D2 Receptor
Dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) provides negative-feedback control of dopamine neuron firing, dopamine synthesis, reuptake, and release, making it a core regulator of dopaminergic transmission[1]. Mechanistically, D2R signaling connects Gi activation, β-arrestin recruitment, receptor trafficking, and striatal A2A-D2R-AC5 complexes that integrate adenosine and dopamine signals in striatopallidal neurons[2][3][4]. In disease models, altered D2R signaling appears in schizophrenia-related assays, DYT1 dystonia, Huntington’s disease models, Parkinson’s disease research, and substance-use-disorder biology[1][2][5][6][7]. Compared with related isoforms, D2R-short, but not D2R-long, couples to the RhoA/ROCK/cofilin pathway and contributes to striatal vulnerability to expanded huntingtin[6]. This isoform distinction is experimentally important because D2R-short also supports dopamine- and TGFβ1-mediated growth inhibition in pituitary lactotropes[8]. For research applications, D2R agonists such as quinpirole, bromocriptine, ropinirole-related ligands, and radiolabeled MCL-536 help define receptor activity, D2high states, and disease-linked signaling responses[7][9][10]. D2R antagonists including haloperidol and clozapine show concentration-dependent dopamine antagonism, while haloperidol displays stronger β-arrestin-2 inhibition than Gi antagonism under specific assay conditions[2].
References:
- [1]. Chen R, et al. Dopamine D2 autoreceptor interactome: Targeting the receptor complex as a strategy for treatment of substance use disorder. Pharmacol Ther. 2020 Sep;213:107583. [Content Brief]
- [2]. Silva RR, et al. Evaluation of Functional Selectivity of Haloperidol, Clozapine, and LASSBio-579, an Experimental Compound With Antipsychotic-Like Actions in Rodents, at G Protein and Arrestin Signaling Downstream of the Dopamine D2 Receptor. Front Pharmacol. 2019 Jun 4;10:628. [Content Brief]
- [3]. Tirotta E, et al. Signaling by dopamine regulates D2 receptors trafficking at the membrane. Cell Cycle. 2008 Jul 15;7(14):2241-8. [Content Brief]
- [4]. Ferré S, et al. Essential Control of the Function of the Striatopallidal Neuron by Pre-coupled Complexes of Adenosine A2A -Dopamine D2 Receptor Heterotetramers and Adenylyl Cyclase. Front Pharmacol. 2018 Apr 9;9:243. [Content Brief]
- [5]. Scarduzio M, et al. Strength of cholinergic tone dictates the polarity of dopamine D2 receptor modulation of striatal cholinergic interneuron excitability in DYT1 dystonia. Exp Neurol. 2017 Sep;295:162-175. [Content Brief]
- [6]. Galan-Rodriguez B, et al. Coupling of D2R Short but not D2R Long receptor isoform to the Rho/ROCK signaling pathway renders striatal neurons vulnerable to mutant huntingtin. Eur J Neurosci. 2017 Jan;45(1):198-206. [Content Brief]
- [7]. Subburaju S, et al. The High Affinity Dopamine D2 Receptor Agonist MCL-536: A New Tool for Studying Dopaminergic Contribution to Neurological Disorders. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2021 Apr 21;12(8):1428-1437. [Content Brief]
- [8]. Sarkar DK, et al. Dopamine, dopamine D2 receptor short isoform, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1, and TGF-beta type II receptor interact to inhibit the growth of pituitary lactotropes. Endocrinology. 2005 Oct;146(10):4179-88. [Content Brief]
- [9]. Subburaju S, et al. New Dopamine D2 Receptor Agonist, [3H]MCL-536, for Detecting Dopamine D2high Receptors in Vivo. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2018 Jun 20;9(6):1283-1289. [Content Brief]
- [10]. Mickevicius NJ. Locally Linearized Approximation of RF Pulse Propagators for Faster Simulation of Magnetization Dynamics With Slice Profile Effects in 2D MR Fingerprinting. Magn Reson Med. 2026 Jun 8. doi: 10.1002/mrm.70462. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 42260330. et al. Locally Linearized Approximation of RF Pulse Propagators for Faster Simulation of Magnetization Dynamics With Slice Profile Effects in 2D MR Fingerprinting. Magn Reson Med. 2026 Jun 8. [Content Brief]
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D2 Receptor Related Products (296)
Related Products (296)
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Didesmethyl cariprazine
0 ImagesDidesmethyl cariprazine is an orally active, BBB-permeable metabolite of Cariprazine (HY-14763). Didesmethyl cariprazine is a partial agonist at the D2 and D3 receptors, full agonist at the 5-HT1A receptor, and antagonist at the human 5-HT2B receptor (Ki: 1.41 nM (human D2L), 0.056 nM (human D3), 1.7 nM (human 5-HT1A), 0.52 nM (human 5-HT2B)). Didesmethyl cariprazine dose-dependently inhibits the spontaneous activity of rat midbrain dopaminergic neurons.
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Sonepiprazole
0 ImagesSynonyms: PNU-101387G; U-101387GSonepiprazole (PNU-101387G) is a selective D4 dopamine antagonist with Kis of 3.6, 10.1, 5147, and 7430 nM for rD4-Dopamine, hD4.2-Dopamine, rD2-Dopamine, and Histamine-H1 receptors, respectively.
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Clozapine hydrochloride
0 ImagesSynonyms: HF 1854 hydrochlorideClozapine hydrochloride (HF 1854 hydrochloride) is an antipsychotic used for the research of schizophrenia. Clozapine hydrochloride has high affinity for a number of neuroreceptors. Clozapine hydrochloride is a potent antagonist of dopamine D2 with a Ki of 75 nM. Clozapine hydrochloride inhibits the muscarinic M1 receptor and serotonin 5HT2A receptor with Kis of 9.5 nM and 4 nM, respectively. Clozapine hydrochloride is also a potent and selective agonist at the muscarinic M4 receptor (EC50=11 nM).
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PD 168568 dihydrochloride
0 ImagesPD 168568 dihydrochloride is a orally active and potent dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) antagonist. PD 168568 dihydrochloride contains an isoindolinone and is selective for the D4 receptor versus D2 and D3, with Ki values of 8.8, 1842, and 2682 nM, respectively. PD 168568 dihydrochloride can be used for glioblastoma (GBM) research.
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L 741742
0 ImagesL 741742 is a highly selective and brain-penetrant D4 dopamine receptor antagonist, with Ki values of 3.5 nM, 770 nM and >1700 nM for human D4, D3 and D2 receptors, respectively. L 741742 suppresses PDGFRβ, ERK1/2, and mTOR signaling pathways, and impairs autophagic flux while disrupting lysosomal function.L 741742 induces G0/G1 cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis, promotes neuronal differentiation of normal human neural stem cells, selectively inhibits growth and clonogenic potential of glioblastoma neural stem cells and primary glioblastoma tumor cells, exerts synergistic effects with Temozolomide (TMZ) (HY-17364) against glioblastoma neural stem cells in vitro, and inhibits glioblastoma neural stem cell xenograft growth in immunocompromised mice. L 741742 can be used for the research of schizophrenia and glioblastoma.
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Bromopride
0 ImagesBromopride is a selective, irreversible, competitive, and orally effective dopamine D2 receptor antagonist. Bromopride can pass through the blood-brain barrier, inhibit the vomiting center, and enhance gastrointestinal motility, exerting antiemetic and gastrointestinal motility effects. Bromopride antagonizes dopamine-mediated vomiting reflexes and promotes gastrointestinal smooth muscle contraction, and has no adverse effects on abdominal wall healing in rats with postoperative abdominal infection. Bromopride can be used for the study of digestive system diseases (such as gastric hypomotility, nausea and vomiting).
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PAOPA
0 ImagesPAOPA, an analog of L-proline-l-leucine-glycine amide (PLG) peptide, is an allosteric modulator of Dopamine D2 Receptor. PAOPA can effectively reduce behavioral abnormalities in rodent models of schizophrenia. PAOPA increases the high affinity dopamine D2 receptor and promotes its binding to agonists.
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Aramisulpride
0 ImagesSynonyms: (R)-Amisulpride; (R)-Esamisulpride; (R)-DAN 2163Aramisulpride (R-(+)-Amisulpride) is the R-isomer of Amisulpride (HY-14545). Aramisulpride is a 5-HT7 receptor antagonist with a Ki value of 22 nM. Aramisulpride is a D2/D3 receptor antagonist with a Ki value of 140 nM for D2R and a Ki value of 13.9 nM for D3R. Aramisulpride can be used in psychiatric research.
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Aripiprazole monohydrate
0 ImagesSynonyms: OPC-14597 monohydrateAripiprazole (OPC-14597) monohydrate, an atypical antipsychotic, is a potent and high-affinity dopamine D2 receptor partial agonist. Aripiprazole monohydrate is an inverse agonist at 5-HT2B and 5-HT2A receptors and displays partial agonist actions at 5-HT1A, 5-HT2C, D3, and D4 receptors. Aripiprazole monohydrate can be used for the research of schizophrenia and COVID19.
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Adoprazine
0 ImagesSynonyms: SLV313Adoprazine (SLV313) is a full 5-HT1A receptor agonist with a pEC50 of 9 at cloned h5-HT1A receptors. Adoprazine (SLV313) is a full D2 and D3 receptor antagonist with pA2s of 9.3 and 8.9 at hD2 and hD3 receptors, respectively. Adoprazine (SLV313) has the characteristics of atypical antipsychotics.
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Ro 41-1049 hydrochloride
0 ImagesRo 41-1049 hydrochloride is a highly selective, reversible MAO-A inhibitor. Ro 41-1049 hydrochloride effectively blocks the Quinpirole (HY-B1752)-induced increase in dopamine D2-like receptor density in the nucleus accumbens and alters the pattern of behavioral sensitization, shifting animals' responses from enhanced motor activity to immobile self-directed gaping behavior. Tritium-labeled Ro 41-1049 hydrochloride serves as a high-affinity radioligand, enabling accurate mapping of the distribution and abundance of MAO-A in the central nervous system, peripheral organs, and human brain via quantitative enzyme autoradiography. Ro 41-1049 hydrochloride can be used for basic research on depression and other related diseases.
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Perospirone hydrochloride
0 ImagesSynonyms: SM-9018Perospirone hydrochloride (SM-9018) is an orally active antagonist of 5-HT2A receptor (Ki of 0.6 nM) and dopamine D2 receptor (Ki of 1.4 nM). Perospirone hydrochloride is also a partial agonist of 5-HT1A receptor (Ki of 2.9 nM). Perospirone hydrochloride is an atypical antipsychotic agent and has the potential for schizophrenic disease research.
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Pramipexole-d5 dihydrochloride
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-17355S1CAS No.: 1217601-58-5Pramipexole-d5 dihydrochloride is deuterium labeled Pramipexole dihydrochloride. Pramipexole dihydrochloride is a selective and blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetrant dopamine D2-type receptor agonist, with Kis of 2.2 nM, 3.9 nM, 0.5 nM and 1.3 nM for D2-type receptor, D2, D3 and D4 receptors, respectively. Pramipexole dihydrochloride can be used for the research of Parkinson's disease (PD) and restless legs syndrome (RLS).
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Carmoxirole hydrochloride
0 ImagesSynonyms: EMD 45609 hydrochlorideCarmoxirole hydrochloride (EMD 45609 hydrochloride) is a selective, peripherally acting dopamine D2 receptor agonist and exhibits antihypertensive activities in vivo.
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A-77636 hydrochloride
0 ImagesA-77636 hydrochloride is a potent, orally active, selective and long acting dopamine D1 receptor agonist (pKi=7.40; Ki=39.8 nM) with antiparkinsonian activity. A-77636 hydrochloride is functionally inactive at dopamine D2 receptor.
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Esamisulpride
0 ImagesSynonyms: (S)-Amisulpride; (S)-Aramisulpride; (S)-DAN 2163Esamisulpride ((S)-Amisulpride) is the S-isomer of Amisulpride (HY-14545). Esamisulpride is a potent dopamine D2/D3 receptor antagonist with Ki values of 4.43 nM for D2R and 0.72 nM for D3R. Esamisulpride is a 5-HT7 receptor antagonist with a Ki of 900 nM. Esamisulpride can be used in the research of schizophrenia and depression.
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SKF 83959 hydrobromide
0 ImagesSKF83959 hydrobromide is a potent and selective dopamine D1-like receptor partial agonist. SKF83959 hydrobromide Ki values for rat D1, D5, D2 and D3 receptors are 1.18, 7.56, 920 and 399 nM, respectively. SKF83959 hydrobromide is a potent allosteric modulator of sigma (σ)-1 receptor. SKF83959 hydrobromide belongs to benzazepine family and has improvements on cognitive dysfunction. SKF83959 hydrobromide can be used for the research of Alzheimer's disease and depression.
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Moperone
0 ImagesSynonyms: Methylperidol; R 1658Moperone (R 1658) is an antagonist for D2 dopamine receptor and D3 dopamine receptor, with IC50 of 1.0 nM and 1.0 nM.
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Pardoprunox hydrochloride
0 ImagesSynonyms: SLV-308 hydrochloride; DU-126891 hydrochloridePardoprunox (SLV-308) hydrochloride is a partial dopamine D2 and D3 receptor partial agonist and a serotonin 5-HT1A receptor agonist, with pEC50s of 8, 9.2, and 6.3, respectively.
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Ecopipam hydrobromide
0 ImagesSynonyms: SCH 39166 hydrobromideEcopipam (SCH 39166) hydrobromide is a potent, selective and orally active antagonist of dopamine D1/D5 receptor, with Kis of 1.2 nM and 2.0 nM, respectively. Ecopipam hydrobromide shows more than 40-flod selectivity over D2, D4, 5-HT, and α2a receptor (Ki=0.98, 5.52, 0.08, and 0.73 μM, respectively). Ecopipam hydrobromide can be used for the research of schizophrenia and obesity.
