Metabolic Disease

Glucagon (1-29), bovine, human, porcine hydrochloride is a peptide hormone, produced by pancreatic α-cells. Glucagon hydrochloride stimulates gluconeogenesis. Glucagon (1-29), bovine, human, porcine hydrochloride activates HNF4α and increases HNF4α phosphorylation.

Cytidine 5'-monophosphate (5'-Cytidylic acid) is a nucleotide which is used as a monomer in RNA. Cytidine 5'-monophosphate consists of the nucleobase cytosine, the pentose sugar ribose, and the phosphate group.

L-Glutamine-¹⁵N₂ is the ¹⁵N-labeled L-Glutamine (HY-N0390). L-Glutamine is an orally active nutritional agent and cellular metabolism regulator. L-Glutamine is taken up in a Na⁺-dependent manner and targets multiple key molecules including glutaminase, mTORC1, NF-κB, STAT-3 and HIF-1α. L-Glutamine enhances glutaminolytic catabolism, drives the conversion of glutamate to α-ketoglutarate, thereby regulating gene expression, integrating metabolic signals, mediating glutamine flux and maintaining redox homeostasis. L-Glutamine also promotes cell proliferation, osteogenic differentiation and fracture healing, exerts neuroprotective and cardioprotective effects, and inhibits osteoarthritis. L-Glutamine can be applied to research related to osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, ischemic stroke and acute cantharidin-induced cardiotoxicity.

SHU 9119 is a potent human melanocortin 3 and 4 receptors (MC3/4R) antagonist and a partial MC5R agonist; with IC₅₀ values of 0.23, 0.06, and 0.09 nM for human MC3R, MC4R and MC5R, respectively.

Zinc sulphate is an orally active inhibitor of tyrosinase and glutathione reductase. Zinc sulphate enhances the activity of dopachrome tautomerase. Zinc sulphate delays anagen-related eumelanin production, induces hair hypopigmentation in mice, and accelerates wound healing. Zinc sulphate can be used in research related to benign gastric ulcers. Zinc sulphate can be used in research related to rheumatoid arthritis.

Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) is a widely used organic phosphorus flame retardant, mainly used as a plasticizer. Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate has orally active hepatotoxicity, inducing an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and calcium ions (Ca²⁺) influx, a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential (△Ψm), and causing DNA damage and cell apoptosis. Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate directly binds to FXR, inducing obesity and the formation of fatty liver in mice. Chloroethyl) phosphate activates the TLR4/NF-κB pathway, triggering liver inflammation.

VIT-2763, an oral ferroportin inhibitor, inhibits hepcidin binding to ferroportin and blocks iron efflux. VIT-2763 has the potential in the treatment of β-thalassemia.

Enalapril maleate (MK-421 maleate) is an orally active angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. Enalapril maleate blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, regulates the renin-angiotensin system, reduces preload and afterload, and decreases plasma angiotensin II levels. Enalapril maleate inhibits apoptosis, reduces nitric oxide metabolite levels, stabilizes endothelial cells, enhances endothelial antioxidant defense, scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS), and alleviates neuronal damage. Enalapril maleate attenuates glutathione depletion, protein/lipid oxidation, tissue damage, and type III collagen immunolabeling in organs of diabetic rats. Enalapril maleate reduces systolic blood pressure and urinary albumin excretion, and delays the progression of diabetic cardiac/renal injury. Enalapril maleate is used in research related to asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction, congestive heart failure, Alzheimer's disease, diabetes mellitus, acute myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, hypertension, cerebral ischemia, chronic heart failure, and single-ventricle physiology.

Pentagastrin (ICI-50123) is a potent, selective Cholecystokinin B (CCK_B) receptor agonist with an EC₅₀ value of 11 nM. Pentagastrin enhances gastric mucosal defense mechanisms against acid and protects the gastric mucosa from experimental injury.

Clenbuterol (NAB-365) hydrochloride, a selective β2-adrenergic agonist, enhances skeletal muscle strength and hypertrophy. Clenbuterol hydrochloride induces growth factor mRNA, activates astrocytes, and protects rat brain tissue against ischemic damage.

GLP-1R Antagonist 1 (compound 5d) is an orally active, CNS penetrant and non-competitive antagonist of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R), with an IC₅₀ of 650 nM.

Darifenacin (UK-88525) is a selective and orally active M3 muscarinic receptor (M3R) antagonist with a pKi of 8.9. Darifenacin binds >20-fold more specifically to M3R than to other muscarinic receptors. Darifenacin can be used in the study of urinary incontinence and other symptoms of overactive bladder. Darifenacin inhibits tumor growth in colorectal cancer cells and has anti-tumor effects.

Malabaricone C is an orally active and noncompetitive sphingomyelin synthase (SMS) inhibitor with IC₅₀ values of 3 μM and 1.5 μM for SMS 1 and SMS 2, respectively. Malabaricone C reduces body weight gain, improves glucose tolerance, and decreases lipid accumulation in the liver, showing significant prevention of high fat diet-induced fatty liver in mice. Malabaricone C has anti-inflammatory effects, which is found in the fruits of Myristica cinnamomea King. Malabaricone C is promising for research of obesity and immunological disorders caused due to hyper-activation of T-cells.

Adenosylcobalamin (Coenzyme B12;Cobamamide;AdoCbl) is an active form of Vitamin B₁₂ which is a cofactor for methylmalonyl CoA mutase

BI-6015 is a hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) antagonist that can inhibit the expression of known HNF4α target genes. BI6015 represses insulin promoter activity through HNF4α antagonism. BI-6015 can be used for the research of cancer and diabetes.

Petrelintide (ZP8396) is a dual amylin and calcitonin receptor agonist (DACRA) Petrelintide elicits a selective reduction in high-fat diet intake in diet-induced obese (DIO) rats, which is accompanied by a loss of fat mass and preservation of lean mass during weight reduction. Petrelintide can be utilized in diabetes research.

Amitriptyline is an orally active tricyclic antidepressant (TCA). Amitriptyline mainly exerts its antidepressant effect by blocking SERT (K_i = 3.45 nM) and NET (K_i = 13.3 nM), thereby increasing the concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) in the synaptic cleft. Amitriptyline is also an agonist at α2A and TrkA/TrkB receptors, thereby exerting analgesic and neurotrophic activities (inhibiting cell apoptosis). Amitriptyline can reduce inflammation, angiogenesis and fibrosis. Amitriptyline binds to DAT (with K_i = 2.58 μM). Amitriptyline has high affinity for a series of receptors and can antagonize muscarinic cholinergic receptors (M1/M2/M3/M4/M5 receptors) (K_i = 11-24 nM), H1 receptors (K_i = 0.5-1.1 nM), adrenergic α1 receptors (K_i = 4.4 nM), etc., resulting in a series of side effects. Amitriptyline can block sodium channels and hERG potassium channel (IC₅₀ = 4.78 μM) and it has cardiotoxicity.

N-Propargylglycine is a brain-penetrant and orally active PRODH inhibitor. N-Propargylglycine covalently modifies enzyme-bound FAD and active site lysine, causing enzyme structural distortion, protein decay, and irreversible inhibition of proline and 4-hydroxyproline catabolism. N-Propargylglycine induces UPRmt, upregulates mitochondrial chaperones and YME1L1, enhances mitochondrial proteostasis, blocks astrocytic L-proline consumption, and abolishes L-proline’s ATP-maintaining and viability-protective effects. N-Propargylglycine stimulates neural processes, increases brain proline, hydroxyproline, and sarcosine levels, partially normalizes Huntington’s disease whole brain transcriptomes. N-Propargylglycine reduces hyperoxaluria, prevents calcium oxalate stone formation, reduces kidney tubular damage, and restores weight and survival in Grhpr knockout mice. N-Propargylglycine can be used for the research of breast cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, Huntington’s disease, and primary hyperoxaluria type 2.

Esterase, pig liver (CESs), namely carboxylate hydrolases, are widely distributed in nature, commonly found in mammalian liver, and often used in biochemical research. Esterase catalyzes the hydrolysis of a variety of endogenous and exogenous substrates, including esters, thioesters, carbamates, and amides, hydrolyzing carboxylic acid esters to the corresponding alcohols and carboxylic acids.

p-Cresyl sulfate potassium is a uremic toxin that binds to a prototype protein. p-Cresyl sulfate potassium activates the JNK and p38 MAPK signaling pathways. p-Cresyl sulfate potassium has pro-inflammatory activity.