Cytochrome P450 Inhibitor

Co(III) protoporphyrin IX chloride (Protoporphyrin IX cobaltic chloride) is an inducer of HO-1. Co(III) protoporphyrin IX chloride has activities such as anti-inflammation and antibacterial properties. Co(III) protoporphyrin IX chloride can also be used in the research of ischemia-reperfusion injury models.

ADDA 5 hydrochloride is a partial non-competitive inhibitor of cytochrome c oxidase (CcO), with IC₅₀s of 18.93 μM and 31.82 μM for purified CcO from human glioma and bovine heart, respectively.

K777 is a potent, orally active and irreversible cysteine protease inhibitor. K777 is also a potent CYP3A4 inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 60 nM. K777 irreversibly inhibits Cruzain, the major cysteine protease of Trypansoma cruzi, and cathepsins B and L. K777 is a broad-spectrum antiviral by targeting cathepsin-mediated cell entry. K777 inhibits SARS-CoV and EBOV pseudovirus entry with IC₅₀ values of 0.68 nM and 0.87 nM, respectively.

Dafadine-A is a selective inhibitor of DAF-9 cytochrome P450 in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Dafadine-A inhibits the mammalian ortholog of DAF-9 (CYP27A1). Dafadine-A does not inhibits DAF-12 and sterol- and oxysterol-metabolizing P450s.

Opevesostat (MK-5684; ODM-208) is an orally active and selective CYP11A1 inhibitor. Opevesostat has the potential for the research of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC).

Curcumenol ((+)-Curcumenol) is a natural compound with oral efficacy, exhibiting an IC₅₀ of 12.6 μM and a K_i of 10.8 μM against human CYP3A4. Curcumenol inhibits TNFα-induced phosphorylation/degradation of IκBα, phosphorylation/nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65, as well as the upregulation of MMP3, MMP9, MMP13, TRAF3, IL1RL1, TNFα and IL-1β. Curcumenol suppresses LPS-induced phosphorylation of Akt and p38 MAPK, as well as the production of pro-inflammatory mediators/proteins, and downregulates the SLC7A11/NF-κB/TGF-β pathway. Curcumenol binds to and inhibits the activation of Fyn and Lyn, blocks the function of downstream FcεRI signaling components, and reduces the release of allergic mediators/cytokines. Curcumenol upregulates the expression of KDM6B, and promotes chondrocyte proliferation and cartilage repair. Curcumenol induces ferroptosis and apoptosis, regulates the EMT process, and inhibits tumor growth and metastasis of triple-negative breast cancer. Curcumenol possesses anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, antioxidant, antitumor, antiviral and hepatoprotective activities. Curcumenol can be used in research related to intervertebral disc degeneration, cancer, inflammation, central nervous system neurodegenerative diseases, allergic reactions and knee osteoarthritis.

Tebuconazole is an orally active agricultural azole fungicide which can also inhibit CYP51 with IC₅₀s of 0.9 and 1.3 μM for Candida albicans CYP51 (CaCYP51) and truncated Homo sapiens CYP51 (Δ60HsCYP51), respectively. Tebuconazole induces lipid accumulation and oxidative stress in HepG2 Cells. Tebuconazole decreases MAC-T cells viability and proliferation, induces ER-stress-mediated apoptosis and increases oxidative stress levels in MAC-T cells.

Bergaptol is an inhibitor of debenzylation of the CYP3A4 enzyme with an IC₅₀ of 24.92 μM. Recent studies have shown that it has anti-proliferative and anti-cancer properties.

Endoxifen is a key active metabolite of tamoxifen (TAM) with higher affinity and specificity to estrogen receptor that also inhibits aromatase activity. Endoxifen has the potential for breast cancer study.

Olivetol is a naturally phenol found in lichens and produced by certain insects, acting as a competitive inhibitor of the cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2. Olivetol also inhibits CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 activity, with IC₅₀s of 15.3 μM, 7.21 μM and K_is of 2.71 μM, 2.87 μM, respectively.

AS1810722 is an orally active and potent STAT6 inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 1.9 nM. AS1810722 shows a good profile of CYP3A4 inhibition. AS1810722, a derivative of fused bicyclic pyrimidine, has the potential for allergic diseases such as asthma and atopic diseases research.

Schisandrol B (Gomisin-A) is a major active constituent of Schisandra chinensis with hepato-protective effects. Schisandrol B inhibits reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Schisandrol B inhibits the activity of P-glycoprotein and CYP3A and also has anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic and antioxidant activities.

(S)-(+)-N-3-Benzylnirvanol ((+)-N-3-Benzylnirvanol) is a selective and competitive cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoform CYP2C19 inhibitor with a K_i of 250 nM. (S)-(+)-N-3-Benzylnirvanol has low activity against CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, and CYP3A4.

Oteseconazole (VT-1161) is a potent and orally active anti-fungal agent. Oteseconazole potently binds to and inhibits Candida albicans cytochrome P45051 (CYP51) activity (K_d ≤39 nM), shows no obvious effect on human CYP51. Oteseconazole also can be used for the research of dermatophytes.

Soticlestat (TAK-935; OV935) is a first-in-class, potent, selective, and orally active cholesterol 24-hydroxylase (CH24H) inhibitor. Soticlestat has the potential for epilepsy syndromes research.

Proadifen (SKF-525A) hydrochloride is a non-competitive Cytochrome P450 inhibitor with an IC₅₀ value of 19 μM. Proadifen hydrochloride reduces monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) activity and reverses the antidepressantlike behavioral effect of Imipramine (HY-B1490A) and Desipramine (HY-B1272A) in rats. Proadifen hydrochloride also reduces N, N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) metabolism in liver microsomes and inhibits N-demethylationand Acridone (HY-W007771) formation. Proadifen hydrochloride augments Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (HY-D1056)-induced fever and exacerbates Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) (HY-101952) levels in the rat. Proadifen hydrochloride is promising for research of metabolism-related deseases, ovarian carcinoma, inflammation and dopamine neurons-related deseases.

Topiroxostat (FYX-051) is a potent and orally active xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) inhibitor with an IC₅₀ value of 5.3 nM and a K_i value of 5.7 nM. Topiroxostat exhibits weak CYP3A4-inhibitory activity (18.6%). Topiroxostat has the potential for hyperuricemia treatment.

CYP3cide (PF-4981517) is a potent, selective and time-dependent inhibitor of cytochrome P4503A4 (CYP3A4). The IC₅₀ values for Midazolam 1’-hydroxylase activity are 0.03 μM, 17 μM, and 71 μM for CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and CYP3A7, respectively. CYP3cide can be used to distinguish the contributions of CYP3A4 versus CYP3A5 on agent metabolism.

Dronedarone (SR 33589), a derivative of amiodarone (HY-14187), is a class III antiarrhythmic agent for the study of atrial fibrillation (AF) and atrial flutter. Dronedarone is a potent blocker of multiple ion currents, including potassium current, sodium current, and L-type calcium current, and exhibits antiadrenergic effects by noncompetitive binding to β-adrenergic receptors. Dronedarone is a substrate for and a moderate inhibitor of CYP3A4.

Isobavachin is an orally active, blood-brain barrier-penetrating prenylated flavonoid present in Psoralea corylifolia. Isobavachin inhibits human CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, UGT1A1, UGT1A9, and UGT2B7. Isobavachin suppresses MAPK activation, NF-κB nuclear translocation, overexpression of iNOS/COX-2, FcεRI-mediated signaling pathways, and RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis. Isobavachin induces autophagy, cytotoxicity, neuronal differentiation, and NRF2 activation; it alleviates oxidative damage, inflammatory responses, apoptosis, iron accumulation, mitochondrial biogenesis, and mast cell degranulation. Isobavachin is applicable to research related to liver injury, inflammatory diseases, osteoporosis, liver cancer, prostate cancer, glioma, periodontitis-induced bone loss, and Alzheimer's disease.