Phenols

Cytosporone B (Csn-B; Dothiorelone G) is a naturally occurring nuclear orphan receptor Nur77/NR4A1 agonist with an EC₅₀ of 0.278 nM.

Taxifolin ((+)-Dihydroquercetin) exhibits important anti-tyrosinase activity. Taxifolin exhibits significant inhibitory activity against collagenase with an IC₅₀ value of 193.3 μM. Taxifolin is an important natural compound with antifibrotic activity. Taxifolin is a free radical scavenger with antioxidant capacity.

Salvianolic acid A could protect the blood brain barrier through matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9) inhibition and anti-inflammation.

L-Thyroxine (Levothyroxine; T4) is a synthetic hormone for the research of hypothyroidism. DIO enzymes convert biologically active thyroid hormone (Triiodothyronine,T3) from L-Thyroxine (T4).

Calycosin is a compound that can be isolated from Radix Astragali. Calycosin has strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and apoptosis-modulating effects. Calycosin can be used for the research of ovarian cancer and breast cancer.

Wogonin is a naturally occurring mono-flavonoid, can inhibit the activity of CDK8 and Wnt, and exhibits anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects.

Protocatechuic acid is a phenolic compound which exhibits neuroprotective effect.

5Z-7-Oxozeaenol is a natural anti-protozoan compound from fungal origin, acting as a potent irreversible and selective inhibitor of TAK1 and VEGF-R2, with IC₅₀s of 8 nM and 52 nM, respectively.

Phloretin (NSC 407292; RJC 02792) is a flavonoid extracted from Malus pumila Mill.，has anti-inflammatory activities. Phloridzin is a specific，competitive and orally active inhibitor of sodium/glucose cotransporters in the intestine (SGLT1) and kidney (SGLT2). Phloretin inhibits Yeast-made GLUT1 as well as Human erythrocyte GLUT1 with IC₅₀values of 49 μM and 61 μM，respectively.Phloretin has the potential for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and allergic airway inflammation.

5-Hydroxytryptophan, a tryptophan metabolite, is a direct 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) precursor and an L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase substrate. .

4-Methylumbelliferone is a hyaluronic acid biosynthesis inhibitor with antitumoral and antimetastatic effects.

Nordihydroguaiaretic acid is a 5-lipoxygenase (5LOX) (IC₅₀=8 μM) and tyrosine kinase inhibitor.

Daidzin is an isoflavone with antioxidant, anticancer, and antiatherosclerotic activities. Daidzin is a potent and selective inhibitor of mitochondrial ALDH-2. Daidzin reduces ethanol consumption.

Punicalagin is a polyphenol ingredient isolated from Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) or the leaves of Terminalia catappa L.. Punicalagin is a reversible and non-competitive 3CL^pro inhibitor and inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication in vitro. Punicalagin is an anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) agent and has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects. Punicalagin has the potential for the research of COVID-19.

Tannic acid is a novel hERG channel blocker with IC₅₀ of 3.4 μM.

Polydatin (Piceid), extracted from the roots of Reynoutria japonica, a widely used traditional Chinese remedies, possesses anti-inflammatory activity in several experimental models. Polydatin (Piceid) inhibits G6PD and induces oxidative and ER stresses.

Silybin is a flavonolignan isolated from milk thistle (Silybum marianum) seeds. Silybin induces apoptosis and exhibits hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer activity.

Gastrodin, a main constituent of a Chinese herbal medicine Tianma, has been known to display anti-inflammatory effects. Gastrodin inhibits ethanol-induced hepatocellular apoptosis. Gastrodin inhibits H₂O₂-induced ferroptosis through its antioxidative effect. Gastrodin can be used for study of dizziness, epilepsy, stroke and dementia.

Rottlerin, a natural product purified from Mallotus Philippinensis, is a specific PKC inhibitor, with IC₅₀ values for PKCδ of 3-6 μM, PKCα,β,γ of 30-42 μM, PKCε,η,ζ of 80-100 μM. Rottlerin acts as a direct mitochondrial uncoupler, and stimulates autophagy by targeting a signaling cascade upstream of mTORC1. Rottlerin induces apoptosis via caspase 3 activation. Rottlerin inhibits HIV-1 integration and Rabies virus (RABV) infection.

Apocynin is a selective NADPH-oxidase inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 10 μM. Apocynin improves acute lung inflammation in Carrageenan (HY-125474)-induced pleurisy mice model. Apocynin can also be used for cancer research. Apocynin reverses the aging process in mesenchymal stem cells to promote osteogenesis and increases bone mass.