain barrier-permeable selective catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor. 3,5-Dinitrocatechol can be used in research related to Parkinson's disease, pheochromocytoma and adult cataract.

Pirenoxine (Catalin K) is an antioxidant with lens-protective activity. Pirenoxine inhibits lens sclerosis, prevents lipid peroxidation and suppresses lens protein opacification. Pirenoxine blocks benzoquinone acetic acid-induced cataract progression. Pirenoxine can be used in research related to presbyopia and cataracts.

6-Hydroxyluteolin (Compound 17) is a flavonoid derivative and also an inhibitor of Aldose reductase, with an experimental -log IC₅₀ value of 6.690. 6-Hydroxyluteolin can be isolated from the leaves of multiple plant families, including Plantaginaceae, Globulariaceae and Labiatae. 6-Hydroxyluteolin serves as a phylogenetic marker for higher plants. 6-Hydroxyluteolin can be used in the research of diabetic cataract.

Rezuforimod (AGN-232411; AG-80308) is an ophthalmic solution targeting the formyl peptide receptor (FPR) pathway. Rezuforimod exerts anti-inflammatory effects by targeting the formyl peptide receptor pathway. Administered topically, Rezuforimod significantly reduces the corneal conjunctival staining score and improves ocular discomfort symptoms, with no serious adverse events reported and favorable overall safety profile. Rezuforimod shows remarkable potential to serve as a novel therapeutic option for dry eye disease.

Prednisolone hemisuccinate (Prednisolone 21-hemisuccinate) is a prodrug of Prednisolone (HY-17463) and a glucocorticoid. Prednisolone hemisuccinate converts to Prednisolone in vivo. Prednisolone hemisuccinate induces the inactivation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAP-DH) in vitro. Prednisolone hemisuccinate can be used in research related to cataracts.

Hyaluronic acid (sodium) (MW 5000) is a biopolymer composed of repeating disaccharide units with a molecular weight of 5000. Hyaluronic acid (sodium) (MW 5000) can be used for dry-eye syndrome research.

Rinucumab (REGN 2176) is an anti-PDGFR-β antibody. Rinucumab is used for research on neovascular age-related macular degeneration.

Pegsebrenatide (NLY01) is a blood-brain barrier-penetrant GLP-1R agonist. Pegsebrenatide alleviates retinal inflammation and neuronal death secondary to ocular hypertension. Pegsebrenatide significantly delays onset and reduces disease severity in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Pegsebrenatide inhibits the formation of A1 reactive astrocytes in nerve cells and reduces the loss of retinal ganglion cells and dopaminergic neurons. Pegsebrenatide exerts neuroprotective effects in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease by directly preventing microglia-mediated conversion of astrocytes to the A1 neurotoxic phenotype. Pegsebrenatide can be used for research on glaucoma, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis.

Carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme is an isoform of Carbonic anhydrase (HY-P1775). Carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes are a class of widely distributed metalloenzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration-dehydration reaction of the carbon dioxide-bicarbonate system, and also exhibit acetaldehyde hydration and ester hydrolysis activities. Carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme is associated with epithelial ion transport processes involving sodium, potassium, anions, and ammonia. Carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme can be used in research on cancer, glaucoma, obesity, and epilepsy.

Epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)-lysine (H-Glu (H-Lys-OH)-OH) is an isodipeptide formed during the proteolytic degradation of proteins containing Nε-(γ-glutamyl)-lysine cross-links. Epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)-lysine serves as a substrate for γ-glutamylamine cyclotransferase, which specifically cleaves it. Epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)-lysine is applicable to studies related to transglutaminase-mediated protein cross-linking and turnover, γ-glutamylamine cyclotransferase activity, glaucoma, and tissue scar formation.

Tivanisiran (SYL1001) is a small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting TRPV1 . Tivanisiran induces the degradation of TRPV1 mRNA, thereby inhibiting protein synthesis. Tivanisiran alleviates ocular discomfort and pain, and improves ocular hyperemia and tear quality. Tivanisiran is applicable to research related to dry eye disease.

Glyoxal (40% w/w in water) is an α-oxoaldehyde that inhibits Aldose Reductase, Glutathione Reductase, and NADPH synthase. Glyoxal (40% w/w in water) exhibits cytotoxicity, triggers oxidative stress, induces ROS accumulation, lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial membrane potential collapse, DNA damage, apoptosis, and massive production of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Glyoxal (40% w/w in water) depletes glutathione and activates MAPK phosphorylation. It has lower toxicity as a fixative than paraformaldehyde (PFA) and serves as a precursor for the synthesis of oxalates and dietary carcinogens. Glyoxal (40% w/w in water) is suitable for research related to calcium oxalate kidney stones, diabetes, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases, retinopathy, and cataracts.