Epilepsy

Aminophylline (Standard) is the analytical standard of Aminophylline (HY-B0140). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Aminophylline is a competitive phosphodiesterase 3/4 (PDE3/4) inhibitor. Aminophylline also acts as an adenosine receptor antagonist. Aminophylline elevates intracellular cAMP levels via competitive inhibition of PDE3 and PDE4, antagonizes adenosine A1 receptor (ADORA1), regulates intracellular calcium signaling and synaptic vesicle cycling, upregulates the PPAR signaling pathway, and downregulates glutamatergic synaptic pathways simultaneously. Aminophylline can be used in research related to major depressive disorder, epilepsy, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Anticonvulsant agent 12 is a naphthalene-containing azole compound with anticonvulsant activity. Anticonvulsant agent 12 can be used in the research of central nervous system diseases including anxiety, depression, convulsion, epilepsy, migraine, bipolar disorder, substance abuse, smoking, ADHD, obesity, sleep disorders, stroke, neuropathic pain, cognitive impairment, neurodegenerative diseases and muscle spasms.

Dioxadrol is an uncompetitive NMDA receptor (PCP binding site) antagonist, with a K_i value of 10.9 nM in pigs. Dioxadrol binds to the phencyclidine (PCP) binding site within the cation channel associated with the NMDA receptor, thereby blocking cation influx. Dioxadrol possesses local anesthetic, spasmolytic and central nervous system activities, including phencyclidine-like dissociative anesthetic properties. Dioxadrol can be used in the research of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, HIV-associated dementia, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, neuropathic pain, ischemic stroke, central nervous system trauma, and epilepsy.

HARV-019 is a derivative of plant cannabinoids and belongs to sodium/potassium ion channel regulators or cannabinoid 1 receptor (b) regulators. HARV-019 can be used for the study of neurological diseases such as neuropathic pain and epilepsy.

CPP-115 hydrochloride is an orally active, selective GABA-AT inhibitor with a K_i value of 9.7 μM. CPP-115 hydrochloride blocks GABA degradation and increases GABA levels in the brain. CPP-115 hydrochloride does not bind to GABA transporters, does not displace GABA from GABA_A/GABA_B receptors, and does not act as an agonist/antagonist of GABA_C receptors. CPP-115 hydrochloride reduces cocaine-induced dopamine release, blocks cocaine-induced conditioned place preference, and suppresses seizure activity in a rat model of infantile spasms. CPP-115 hydrochloride can be used in research related to infantile spasms and epilepsy.

Pirlindole hydrochloride is an orally active, selective and reversible MAO-A inhibitor with an IC₅₀ value of 250 nM. Pirlindole hydrochloride inhibits genomic replication of Enterovirus species B and D, and exhibits moderate activity against enterovirus species A. Pirlindole hydrochloride inhibits MAO-A-mediated monoamine metabolism, promotes adult hippocampal neurogenesis, rescues stress-induced dendritic atrophy of hippocampal granule neurons, reverses behavioral effects associated with chronic mild stress, and also possesses anticonvulsant, analgesic, local anesthetic, hypotensive, antiplatelet aggregation and antispasmodic activities. Pirlindole hydrochloride shows no detectable mutagenic, clastogenic or carcinogenic properties. Pirlindole hydrochloride can be used in research related to depression and enterovirus infections.

PKF 242-484 (TNF484) is an orally active dual inhibitor of TACE/MMPs, with K_i values of 3.6, 0.1, 0.9, 1, and 4.5 nM against hMMP-1, hMMP-2, hMMP-3, hMMP-9, and hMMP-13, respectively. PKF 242-484 inhibits the enzymatic activities of MMPs and ADAM17, reduces the release of TNF-α, suppresses the proliferation, migration and invasion of cancer cells, and regulates inflammatory cell infiltration and cytokine production. PKF 242-484 can be used in studies related to airway inflammatory diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury, epilepsy-induced neuronal damage, and hepatocellular carcinoma.

Pirlindole lactate is an orally active, selective and reversible MAO-A inhibitor with an IC₅₀ value of 250 nM. Pirlindole lactate inhibits genomic replication of Enterovirus species B and D, and exhibits moderate activity against enterovirus species A. Pirlindole lactate inhibits MAO-A-mediated monoamine metabolism, promotes adult hippocampal neurogenesis, rescues stress-induced dendritic atrophy of hippocampal granule neurons, reverses behavioral effects associated with chronic mild stress, and also possesses anticonvulsant, analgesic, local anesthetic, hypotensive, antiplatelet aggregation and antispasmodic activities. Pirlindole lactate shows no detectable mutagenic, clastogenic or carcinogenic properties. Pirlindole lactate can be used in research related to depression and enterovirus infections.

5-Deoxykievitone, an isoflavanone found in Phaseolus species, is a GABA receptor modulator. 5-Deoxykievitone potentiates GABA-induced chloride current through α₁β₂γ_2s GABA_A receptors. 5-Deoxykievitone can be used for the research of epilepsy and anxiety.

Mayumbine (19-Epiajmalicine) is a natural alkaloid.

L-Aspartic acid-¹³C-2 is the ¹³C-labeled L-Aspartic acid (HY-N0666). L-Aspartic acid is a NMDA receptor agonist and acidic amino acid. L-Aspartic acid has no independent analgesic activity. L-Aspartic acid can antagonize the analgesic effects of D-Aspartic acid and Morphine. L-Aspartic acid regulates polymorph transformation, crystal growth/aggregation and nucleation processes of calcium carbonate, and can serve as a biomineralization template. L-Aspartic acid promotes burst firing of central neurons. L-Aspartic acid can be used in studies related to cerebral ischemia and epilepsy.

Quinidine hydrochloride monohydrate (Standard) is the analytical standard of Quinidine hydrochloride monohydrate (HY-B1302). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Quinidine hydrochloride monohydrate is an orally active antiarrhythmic agent. Quinidine hydrochloride monohydrate reduces the expression level of P-gp, inhibits P-gp-mediated efflux, increases the intracellular accumulation of P-gp substrates, induces PARP cleavage and Caspase-3 activation, and elevates the proportion of Apoptotic cells at the sub-G1 phase. Quinidine hydrochloride monohydrate exerts sustained block and open-channel block effects on I_K(f). Quinidine hydrochloride monohydrate alters the urinary metabolic ratio of Amphetamine, modulates the Pentylenetetrazol-induced seizure threshold, and regulates the anticonvulsant effect of Dextromethorphan. Quinidine hydrochloride monohydrate can be used in studies related to uterine sarcoma and seizures.

Losmapimod (GSK-AHAB; GW856553X) (Standard) is the analytical standard of Losmapimod (HY-10402). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Losmapimod (GSK-AHAB; GW856553X) is an orally active p38α/β MAPK inhibitor, with pK_i values of 8.1 and 7.6 for p38α and p38β, respectively. Losmapimod reduces DUX4 expression, thus exerting efficacy in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. By inhibiting MAPK/NF-κB, Losmapimod reduces apoptosis of epileptiform hippocampal neurons, and exhibits anti-allodynia and anti-hyperalgesic activities. Losmapimod blocks the entry and fusion of Lassa fever virus (LASV). Losmapimod overcomes tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Losmapimod inhibits myocardial senescence and inflammation, and possesses cardioprotective activity against cardiotoxicity.

Pirlindole (Standard) is the analytical standard of Pirlindole (HY-100679). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Pirlindole is an orally active, selective and reversible MAO-A inhibitor with an IC₅₀ value of 250 nM. Pirlindole inhibits genomic replication of Enterovirus species B and D, and exhibits moderate activity against enterovirus species A. Pirlindole inhibits MAO-A-mediated monoamine metabolism, promotes adult hippocampal neurogenesis, rescues stress-induced dendritic atrophy of hippocampal granule neurons, reverses behavioral effects associated with chronic mild stress, and also possesses anticonvulsant, analgesic, local anesthetic, hypotensive, antiplatelet aggregation and antispasmodic activities. Pirlindole shows no detectable mutagenic, clastogenic or carcinogenic properties. Pirlindole can be used in research related to depression and enterovirus infections.

Sclareol glycol (Standard) is the analytical standard of Sclareol glycol (HY-N7007). This product is intended for research and analytical applications. Sclareol glycol is a blood-brain barrier-permeable, reversible adenylate cyclase (AC) activator. Sclareol glycol induces dose-dependent changes in body temperature, regulates convulsive seizures and spontaneous activity. Sclareol glycol interacts with GABAergic transmission, thereby affecting dopamine-related behaviors. Sclareol glycol can be used in studies related to convulsive seizures, aggressive responses, thermoregulation, etc.

Carvacryl acetate is an orally active and brain-penetrant TRPA1 receptor activator and Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activator. Carvacryl acetate modulates GABAergic signaling, alters hippocampal GABA and glutamine levels, reduces lipid peroxidation and nitrite formation, scavenges hydroxyl radicals, and boosts glutathione and antioxidant enzyme activity. Carvacryl acetate inhibits Haemonchus contortus larval hatching, development, adult motility, and fecal egg counts, and induces adult worm structural damage. Carvacryl acetate can be used for the research of intestinal mucositis, gastrointestinal nematode infection, epilepsy, and neurodegenerative diseases.

Harmalan is a tryptamine binding site stimulant and an imidazoline binding site ligand. Harmalan can be isolated from the leaves of Flindersia laevicarpa. Harmalan elevates 5-HT (HY-B1473A) levels and reduces 5-HIAA levels in the cerebral cortex. Harmalan increases spontaneous motor activity, induces clonic convulsions, produces anxiogenic effects, and elicits head weaving, hindlimb abduction, trunk curvature, piloerection, resting tremor, ataxia, forelimb abduction with increased muscle tone, and occasional alternating forepaw treading behaviors.

Triethylcholine iodide is a choline acetyltransferase inhibitor and a regulator of the acetylcholine synthesis pathway. Triethylcholine iodide inhibits acetylcholine synthesis in brain tissues and blocks neuromuscular and autonomic ganglionic transmission. Triethylcholine iodide exerts weak curare-like effects at extremely high concentrations. Triethylcholine iodide elevates the pentylenetetrazol seizure threshold, alters electroencephalogram patterns in Felis catus, but does not affect the maximal electroshock seizure threshold in Oryctolagus cuniculus. Triethylcholine iodide can be used in seizure-related research.

Quinidine sulfate dihydrate is an orally active antiarrhythmic agent. Quinidine sulfate dihydrate reduces the expression level of P-gp, inhibits P-gp-mediated efflux, increases the intracellular accumulation of P-gp substrates, induces PARP cleavage and Caspase-3 activation, and elevates the proportion of Apoptotic cells at the sub-G1 phase. Quinidine sulfate dihydrate exerts sustained block and open-channel block effects on I_K(f). Quinidine sulfate dihydrate alters the urinary metabolic ratio of Amphetamine, modulates the Pentylenetetrazol-induced seizure threshold, and regulates the anticonvulsant effect of Dextromethorphan. Quinidine sulfate dihydrate can be used in studies related to uterine sarcoma and seizures.

Ricinine-d₃ is the d₃-labeled Ricinine (HY-121944). Ricinine is a central nervous system stimulant found in Ricinus communis. Ricinine binds near the benzodiazepine site of the GABA_A receptor, reducing benzodiazepine binding affinity through an allosteric effect, and shows no interaction with AMPA, 5-HT_1A, muscarinic receptors, or α₁ adrenergic receptors. Ricinine improves memory consolidation in mice at low doses, while at high doses it induces seizures, an effect that is selectively inhibited by diazepam. Ricinine shortens the lifespan of Anopheles mosquitoes through sugar feeding and promotes the development of Plasmodium falciparum in mosquitoes. Ricinine is used in research related to epilepsy, amnesia, and malaria.