Cat. No.: HY-17411

Limonin

(Synonyms: Limonoic acid 3,19:16,17 dilactone)

13 Cited Publications

Customer Review

Based on 13 publication(s) in Google Scholar

Limonin inhibits HIV-1 with an EC₅₀ of 60.0 μM. Limonin induces human colon adenocarcinoma cells apoptosis with an IC₅₀ of 54.74 μM. Limonin has antiviral and antitumor activities.

For research use only. We do not sell to patients.

Purity: 99.38%
CAS No.: 1180-71-8
Formula: C₂₆H₃₀O₈
Molecular Weight:470.51

Storage:

Powder -20°C, 3 years , 4°C, 2 years ; In solvent -80°C, 2 years , -20°C, 1 year

Limonin Chemical Structure

CAS No.: 1180-71-8

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Top Publications Citing

Use of MCE Products

Fluorescent Dye

Strong Fluorescence Signal / Multi-Disciplinary Applications / High Fluorescence Specificity

Biological Activity
- Description
- IC₅₀ & Target
- Cellular Effect
- In Vitro
Chemical Information
Publications (13)
Solvent & Solubility
- In Vitro
- In Vivo
Purity & Documentation
References
Help & FAQs
Bioz

Biological Activity

Description

IC₅₀ & Target

HIV-1

All HIV Isoforms :

All Endogenous Metabolite Isoforms :

All Cytochrome P450 Isoforms :

Cellular Effect

Cell Line	Type	Value	Description	References
H9	IC₅₀	2.11 ng/mL Compound: Limonin	Inhibition of HIV1 3B reverse transcriptase activity infected in human H9 cells assessed as level of p24 antigen Inhibition of HIV1 3B reverse transcriptase activity infected in human H9 cells assessed as level of p24 antigen	[PMID: 21334901]
MCF7	IC₅₀	4.3 μM Compound: 11; LMN	Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells incubated for 48 hrs by [3H]-thymidine incorporation assay Antiproliferative activity against human MCF7 cells incubated for 48 hrs by [3H]-thymidine incorporation assay	[PMID: 33289552]
MDA-MB-435	IC₅₀	26 μM Compound: 11; LMN	Antiproliferative activity against human MDA-MB-435 cells incubated for 48 hrs by [3H]-thymidine incorporation assay Antiproliferative activity against human MDA-MB-435 cells incubated for 48 hrs by [3H]-thymidine incorporation assay	[PMID: 33289552]
MOLT-3	CC₅₀	201.56 μg/mL Compound: Limonin	Cytotoxicity against human MOLT3 cells after 24 hrs by MTS assay Cytotoxicity against human MOLT3 cells after 24 hrs by MTS assay	[PMID: 21334901]
MT2	IC₅₀	0.31 ng/mL Compound: Limonin	Inhibition of Human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type 1 reverse transcriptase activity infected in human MT2 cells assessed as level of p19 antigen Inhibition of Human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type 1 reverse transcriptase activity infected in human MT2 cells assessed as level of p19 antigen	[PMID: 21334901]
Neutrophil	IC₅₀	38.2 μM Compound: 14	Immunomodulatory activity in polymorphoneutrophils assessed as inhibition of luminol-induced oxidative burst by chemiluminescence assay Immunomodulatory activity in polymorphoneutrophils assessed as inhibition of luminol-induced oxidative burst by chemiluminescence assay	[PMID: 18950230]
PBMC	CC₅₀	451.91 μg/mL Compound: Limonin	Cytotoxicity against PHA-stimutated human PBMC after 24 hrs by MTS assay Cytotoxicity against PHA-stimutated human PBMC after 24 hrs by MTS assay	[PMID: 21334901]

In Vitro

Limonin (100 μM) exhibits cytotoxic effect and inhibits SW480 cells proliferation ^[2].
Limonin (40 μM) inhibits HIV-1 protease in PBMC of HIV-1 infected patients^[4].

MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.

Cell Viability Assay^[2]

Cell Line:

SW480 cells
Concentration:

25, 50, 75, 100 μM
Incubation Time:

4, 6 days
Result:

Inhibited cell proliferation by 89% at 4 days with 100 μM.
Inhibited cell proliferation by 75% at 6 days with 100 μM.

Chemical Information

CAS No. 1180-71-8
Appearance Solid
Molecular Weight 470.51
Formula C₂₆H₃₀O₈
Color White to off-white
SMILES

O=C1[C@@H]2[C@@]3(O2)[C@](CC[C@@]([C@@]4([C@@](CC(OC4)=O)([H])OC5(C)C)[C@@]5([H])CC6=O)([H])[C@]36C)(C)[C@H](C7=COC=C7)O1
Synonyms

Limonoic acid 3,19:16,17 dilactone
Structure Classification
- Terpenoids
- Triterpenes
Initial Source
- Endogenous metabolite
Shipping

Room temperature in continental US; may vary elsewhere.

Storage

Powder	-20°C	3 years
	4°C	2 years
In solvent	-80°C	2 years
	-20°C	1 year

Publications (13)

All WBCell Proliferation/Viability AssayIFELISAIn Vivo Efficacy StudyHistological Imaging/Staining

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Journal Impact Factor

Br J Pharmacol

Limonin stabilises sirtuin 6 (SIRT6) by activating ubiquitin specific peptidase 10 (USP10) in cardiac hypertrophy. [Abstract]

2022 Sep;179(18):4516-4533. PMID: 35727596
Biomed Pharmacother

Water extract of sporoderm-broken spores of Ganoderma lucidum enhanced pd-l1 antibody efficiency through downregulation and relieved complications of pd-l1 monoclonal antibody. [Abstract]

2020 Nov;131:110541. PMID: 33152901
PLoS Biol

A high-throughput behavioral screening platform for measuring chemotaxis by C. elegans. [Abstract]

2024 Jun 27;22(6):e3002672. PMID: 38935621
Food Funct

Dietary limonin alleviates Salmonella Typhimurium-induced colitis via dual targeting virulence SopB and SopE2 and inhibiting RAC1/CDC42/Arp2/3 pathway and regulating gut microbiota. [Abstract]

2025 Feb 3;16(3):1041-1059. PMID: 39820212
Int Immunopharmacol

Limonin, a novel AMPK activator, protects against LPS-induced acute lung injury. [Abstract]

2023 Sep:122:110678. PMID: 37481848
Front Cell Dev Biol

Licarin-B Exhibits Activity Against the Toxoplasma gondii RH Strain by Damaging Mitochondria and Activating Autophagy. [Abstract]

2021 Jun 11:9:684393. PMID: 34179016
J Pharm Pharmacol

Limonin delays the progression of intervertebral disc degeneration in vivo and in vitro: the key role of the MAPK/NF-κB and necroptosis pathways. [Abstract]

2023 Apr 17;75(5):612-624. PMID: 36856818
Vet Microbiol

The Chinese medicine monomer Schisandrin C inhibits PRRSV infection by regulating the OGT-PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. [Abstract]

2026 May:316:110992. PMID: 41865607
Vet Microbiol

Identification and evaluation of Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) as an active traditional Chinese medicine compound inhibiting the 3C-like protease of feline infectious peritonitis virus. [Abstract]

2025 Sep 15:310:110730. PMID: 40976146
Immun Inflamm Dis

Limonin ameliorates indomethacin-induced intestinal damage and ulcers through Nrf2/ARE pathway. [Abstract]

2023 Feb;11(2):e787. PMID: 36840501

Limonin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Immun Inflamm Dis. 2023 Feb;11(2):e787. [Abstract]

Limonin (40 mg/kg; p.o.; single daily for 4 days) significantly increases the expression of ZO-1, Occludin, and claudin-1 in small intestinal tissues of rats.

Limonin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Immun Inflamm Dis. 2023 Feb;11(2):e787. [Abstract]

CCK8 was used to detect cell activity after treatment with different concentrations of Limonin (25, 50, 100 μM).

Limonin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Immun Inflamm Dis. 2023 Feb;11(2):e787. [Abstract]

Apoptosis was detected by TUNEL assay treated with Limonin.

Limonin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Immun Inflamm Dis. 2023 Feb;11(2):e787. [Abstract]

The levels of serum inflammatory factors were detected by ELISA treated with Limonin.

Limonin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Immun Inflamm Dis. 2023 Feb;11(2):e787. [Abstract]

Photograph of the small intestine of rats treated with Limonin (40 mg/kg, p.o.).

Limonin purchased from MedChemExpress. Usage Cited in: Immun Inflamm Dis. 2023 Feb;11(2):e787. [Abstract]

Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to detect the pathological damage of small intestinal tissues treated with Limonin (10, 40 mg/kg, p.o.).
PLoS One

Limonin induces ferroptosis in cervical squamous cell carcinoma by activating the expression of soluble epoxide hydrolase 2 protein. [Abstract]

2026 Mar 16;21(3):e0343495. PMID: 41838669
Theriogenology

Enhancing porcine oocyte quality and embryo development through natural antioxidants. [Abstract]

2025 Jan 15:232:96-108. PMID: 39536623
bioRxiv

An efficient behavioral screening platform classifies natural products and other chemical cues according to their chemosensory valence in C. elegans. [Abstract]

2024 Apr 3:2023.06.02.542933. PMID: 37333363

Solvent & Solubility

In Vitro:

DMSO : 41.67 mg/mL (88.56 mM; ultrasonic and warming and heat to 60°C; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Preparing Stock Solutions

View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Concentration Solvent Mass

1 mg

5 mg

10 mg

Concentration

Solvent

Mass

1 mM

2.1254 mL

10.6268 mL

21.2535 mL

5 mM

0.4251 mL

2.1254 mL

4.2507 mL

10 mM

0.2125 mL

1.0627 mL

2.1254 mL

Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.

Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 2 years; -20°C, 1 year. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 2 years. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 year.

Molarity Calculator

Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)

Mass Mass

Concentration Concentration

Volume Volume

Molecular Weight Molecular Weight

Dilution Calculator

Concentration _(start) × Volume _(start) = Concentration _(final) × Volume _(final)

Concentration _(start) Concentration _(start)

Volume _(start) Volume _(start)

Concentration _(final) Concentration _(final)

Volume _(final) Volume _(final)

In Vivo:

Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.

Stock Solution Working Solution

For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for In Vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.

Protocol 1

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline)

Solubility: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (4.42 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (saturation unknown).

Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (20.8 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly.

Protocol 2

Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% Corn Oil

Solubility: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (4.42 mM); Clear solution

This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (saturation unknown). If the continuous dosing period exceeds half a month, please choose this protocol carefully.

Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (20.8 mg/mL) to 900 μL Corn oil, and mix evenly.

In Vivo Dissolution Calculator

Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:

Dosage Dosage
mg/kg
Animal Weight (Per Animal) Animal Weight (Per Animal)
g
Dosing Volume (Per Animal) Dosing Volume (Per Animal)
μL
Number of Animals Number of Animals

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.

Recommended: Prepare an additional quantity of animals to account for potential losses during experiments.

Please enter your animal formula composition:

%
DMSO +

Recommended: Keep the proportion of DMSO in working solution below 2% if your animal is weak.
%
+
+
%
Tween-80 + +
%
Saline +

The co-solvents required include: DMSO, . All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE). , Tween 80. All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE).

Working solution concentration: 0.22 mg/mL

Purity & Documentation

Select Batch:

Purity: 99.98%

Assay: 99.98%

ee.: 99.98%

Data Sheet (287 KB)
SDS (393 KB)
- English - EN (393 KB)
- Français - FR (393 KB)
- Deutsch - DE (393 KB)
- Norwegian - NO (393 KB)
- Español - ES (393 KB)
- Swedish - SV (393 KB)
- Italian - IT (393 KB)
- Portuguese - PT (393 KB)
COA (2659 KB)
Elemental Analysis Report (2659 KB)
HNMR (2659 KB)
CNMR (2659 KB)
RP-HPLC (2659 KB)
NP-HPLC (2659 KB)
MS (2659 KB)
LCMS (2659 KB)
IR (2659 KB)
GC (2659 KB)
OR (2659 KB)
SDS-PAGE (2659 KB)
SEC-HPLC (2659 KB)
Other Report (2659 KB)
Handling Instructions (2659 KB)

References

[1]. Han YL, Yu HL, Li D, et al. Inhibitory effects of limonin on six human cytochrome P450 enzymes and P-glycoprotein in vitro. Toxicol In Vitro. 2011 Dec;25(8):1828-33. [Content Brief]

[2]. Kotamballi N. Chidambara Murthy, Jayaprakasha, Vinod Kumar, et al. Citrus Limonin and Its Glucoside Inhibit Colon Adenocarcinoma Cell Proliferation through Apoptosis. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2011, 59 (6):2314-2323.

[3]. Mahmoud Zaki El-Readi, Dalia Hamdana, Nawal Farrag, et al. Inhibition of P-glycoprotein activity by limonin and other secondary metabolites from Citrus species in human colon and leukaemia cell lines. European Journal of Pharmacology. 2010,626 (2-3): 139-145.

[4]. Battinelli L, Mengoni F, Lichtner M, et al. Effect of limonin and nomilin on HIV-1 replication on infected human mononuclear cells. Planta Med. 2003 Oct;69(10):910-3. [Content Brief]

[5]. Tanaka T, Kohno H, Tsukio Y, et al. Citrus limonoids obacunone and limonin inhibit azoxymethane-induced colon carcinogenesis in rats. Biofactors. 2000;13(1-4):213-8. [Content Brief]

Help & FAQs

How should lyophilized recombinant proteins be reconstituted and stored?

1. Before opening the cap, centrifuge the vial at 13000 rpm for 20-30 seconds. This step will ensure that any lyophilized powder that may have adhered to the cap or walls is collected at the bottom of the vial, minimizing the risk of product loss.

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 2 years; -20°C, 1 year. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 2 years. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 year.

Optional Solvent	Concentration Solvent Mass	1 mg	5 mg	10 mg	25 mg
DMSO	1 mM	2.1254 mL	10.6268 mL	21.2535 mL	53.1338 mL
	5 mM	0.4251 mL	2.1254 mL	4.2507 mL	10.6268 mL
	10 mM	0.2125 mL	1.0627 mL	2.1254 mL	5.3134 mL
	15 mM	0.1417 mL	0.7085 mL	1.4169 mL	3.5423 mL
	20 mM	0.1063 mL	0.5313 mL	1.0627 mL	2.6567 mL
	25 mM	0.0850 mL	0.4251 mL	0.8501 mL	2.1254 mL
	30 mM	0.0708 mL	0.3542 mL	0.7085 mL	1.7711 mL
	40 mM	0.0531 mL	0.2657 mL	0.5313 mL	1.3283 mL
	50 mM	0.0425 mL	0.2125 mL	0.4251 mL	1.0627 mL
	60 mM	0.0354 mL	0.1771 mL	0.3542 mL	0.8856 mL
	80 mM	0.0266 mL	0.1328 mL	0.2657 mL	0.6642 mL

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Limonin

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Publications Citing Use of MedChemExpress (MCE) Limonin

All HIV Isoforms

All Endogenous Metabolite Isoforms

All Cytochrome P450 Isoforms

Biological Activity

Chemical Information

Publications (13)

Solvent & Solubility

Purity & Documentation

References

Help & FAQs

Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table

Limonin Related Classifications

Cat. No.: HY-17411