Nucleosides & Nucleotides

Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) trisodium salt hydrate is a critical nucleotide and regulator of cellular metabolism. Guanosine triphosphate trisodium salt hydrate promotes ribosomal DNA localization, pre-rRNA transcription and ribosome biogenesis by binding to RNA polymerase I and GPN proteins (GPN1/3). Guanosine triphosphate trisodium salt hydrate links MYC-dependent ribosome biogenesis to nucleotide sufficiency, acts as a metabolic gatekeeper supporting protein synthesis, DNA/RNA synthesis and cellular signal transduction, while also participating in the physiological activities of pancreatic β-cells and serving as an oxidative substrate for reactive oxygen species. In small cell lung cancer with high MYC expression, Guanosine triphosphate trisodium salt hydrate accumulates through the IMPDH-driven synthetic pathway, thereby affecting apoptosis and mitotic processes. Guanosine triphosphate trisodium salt hydrate is used in the research of small cell lung cancer, hepatoblastoma and cellular metabolism.

2'-Deoxyuridine 5'-monophosphate (dUMP) disodium is a deoxynucleotide that is reductively methylated to dTMP (2'-deoxythymidine 5'-monophosphate) by bisubstrate enzyme thymidylate synthase (TS). dTMP is a nucleotide required for DNA synthesis.

Inosine-5'-triphosphate trisodium salt is a nucleotide analogue that acts on multiple G proteins and is widely used in G protein-related research. It can bind to the α -subunit of G proteins and participate in G protein-mediated signal transduction as a substitute for GTP. Its mechanism of action is to interact with the nucleotide-binding site of the G protein α -subunit, affecting the activity and function of G proteins. In the research field, it is mainly used to explore the role of the G protein signaling pathway in cellular physiological and pathological processes. For example, in HL-60 leukemia cells, its impact on G protein-mediated signal transduction can be studied.

Cytidine-5'-triphosphate (Cytidine triphosphate; 5'-CTP) disodium is a nucleoside triphosphate, that is invovled in biosynthesis of DNA, RNA and lipid. Cytidine triphosphate synthase can catalyze the formation of cytidine 5′-triphosphate from uridine 5′-triphosphate (UTP). Cytidine 5′-triphosphate disodium is an essential biomolecule in the de novo pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway in T. gondii.

Diadenosine pentaphosphate (Ap5A; P1,P5-Di(adenosine-5'-)pentaphosphate) pentasodium is an endogenous generated diadenosine polyphosphate, possessing the dual identities of intracellular alarm signal and extracellular signaling molecule. Diadenosine pentaphosphate regulates calcium signaling in the nervous, cardiac and peripheral sensory systems by activating P2X1/P2X3/P2Y receptor and RyR2 channels (EC₅₀ = 140 μM). Diadenosine pentaphosphate can be used in studies related to intracellular calcium release channels, cardiovascular diseases and nociception (pain).

N-6-Methyl-2-deoxyadenosine (m6dA) is an adenine nucleoside analogue. N-6-Methyl-2-deoxyadenosine targets nuclear processes and DNA replication machineries including WER, SATB1, TFAM, Jumu, SSBP1, DNA polymerase η and phage polymerase Gp90 exo⁻. N-6-Methyl-2-deoxyadenosine acts as a multifunctional epigenetic regulator that modulates transcription, DNA damage response, cell cycle, transposon silencing, stress adaptation, epigenetic crosstalk, and nucleosome organization in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. N-6-Methyl-2-deoxyadenosine regulates mitochondrial epigenetic inheritance and is required for fear extinction memory in mice. N-6-Methyl-2-deoxyadenosine exhibits dysregulated levels in cancers. N-6-Methyl-2-deoxyadenosine can be used for the research of glioblastoma, triple negative breast cancer, and conditioned fear (fear extinction impairment).

2'-O-Methyladenosine, a methylated adenine residue is found in urine of normals as well as in urine of adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficient patients. 2'-O-Methyladenosine exhibits unique hypotensive activities .

2'-Deoxyguanosine 5'-monophosphate (5′-dGMP) disodium is a mononucleotide having guanine as the nucleobase. 2'-Deoxyguanosine 5'-monophosphate disodium is a reactant involved in analysis of self-assembling in solution and nucleation/growth of G-qudruplexes, nucleophilic trapping and reductive alkylation. 2'-Deoxyguanosine 5'-monophosphate disodium can be used as an oxidizable target. 2'-Deoxyguanosine 5'-monophosphate disodium is a nucleic acid guanosine triphosphate (GTP) derivative and is a nucleotide precursor used in DNA synthesis.

Thymidine-5'-monophosphate (TMP) disodium salt is a key nucleotide in pyrimidine metabolism, and its kinase activity can be competitively inhibited by 5'-fluorothymidine. The level of Thymidine-5'-monophosphate disodium salt is closely associated with acute kidney injury.

2'-O-Methylcytidine is an orally active 2'-substituted nucleoside as a inhibitor of HCV replication with antiviral activity. 2'-O-Methylcytidine inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (NS5B)-catalyzed RNA synthesis in vitro, in a manner that is competitive with substrate nucleoside triphosphate.

5-Methyluridine (m⁵U) is an RNA modified nucleotide generated by RNA methyltransferases (such as TrmA and RumA), which mainly targets specific uracil sites in RNA molecules such as the T arm of tRNA and rRNA. 5-Methyluridine relies on enzyme recognition of RNA secondary/tertiary structures (such as the T loop of tRNA or the specific stem-loop structure of rRNA) and participates in physiological processes such as translation accuracy and ribosome function by stabilizing RNA folding or regulating base pairing.

2'-O-Methylguanosine is a modified nucleoside produced in tRNAs by the action of tRNA guanosine-2’-O-methyltransferase. 2'-O-Methylguanosine results in apoptotic changes of cells.

Uridine 5'-monophosphate (5'-Uridylic acid) disodium salt is an orally active mitochondrial ATP-dependent potassium channel activator that has a protective effect on the heart. Uridine 5'-monophosphate disodium salt can promote the synthesis of CDP-choline and induce apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells, which is beneficial for gut development and reduces diarrhea.

Cytidine 5'-diphosphate trisodium salt (CDP) is produced by the transfer of phosphoryl group from ATP to cytidine monophosphate (CMP) catalyzed by uridine monophosphate kinase (UMPK). Cytidine 5′-diphosphate can be used to produce Cytidine triphosphate (CTP) for synthesis of DNA and RNA.

2’-O-Methyluridine is a modified nucleoside that can be found in T. thermophile tRNA. 2’-O-Methyluridine level in serum is decreased in patients with breast cancer.

ddGTP (2′,3′-Dideoxyguanosine 5′-triphosphate) trisodium (100 mM in water) is one of 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphates (ddNTPs) that acts as chain-elongating inhibitor of DNA polymerase for DNA sequencing. ddGTP trisodium acts as an inhibitor or a substrate for DNA polymerase α.

Azvudine (RO-0622) is a potent nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI), with antiviral activity on HIV, HBV and HCV. Azvudine exerts highly potent inhibition on HIV-1 (EC₅₀s ranging from 0.03 to 6.92 nM) and HIV-2 (EC₅₀s ranging from 0.018 to 0.025 nM). Azvudine inhibits NRTI-resistant viral strains. Azvudine is a click chemistry reagent, it contains an Azide group and can undergo copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction (CuAAc) with molecules containing Alkyne groups. It can also undergo strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloaddition (SPAAC) reactions with molecules containing DBCO or BCN groups.

2'-Deoxyinosine is the major product of 2'-deoxyadenosine in the absence of deoxycoformycin. 2'-Deoxyinosine is found to be associated with purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) deficiency.

Deoxyguanosine triphosphate (dGTP) trisodium solution (100 mM) is a nucleotide precursor in cells for DNA synthesis. Deoxyguanosine triphosphate trisodium is used in reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for DNA amplification.

Pseudouridine 5'-triphosphate (Pseudo-UTP) trisodium solution (100 mM) is a modified ribonucleoside triphosphate and uracil base-modified UTP derivative. Pseudouridine 5'-triphosphate trisodium solution (100 mM) enhances translational properties and stability of mRNA, reduces innate immune responses in mammalian cells, and inhibits signal-dependent transcription termination of vaccinia virus early gene transcription while supporting transcription elongation. Pseudouridine 5'-triphosphate trisodium solution (100 mM) can be used for the research of vaccinia virus infection.